四川小麦品种高、低分子量麦谷蛋白基因和1B/1R易位的分子标记鉴定

为给四川小麦品质育种提供参考信息,利用7个HMW-GS、17个LMW-GS和1个1B/1R易位的特异分子标记,对105份2000年后育成的四川小麦品种进行上述基因检测。结果表明:(1)针对HMWGS,在Glu-A1位点,含Ax2*的品种有2份,频率为1.9%;在Glu-B1位点,含Bx7、Bx20、Bx17、By8和By9的品种分别有73、26、4、45和30份,频率分别为69.5%、24.8%、3.8%、42.9%和28.6%,未检测到含Bx7OE的品种;在Glu-D1位点,含Dx5的品种有65份,频率为61.9%。(2)针对LMW-GS,在Glu-A3位点,含Glu-A3a、Glu-A3b、Glu-A3c、Glu-A3d和Glu-A3f的品种分别有2、2、63、29和9份,频率分别为1.9%、1.9%、60.0%、27.6%和8.6%,未检测到含Glu-A3e和Glu-A3g的品种;在Glu-B3位点,含Glu-B3b、Glu-B3d、Glu-B3f、GluB3g和Glu-B3i的品种分别有18、10、1、75和1份,频率分别为17.1%、9.5%、1.0%、71.4%和1.0%,未检测到含Glu-B3a、Glu-B3c、Glu-B3e和Glu-B3h的品种。(3)含1B/1R易位的品种有36份,频率为34.3%。(4)组合6种和5种以上优质基因的品种分别有2份(频率为3.8%)和15份(频率为14.3%)。可利用这些品种作为亲本,在四川小麦品质育种中逐步导入优质基因Ax2*、Bx7、By8、Dx5、Glu-A3d、Glu-B3d、Glu-A3b和Glu-B3b,并淘汰1B/1R易位,优化四川小麦面筋优质基因组成。     

甘肃冬小麦品种(系)面粉品质性状相关基因分析

为了解甘肃省近20年育成的106份冬小麦品种(系)中加工品质性状相关基因分布情况,用22个分子标记对供试材料的HMW-GS、LMW-GS、面粉色泽及籽粒硬度等品质性状相关基因进行了分析。结果发现,供试品种(系)的HMW-GS相关基因中,在Glu-A1位点检测到34份品种(系)含有AxNull,频率为32.08%;在Glu-B1位点检测到Bx7+By8和Bx14+By15共2种基因组合,分别占17.92%和25.47%;在Glu-D1位点检测到11份品种(系)含有Dx5+Dy10,占10.38%。对LMW-GS鉴定结果显示,29份品种(系)含Glu-A3d基因,分布频率为27.36%。HMW-GS和LMW-GS亚基组合中,含有4个、3个和2个位点优质亚基基因组合的品种(系)分别占0.94%、8.49%和3.77%。对面粉色泽相关基因Ppo-A1、Ppo-D1、Psy-A1、Lox-B1和TaPod-A1位点的检测发现,优异等位变异占比分别为39.62%、50.94%、31.13%、30.19%和38.68%。对籽粒硬度相关基因检测发现,在Pina、Pinb和Pinb-2等位变异位点的检测...     

黄淮麦区小麦品种高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成分析

对黄淮麦区育成推广品种(59个)、2003～2004年度国家黄淮南片和江苏省区试参试品种(42个)、徐州农科所育成的高代品系以及一些育种亲本材料,共计309个品种(材料)的高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成进行了分析.结果共发现了32个亚基组成类型和16个等位基因变异.在Glu-A1位点发现了Glu-A1a、Glu-A1b、Glu-A1c 3个等位基因;在Glu-B1位点发现了Glu-B1a、Glu-B1b、Glu-B1c、Glu-B1d、Glu-B1e、Glu-B1f、Glu-B1g、Glu-B1h、Glu-B1i、Glu-B1k共10个等位基因;在Glu-D1位点发现了Glu-D1a、Glu-D1b、Glu-D1d 3个等位基因.以Glu-B1位点的变异最为丰富.在这3个位点上分别以等位基因Glu-A1c(null)、Glu-B1b(7 8)和Glu-D1a(2 12)为主,其出现频率分别为58.58%、58.90%和77.99%.高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成以(null,7 8,2 12)和(1,7 8,2 12)为主,分别占所有品种的32.69%和16.18%.在育成推广品种和参试品种中,等位基因变异均为11个;而亚基组成类型则分别为16个和13个.优质高分子量谷蛋白亚基5 10在所有材料、59个已审定推广品种和42个参试品种中的出现频率分别为20.4%、27.1%%和21.4%,频率均较低.这表明新近育成的品种在优质亚基的构成上并未取得较大进展,优质强筋小麦的品质育种还有较大的发展空间.试验结果也表明,黄淮冬麦区小麦品种的高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成类型和等位基因变异较为丰富,但其变异分布很不均匀,存在明显的优势亚基和组成类型.     

北部麦区新育成小麦品种重要农艺性状基因的等位变异

了解2017-2021年中国北部麦区新育成小麦品种在适应性、品质、产量和抗性相关基因上的育种选择以及与黄淮麦区主推小麦品种中在这些基因上的遗传差异,利用61个功能标记对来自这两个麦区的160份小麦育成品种进行分析,发现北部麦区新育成品种的遗传多样性高于黄淮麦区品种。聚类分析发现,北部麦区新育成的部分品种与黄淮麦区品种聚为一类,表明两个麦区的部分品种具有相同的血缘。两个麦区品种中与产量相关基因的优异等位变异频率相近,但北部麦区品种中与品质和穗发芽抗性相关基因的优异等位变异频率高于黄淮麦区品种。在北部麦区5个省份中,宁夏品种中与品质和产量相关基因的优异等位变异频率最高。     

穗发芽相关基因Vp1B3不同等位变异在山东小麦中的分布与演变

为了探讨穗发芽相关基因Vp1B3不同等位变异在山东小麦中的分布与演变规律,利用Vp1B3的功能标记对山东小麦385份农家品种、101份历史品种和25份当前主栽品种进行鉴定.结果表明,Vp1B3的不同等位变异在不同历史时期的山东小麦中具有不同的分布特点:25份当前主栽品种中有17份含有抗穗发芽类型的等位变异(Vp1B3b、Vp1B3c),占68.0%;101份历史品种中抗穗发芽的类型有58份,占57.4%;而385份农家品种中只有100份属于抗穗发芽类型,仅占26.0%.在山东省四大麦区的地方品种中Vp1B3的等位基因分布规律亦不同:在胶东丘陵晚熟麦区及鲁西北平原冬性、半冬性、晚熟麦区的地方品种中抗穗发芽类型所占比例较小,分别为16.2%和9.9%;在鲁中山丘川半冬性、冬性中熟麦区和鲁西南平原湖洼半冬性早熟麦区的地方品种中抗穗发芽类型所占比例相对较大,分别为44.7%和37.8%.     

新疆小麦品种Glu-A3和Glu-B3位点等位变异的分布

为给新疆小麦品质育种提供理论依据,利用Glu-A3、Glu-B3位点上的17个STS标记检测了185份新疆冬、春小麦品种Glu-A3和Glu-B3位点的等位变异。结果表明,新疆小麦品种以Glu-A3c、Glu-B3a和Glu-B3j亚基为主,其分布频率分别为64.86%、22.70%和17.84%。新疆冬、春小麦品种在Glu-A3位点上均以Glu-A3c亚基为主,分布频率分别为63.30%和67.11%;在Glu-B3位点上,新疆冬、春小麦品种分别以Glu-B3j和Glu-B3a为主,分布频率分别为22.02%和26.32%。新疆冬、春小麦农家品种亚基类型较少,冬小麦农家品种仅有5种类型（以Glu-A3c和Glu-B3i为主）,春小麦农家品种有10种类型（以Glu-A3c和Glu-B3d为主）。引进品种和自育品种亚基类型丰富,冬小麦引进品种以Glu-A3c和Glu-B3i为主,分布频率为12.84%和6.42%;春小麦引进品种以Glu-A3c和Glu-B3j为主,分布频率为17.11%和6.58%。冬小麦自育品种以Glu-A3c和Glu-B3j亚基类型为主,分布频率为45.87%和18.35%;春小麦自育品种以Glu-A3c和Glu-B3a亚基类型为主,分布频率为36.84%和18.42%。     

陕西小麦Glu-A3和Glu-B3位点等位变异的检测和分析

低分子量谷蛋白亚基（LMW-GS）与小麦品质密切相关。为了给陕西小麦的品质改良提供参考依据,采用STS分子标记,检测了175份陕西小麦品种（系）Glu-A3和Glu-B3位点的等位变异组成。结果表明,陕西小麦Glu-A3位点存在4种等位变异,即Glu-A3a、Glu-A3b、Glu-A3c和Glu-A3d,分别占12.6%、1.7%、58.3%和27.4%;Glu-B3位点存在8种等位变异,即Glu-B3a、Glu-B3b、Glu-B3d、Glu-B3e、Glu-B3f、Glu-B3g、Glu-B3i和Glu-B3j,分别占4.6%、2.9%、45.7%、0.6%、2.9%、8.5%、4.0%和30.8%。在陕西不同地区小麦之间,两个位点等位变异的种类、组合及其分布比例存在差异,这可能与地区间不同的自然地理环境、饮食习惯、育种目标及亲本选择有关。     

冬小麦品种高低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基的分子标记检测

为了通过育种手段尽快改良小麦加工品质,利用Dx5、By8、By9、By16、Glu-A3、Glu-B3和1B.1R的特异性分子标记对221份中国冬小麦品种（系）进行HMW-GS、LMW-GS基因的等位变异及1B.1R易位系检测,结果表明：（1）在所检测的小麦品种（系）中,含Dx5、By8、By9的材料依次为58、79、119份,频率依次为26.2%、35.7%、53.8%;未检测到含By16的材料。（2）在所检测的小麦品种（系）中,Glu-A3位点上,含Glu-A3a、Glu-A3b、Glu-A3c、Glu-A3d的材料依次为30、1、111、79份,频率依次为13.6%、0.5%、50.2%、35.7%;未检测到携带Glu-A3e、Glu-A3f、Glu-A3g的材料;Glu-B3位点上,含Glu-B3d、Glu-B3g、Glu-B3f、Glu-B3h的材料较多,依次为64、47、18、11份,频率依次为29.0%、21.3%、8.1%、5.0%,含Glu-B3a、Glu-B3b、Glu-B3c、Glu-B3i的材料很少,依次为1、3、2、4份,频率依次为0.5%、1.4%、0.9%、1.8%;含1B.1R易位系的材料（即Glu-B3j类型）71份,频率为32.1%;未检测到含Glu-B3e的材料。（3）在所检测的小麦品种（系）中含最优亚基组合By8、Dx5、GluA3d、GluB3d的材料只有2份,频率为0.9%,说明聚合多个优良基因的小麦品质改良工作急需加强。     

长江中下游麦区小麦品种籽粒硬度及puroindoline基因等位变异的分子检测

为了明确长江中下游麦区小麦籽粒硬度及puroindoline基因型的分布,以该麦区105份小麦育成品种为材料,利用单籽粒硬度仪(SKCS)测定其籽粒硬度,利用分子标记检测和基因序列分析鉴定puroindoline基因的等位变异。结果表明,在长江中下游麦区历年育成的小麦品种中软质麦比例较高,占52.4%,硬质麦和混合麦分别占38.1%和9.5%;硬质麦和混合麦中存在Pinb-D1b、Pina-D1b和Pinb-D1p三种变异类型,突变频率分别为29.5%、10.5%和3.8%。     

甘肃小麦品种(系)面制品色泽相关基因的分布规律

黄色素含量、多酚氧化酶、脂肪氧化酶和1B/1R易位系对小麦面粉和面团的外观品质影响很大。为明确甘肃省小麦品种(系)面粉色泽相关基因的分布状况,用Psy-A1、Ppo-A1、Ppo-D1、Ta Lox-B1和1B/1R易位系等特异性分子标记鉴定对应的基因。结果表明,甘肃省冬、春小麦品种(系)面制品色泽相关基因等位变异分布频率存在一定差异;Psy-A1 a(68.1%)在被检测小麦品种(系)中为优势的黄色素含量基因等位变异,且在春小麦中的分布频率低于冬小麦;2AL染色体上高PPO活性等位变异Ppo-A1 a,除天水麦区分布频率(58%)较低外,其余麦区的分布频率均较高(72.4%~82.3%);2DL染色体高PPO活性等位变异Ppo-D1 b在春小麦中分布频率较冬小麦低;2AL、2DL染色体PPO活性等位基因组合Ppo-A1 a/Ppo-D1 b(高活性)、PpoA1 a/Ppo-D1 a(中高活性)明显比Ppo-A1 b/Ppo-D1 b(中高活性)和Ppo-A1 b/Ppo-D1 a(低活性)分布频率高;甘肃省小麦品种(系)PPO活性从西部到东南逐渐增强。高活性LOX基因Ta Lox-B1 a分布频率在各麦区均较低;从甘肃省西部到东南部1B/1R易位系分布频率逐渐升高。色泽相关基因分布频率说明,甘肃省小麦品种(系)的优异色泽等位变异分布频率低,色泽品质状况较差,春小麦优于冬小麦。大部分材料仅适宜于加工普通馒头和面条。     

Development of STS markers and establishment of multiplex PCR for Glu-A3 alleles in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS) play a key role in determining the processing quality of the end-use products of common wheat. The objectives of this study were to identify genes at Glu-A3 locus, develop the STS markers, and establish multiplex PCR with the STS markers for Glu-A3 alleles. Gene-specific PCR primers were designed to amplify six near-isogenic lines (NILs) and Glenlea with different Glu-A3 alleles (a, b, c, d, e, f and g) defined by the protein electrophoretic mobility. Three Glu-A3 genes with complete coding sequence were cloned, designated as GluA3-1, GluA3-2 and GluA3-3, respectively. Seven dominant allele-specific STS (sequence tagged sites) markers were designed based on the SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) among different allelic variants for the discrimination of the Glu-A3 protein alleles a, b, c, d, e, f and g. Four multiplex PCRs were established including Glu-A3b + Glu-A3f, Glu-A3d + Glu-A3f, Glu-A3d + Glu-A3g, and Glu-A3b + Glu-A3e. These markers and multiplex-PCR systems were validated on 141 CIMMYT wheat varieties and advanced lines with different Glu-A3 alleles, confirming that they can be efficiently used in marker-assisted breeding.     

Comparative analyses of LMW glutenin alleles in bread wheat using allele-specific PCR and SDS-PAGE

One hundred and eighty-two bread wheat cultivars developed in India were characterized for low molecular weight (LMW) glutenins using SDS-PAGE and allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to assess allelic diversity encoded by Glu-3 loci, as well as their utility for correctly identifying different alleles. SDS-PAGE indicated Glu-A3c is present in 64.6% of the cultivars, Glu-A3b in 13.8%, Glu-A3d in 12.7% and Glu-A3e/f in 8.8%. Seven types of alleles were present at the Glu-B3 locus: Glu-B3b (29.3%), Glu-B3g (27.0%), Glu-B3h (13.8%), Glu-B3i (16.1%), Glu-B3j (12.1%), Glu-B3c (0.6%) and Glu-B3d (1.1%). SDS-PAGE found three types of Glu-D3 alleles: Glu-D3a (30.2%), Glu-D3b (67.1%) and Glu-D3c (2.7%). However, PCR found two different alleles in cultivars classified as carrying Glu-D3a and three alleles in those identified as carrying Glu-D3b cultivars, indicating a more complex nature of the Glu-D3 locus. In conclusion, the data found greater consistency between the SDS-PAGE and PCR amplification patterns of alleles such as Glu-A3c, Glu-A3d, Glu-B3g, Glu-B3h and Glu-B3i, and less consistency between those same patterns in the Glu-A3b, Glu-A3e/f and Glu-B3b alleles. More studies are needed in order to achieve unambiguous identification of the Glu-3 alleles and thereby allow their greater utility in germplasm evaluation and breeding.     

陕西小麦 Glu A3和 Glu B3位点等位变异的检测和分析

低分子量谷蛋白亚基（LMWGS）与小麦品质密切相关。为了给陕西小麦的品质改良提供参考依据,采用STS分子标记,检测了175份陕西小麦品种（系） GluA3和 GluB3位点的等位变异组成。结果表明,陕西小麦 GluA3位点存在4种等位变异,即 GluA3a、 GluA3b、 GluA3c和 GluA3d,分别占12.6%、1.7%、58.3%和27.4%; GluB3位点存在8种等位变异,即 GluB3a、 GluB3b、 GluB3d、 GluB3e、 GluB3f、 GluB3g、 GluB3i和 GluB3j,分别占4.6%、2.9%、45.7%、0.6%、2.9%、8.5%、4.0%和30.8%。在陕西不同地区小麦之间,两个位点等位变异的种类、组合及其分布比例存在差异,这可能与地区间不同的自然地理环境、饮食习惯、育种目标及亲本选择有关。     

新疆小麦籽粒SOD活性及TaSOD-A1位点等位变异的分布

为了解新疆小麦品种(系)籽粒超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性及TaSOD-A1位点等位变异的分布,用两个功能标记SODA1和SODA11对117份新疆小麦品种(系)的 TaSOD-A1位点(基因ID为TraesCS5A01G290800)进行等位变异检测,并结合SOD活性检测结果,分析 TaSOD-A1位点不同等位变异与SOD活性的相关性。结果表明,含有 TaSOD-A1a等位变异材料的籽粒SOD活性显著高于含有 TaSOD-A1b等位变异材料的籽粒,二者占比分别为50.4%和49.6%;新疆冬小麦品种(系)中, TaSOD-A1a等位变异的分布频率高低依次为引进品种(系)>自育品种(系)>地方品种;新疆春小麦品种(系)中,只有3份材料含有 TaSOD-A1a等位变异,早期品种(系)中未发现含有 TaSOD-A1a等位变异的材料。新疆冬小麦品种(系)的籽粒SOD活性平均值显著高于新疆春小麦品种(系),且新疆冬小麦引进品种(系)中含有 TaSOD-A1a等位变异材料的籽粒SOD活性平均值也显著高于含有 TaSOD-A1b等位变异材料的籽粒SOD活性。     

花药培养与麦谷蛋白亚基分子标记结合选育小麦新品种的研究

为快速获得携带麦谷蛋白优质亚基基因的小麦新品种,提高小麦的品质育种技术水平,利用引进的矮败材料与和尚头、甘春20号、临麦34号等10个不同品种(系)杂交,并对杂交后代进行了花药培养,获得了115份花培株系;利用PCR对花培后代株系及杂交亲本进行了优质贮藏蛋白亚基分子标记检测,3个HMW-GS为 Bx7、 Bx14、 Dx5,3个LMW-GS为 Glu-A3ac、 Glu-A3d、 Glu-B3b。结果表明,在115份花培材料中, Bx7的出现频率最高,为94.78%,其余依次为 Glu-A3ac、 Dx5、 Bx14、 Glu-A3d和 Glu-B3b;获得了44份聚合4个亚基以上的材料;结合农艺性状鉴定,筛选出了3份综合性状优异的小麦新品系AB158、AB167和AB332。本研究将花培育种技术、分子标记辅助选择技术及矮败小麦育种技术进行了有机结合,其结果可为提升小麦品质育种技术水平提供参考。     

宁夏小麦黄色素含量相关基因的组成与分布

选育低黄色素含量品种是宁夏小麦品质改良的重要目标之一。为阐明宁夏小麦中控制籽粒黄色素含量基因TaZds-A1和TaZds-D1的组成及分布特点,利用其功能标记YP2A-1和YP2D-1对91份小麦品种进行检测与分析。结果表明,在TaZds-A1位点,等位变异TaZds-A1a(与低黄色素含量相关)和TaZdsA1b(与高黄色素含量相关)分别占59.3%和40.7%;在TaZds-D1位点,等位变异TaZds-D1a(与高黄色素含量相关)占95.6%,TaZds-D1b(与低黄色素含量相关)仅占4.4%。宁夏小麦黄色素含量基因位点存在4种等位变异组合类型:以TaZds-A1a/TaZds-D1a(57.1%)组合类型为主,TaZds-A1b/TaZds-D1a(38.5%)组合类型次之,TaZds-A1a/TaZds-D1b和TaZds-A1b/TaZds-D1b组合类型最低(2.2%);不同等位变异组合类型在不同地区间的分布比例也不同。     

Effects of allelic variation of HMW-GS and LMW-GS on mixograph properties and Chinese noodle and steamed bread qualities in a set of Aroona near-isogenic wheat lines

High-molecular-weight glutenin (HMW-GS) and low-molecular-weight glutenin (LMW-GS) subunits play an important role in determining wheat quality. To clarify the contribution of each subunit/allele to processing quality, 25 near-isogenic lines with different HMW-GS and LMW-GS compositions grown at two locations during the 2010 cropping season were used to investigate the effects of allelic variation on milling parameters, mixograph properties, raw white Chinese noodle (RWCN) and northern style Chinese steamed bread (NSCSB) qualities. The results showed that Glu-B1 and Glu-B3 made a large contribution to determining mixograph properties and processing quality, respectively. Subunit pairs 17 + 18 and 5 + 10, and alleles Glu-A3b, Glu-A3d, Glu-B3g and Glu-D3f made significant contributions to mixograph properties and no significant difference was detected on most parameters of RWCN and NSCSB for the allelic variation of HMW-GS and LMW-GS. The allelic interactions among glutenin loci had significant effects on wheat quality. The line with 1, 17 + 18, 2 + 12, Glu-A3c, Glu-B3b, Glu-D3c associated with superior mixograph properties, the line with 1, 7 + 9, 2 + 12, Glu-A3c, Glu-B3d, Glu-D3c had superior viscoelasticity of RWCN, and the line with 1, 7 + 9, 2 + 12, Glu-A3e, Glu-B3b, Glu-D3c had the highest total score of NSCSB. These results provide useful information for genetic improvement of the qualities of traditional Chinese wheat products.     

Definition of the low molecular weight glutenin subunit gene family members in a set of standard bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties

Low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS) are a class of seed storage proteins that play a major role in the determination of the viscoelastic properties of wheat dough. The LMW-GSs are encoded by multi-gene families at the Glu-A3, Glu-B3 and Glu-D3 loci, with more than 15 genes present in most bread wheat varieties. However, the genic profile associated with different alleles has not been clearly defined. Here, the LMW-GSs in a set of standard varieties were analyzed using molecular markers. In most cases, each Glu-3 allele was represented by a specific haplotype; however, some alleles were undistinguishable. The Glu-A3e and Glu-A3g alleles showed an identical marker haplotype, as did the alleles Glu-B3c and Glu-B3d, and Glu-B3f and Glu-B3ab. In contrast, two haplotypes among varieties designated Glu-D3c were differentiated. The marker profiles present at the Glu-D3 locus exhibited less variation compared to the genes at the Glu-A3 and Glu-B3 loci. Results show the potential of the LMW-GS gene marker system in the characterization of the LMW-GS alleles present in specific bread wheat varieties, and its reconciliation with protein-based nomenclature. This approach will advance the understanding of the contribution of each of the LMW-GS gene alleles in the control of the end-use quality.     

High frequency of abnormal high molecular weight glutenin alleles in Chinese wheat landraces of the Yangtze-River region

A total of 485 common landraces of bread wheat were collected from the Yangtze-River region of China. Their high molecular weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS) composition was analyzed by Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). Among all landraces tested, 453 were homogeneous for HMW-GS, 32 were heterogeneous, and 37 contained abnormal subunits. A total of 22 alleles were detected, including 3 at Glu-A1, 13 at Glu-B1 and 6 at Glu-D1, respectively. Higher variations occurred at the Glu-B1 locus compared with Glu-A1 and Glu-D1. Glu-A1c (74.0%), Glu-B1b (40.4%), Glu-D1a (84.9%) appeared to be the most frequent alleles at Glu-A1, Glu-B1 and Glu-D1, respectively. Two alleles ("null" and 1) at the Glu-A1 locus, three allele compositions (7 + 8, 7OE + 8, 7 + 9) at the Glu-B1 locus, and two (2 + 12 and 5 + 10) at the Glu-D1 locus appeared to be the common types in the 485 landraces. Sixteen new alleles represented by abnormal subunits were identified at the Glu-B1 and the Glu-D1 locus.