莲藕片真空微波联合气流膨化干燥工艺

为优化莲藕片真空微波-气流膨化联合干燥工艺,本试验在单因素试验的基础上,采用三因子二次正交旋转组合设计,探讨了单位质量微波功率、转换点含水率和膨化温度对产品的亮度、硬度、脆度和水分含量的影响,并对变量进行了响应曲面分析.结果表明:单位质量微波功率、转换点含水率和膨化温度对莲藕脆片的品质指标有显著影响.真空微波联合气流膨化干燥莲藕片工艺的最优参数组合为:单位质量微波功率12.48W·g-1,转换点含水率48.73％,膨化温度86.56℃.优化莲藕片的生产工艺可为莲藕片工业化生产提供参考.     

均匀设计法优化冬瓜膨化工艺

为对冬瓜脆条真空微波联合气流膨化工艺进行优化,采用均匀设计法,考察预干燥后含水率、微波功率和时间、膨化温度、抽空干燥温度和时间6因素5水平对膨化率、脆度、亮度L*和终含水率的影响,并通过逐步回归法对数据进行分析。结果表明,最佳膨化工艺参数组合为:预干燥后含水率47.4%,微波功率8.5W·g-1,微波加热时间为135s,膨化温度为106℃,抽空干燥温度为72℃,抽空干燥时间为85min。研究结果可为真空微波联合气流膨化冬瓜脆条的工业化生产提供参考。     

马铃薯片变温压差膨化干燥影响因素研究

采用变温压差膨化干燥技术,研究了切片厚度、预干燥后含水率、膨化温度、停滞时间、抽空温度、抽空时间和压力差等因素对膨化马铃薯脆片的含水率和脆度的影响。结果表明:马铃薯片膨化的最佳厚度为2mm;马铃薯片可不经过预干燥阶段直接膨化干燥;膨化温度、抽空温度和抽空时间是影响其膨化质量的关键因素;停滞时间和压力差在一定范围内对膨化产品的质量影响不大,可选择停滞时间为10min、压力差为0.3MPa。     

预处理对微波联合气流膨化干燥黑毛豆仁品质的影响

通过对黑毛豆仁的水分含量、硬度、脆度、花色苷含量以及色泽等指标的测定,研究烫漂、冷冻、NaCl浸渍以及辐照4种不同的预处理方式对微波联合气流膨化干燥黑毛豆仁品质的影响。结果表明,适度的烫漂预处理可以钝化过氧化物酶,减少豆腥味的产生,降低膨化产品的水分含量,有利于保持产品色泽;冷冻预处理可使膨化产品的硬度降低,酥脆性提高...     

罗非鱼片热泵-微波联合干燥工艺

采用响应面分析法优化罗非鱼片热泵-微波联合干燥工艺参数。分别以干燥能耗和产品复水率为试验指标,以热泵干燥温度、转换点含水率、微波功率3因素为自变量,设计3因素3水平组合响应面分析试验,得出干燥能耗和产品复水率随热泵干燥温度、联合干燥转换点含水率和微波干燥功率变化的回归模型。三组验证试验的试验值与相应模型预测值的误差绝对值均小于5%。基于能耗最小的优化参数为:热泵干燥温度为34.34℃,转换点含水率为42.12%,微波功率为131.69 W;基于复水率最大的优化参数为:热泵干燥温度为33.87℃,转换点含水率为30%,微波功率为201.43 W。以热泵-微波联合干燥工艺参数组合(干燥温度为35℃,转换点含水率为39%,微波干燥功率取微波炉功率档252 W)进行试验,并与相同工况(温度和风速)热泵干燥试验值进行比较,结果表明,热泵-微波联合干燥时间比热泵干燥时间缩短了2/3;热泵-微波联合干燥罗非鱼片复水40 min,复水率达到57.40%,比热泵干燥的复水率(39.16%)增加46.5%。该文为热泵—微波联合干燥罗非鱼提供参考。     

气流膨化甘薯片的工艺优化

：为了对甘薯片气流膨化工艺进行优化,在单因素试验的基础上,采用三因子二次正交旋转组合设计,分析了膨化温度、抽空干燥温度和抽空干燥时间对产品的硬度、脆度和色泽的影响,并对变量进行了响应曲面分析。研究结果表明,膨化温度、抽空干燥温度和抽空干燥时间对甘薯片的品质指标有显著影响;得出的较佳气流膨化甘薯片工艺参数组合为：膨化温度91℃,抽空干燥温度75℃,抽空干燥时间47 min。研究结果可以为气流膨化甘薯片的工业化生产提供参考。     

影响柑橘变温压差膨化干燥的因素研究

采用变温压差膨化干燥技术,探讨预干燥后水分含量、膨化温度、抽空温度、抽空时间、停滞时间和压力差等因素对柑橘膨化产品的水分含量、脆度、膨化度和色泽的影响。研究结果表明:原料预干燥后含水量、膨化温度和抽空时间对膨化柑橘含水量、脆度、膨化度和色泽有显著影响;预干燥后,含水量在35.37%左右,膨化温度为90℃,抽空温度为80℃,抽空时间为2h较为合适;停滞时间、压力差在一定范围内对柑橘膨化产品质量的影响不太,试验确定停滞时间和压力差分别为5min和0.1MPa。     

山核桃坚果分段变功率微波干燥工艺参数优化

为了提高山核桃干果品质、缩短干燥时间和降低干燥能耗,以前期微波功率密度、转换点含水率和后期微波功率密度为试验因素,对山核桃坚果分段变功率微波干燥工艺进行了试验研究。通过单因素试验,研究了山核桃坚果微波干燥特性,确定了山核桃坚果微波干燥各因素合适范围。通过三因素五水平的二次回归正交试验,建立了三因素与失水速率、单位质量干燥能耗以及干燥后物料蛋白质保存率、不饱和脂肪酸保存率、感官品质指标综合分值的二次回归数学模型,分析了三因素对各指标影响的显著性。利用多目标非线性优化方法,确定了山核桃坚果分段变功率微波干燥的最佳工艺参数组合,即前期干燥微波功率密度为6.5 k W/kg,转换点含水率为23.4%(干基),后期干燥微波功率密度为3.3 k W/kg。在此条件下,山核桃坚果失水速率为4.072%/min、单位质量干燥能耗为3.467 k W·h/kg、蛋白质保存率为92.15%、不饱和脂肪酸保存率为91.63%、感官品质指标综合分值为35.28分。研究结果为山核桃坚果干燥加工生产提供一定的理论依据。     

热风联合压差膨化干燥对苏99-8毛豆仁风味和品质的影响

使用固相微萃取(HS/SPME)-气质联用(GC/MS)技术对苏99-8毛豆仁鲜样和热风干燥毛豆仁挥发性成分进行分析,同时对2种干燥产品的感官品质、营养成分含量和质构特性进行比较。结果表明,在毛豆仁鲜样、热风干燥和热风联合压差膨化干燥制备的毛豆仁产品中分别检测出32、31、35种风味成分。鲜样中(Z)-3-己烯醇、正己醛、(E)-2-己烯醛、1-辛烯-3酮和1-戊烯-3酮对其风味相对贡献较大。热风联合压差膨化干燥后毛豆仁醛类化合物明显增多,出现了杂环类、酯类、酸类及含硫化合物,2-庚烯醛、正己醛、正戊醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、2-辛烯醇、1-辛烯-3酮、乙酸异丙烯酯、2,3,5-三甲基吡嗪和2,6-二甲基吡嗪、二甲基亚砜对热风联合压差膨化干燥后毛豆仁风味贡献较大,使毛豆具有较浓的豆类清香味和浓厚的焙烤香气,造就了热风联合压差膨化干燥毛豆仁脆粒的独特风味。热风联合压差膨化干燥毛豆仁的感官品质和质构特性明显优于热风干燥毛豆仁。     

哈密瓜变温压差膨化干燥工艺优化研究

为了对哈密瓜变温压差膨化干燥工艺进行优化,采用三因子二次回归正交旋转组合设计,分析预干燥后含水率、膨化温度和抽空时间3个变量对产品含水率、脆度、膨化度和色泽的影响,在此基础上由试验数据推导出描述4个指标的二次回归模型,并对变量进行响应面分析,得出优化膨化干燥工艺条件为:预干燥后原料含水率为30%,膨化温度为88～95℃,抽空时间为1.7～2.2 h.     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.