热应激对肉仔鸡热应激蛋白转录的影响

试验选270只28日龄AA肉用公鸡,随机分为3组,每组6个重复,每重复15只鸡,分别饲养于3个环境控制舱中.采用配对试验设计,各组温度分别为,持续日变高温组为28℃～34℃～28℃,适温自由采食组和适温配对组都为22℃.高温组和适温组鸡自由采食,配对组鸡喂给高温组前1 d的饲料采食量.于试验第2、5、8、12、15和22天每重复取1只鸡屠宰,测定旰中HSP72mRNA含量.试验结果表明:高温和限饲均导致肝中HSP72 mRNA含量升高,第22天高温组与适温组差异显著.试验说明,HSPs可作为热应激的一个敏感指标.     

氯化铵对肉仔鸡热应激的影响

通过离子平衡途径,在肉仔鸡日粮中添加氯化铵,观察其对家禽热应激的影响。将270只1日龄艾维茵肉雏鸡随机分为5个处理,每处理设3个重复,试验持续到5周龄。试验模拟夏季高温环境,全期人工控温28～35℃。1～28日龄进行饲养试验;29～34日龄进行代谢试验。5组试验日粮为:Ⅰ为正对照组,21%CP;Ⅱ为Ⅰ组日粮+0 62%氯化铵;Ⅲ为负对照组,19%CP;Ⅳ为Ⅲ组日粮+0 62%氯化铵;Ⅴ为Ⅲ组日粮+1 00%氯化铵。试验结果表明:Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ组肉仔鸡期末体重、日增重、采食量和饲料转化率与对照组无显著差异,Ⅴ组21日龄体重显著降低(P<0 05);Ⅱ和Ⅴ组显著提高CP、Ca和P的表观代谢率(P<0 05),Ⅴ组P除外;Ⅴ组粪便含水率明显增加(P<0 01);Ⅲ、Ⅳ组与对照组代谢指标差异不显著。     

氯化钾对热应激肉仔鸡生产性能的影响

本试验测定了氯化钾对热应激肉仔鸡生产性能的影响。试验应用２ｌ０只星布罗肉仔鸡，随机分成７组，每组３０只。氯化钾按０％、　０．０６％、０．１２％、０．１８％、０．２４％、０．３０％和０．３６％添加到饮水中，试验温度为３２±１℃，试验期为３５天。结果表明饮水中添加０．２４％、一０．３０％氯化钾能显著提高热应激条件下肉仔鸡的生产性能。     

急性热应激对肉仔鸡生长性能及脂肪代谢的影响

本试验旨在探讨急性热应激对肉仔鸡生长性能及脂肪代谢的影响.试验选用了体重相近的健康的28日龄爱拔益加(AA)雄性肉仔鸡120只,随机分成3组:急性热应激组、对照组和饲粮配对组,每组4个重复,每个重复10只鸡.试验期为7 d.结果表明:与对照组比较,急性热应激组AA内仔鸡的平均日采食量和平均日增重分别显著下降33.84%...     

热应激对肉仔鸡血液生化指标的影响

为研究热应激对肉仔鸡血液生化指标的影响,试验选用50只1日龄的AA肉仔鸡作为研究对象,随机分成对照组和热应激组.试验组分别在2、5、10 h进行心脏采血,测定其血液生化指标.试验结果表明:肉仔鸡血清中肌酸磷酸肌酶(CPK)活性高于对照组、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性低于对照组、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性高于对照组.     

实验性热应激对肉仔鸡免疫器官的影响

对实验性热应激肉仔鸡的免疫器官的组织学变化、超微组织学变化进行了动态观察，对热应激造成的免疫器官的细胞凋亡及免疫反应能力进行了检测。结果表明，热应激可引起免疫器官胸腺、脾脏、法氏囊的发育分化不良，使法氏囊指数、脾脏指数明显下降，胸腺指数虽有下降，但幅度较小；热应激对免疫器官的组织结构有显著影响，尤其对法氏囊和脾脏的影响更明显，主要表现为实质细胞的萎缩、消失性病变，但无明显的实质细胞崩解坏死、炎性细胞浸润、炎性充血等病理变化，并随热应激时间的延长而逐渐加重，最后以实质细胞几乎完全消失、间质结缔组织增生而纤维化告终。热应激可显著影响试验鸡血清新城疫病毒抗体滴度，与对照相比，其抗体滴度的峰值低，维持时间短，下降速度快；通过电镜观察和细胞凋亡的原位检测，证实热应激时免疫器官的淋巴细胞和巨噬细胞有凋亡现象，这种凋亡现象在早期尤其显著。     

热应激对肉仔鸡生产性能及肉品质的影响

试验选270只28日龄AA肉用公鸡,随机分为3组,每组6个重复,每重复15只鸡.采用配对试验设计,高温组为28～34～28℃日变高温,适温自由采食组和适温配对组都为22℃,适温配对组鸡喂给高温组前1d的饲料采食量.于试验第21天检测各组鸡胸肌和腿肌肉品质.,试验结果表明:1)热应激显著降低肉鸡的采食量和生长速度,降低饲料转化率.2)高温环境显著影响鸡肌肉一些感观指标,使肉品质下降.     

大豆磷脂及其对肉仔鸡脂肪沉积的影响

大豆磷脂是大豆油精制过程中的副产品,具有多种重要的生物学功能。因其含有多种对畜禽及人体有益的不饱和脂肪酸,近年来引起了人们广泛的关注。本文将就大豆磷脂的结构、组成、物化性质、生理功能及其对肉仔鸡脂肪沉积的影响加以综述。     

大豆磷脂及其对肉仔鸡脂肪沉积的影响

大豆磷脂是大豆油精制过程中的副产品，具有多种重要的生物学功能。因其含有多种对畜禽及人体有益的不饱和脂肪酸，近年来引起了人们广泛的关注。本文将就大豆磷脂的结构、组成，物化性质、生理功能及其对肉仔鸡脂肪沉积的影响加以综述。     

肉仔鸡生长过程中行为与产热的变化

研究肉仔鸡成长过程中行为变化对产热量的影响 ,将 2日龄肉仔鸡 36只分为自由摄食、 50 %摄食和绝食 3组进行观测。立位行为集中在明期 ,特别是摄食 30min前后 ,暗期几乎没有出现立体行为。 2日龄时 ,每天约有 70 0min是立位的 ,其后 ,随着日龄的增加而减少。在自由采食区 ,公雏比母雏摄食时间长。 50 %摄食区较自由采食区的摄食时间少。在绝食区 ,随着日龄的增加 ,公母的立位时间呈现减少倾向。 2 1日龄之前随着日龄的增加其摄食时间也增加 ,其后呈现相反倾向。产热 (HP ,kJ/kg0 75)与摄食时间有相同倾向。在 2 1日龄前公雏的HP比母雏低 ,2 1日龄后母雏比公雏低。 1天中各个区的HP活动规律是摄食后 1h内最高 ,暗期降低 ;限制摄食量后 ,HP降低 ,明期和暗期的HP差也随之减小     

Effects of dietary betaine on growth performance,fat deposition and serum lipids in broilers subjected to chronic heat stress

We evaluated the effects of supplementing betaine on growth performance, fat deposition and lipid metabolism status in broilers kept under chronic heat stress. Five hundred and forty chicks were randomly divided into six groups and the two normal temperature groups were held at normal ambient temperature and fed the basal diet (CONT) and basal diet plus 0.1% betaine, respectively. Heat stressed (HS) broilers were held at 32 ± 1°C from days 22 to 42 and fed the basal diet containing variable levels of betaine. Broilers were examined at days 28, 35 and 42 for body weight, feed consumption, fat deposition and serum lipids. The CONT and betaine‐supplemented groups showed higher (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05) feed consumption, body weight gain, and lower feed : gain ratio compared with the HS‐CONT group. Meanwhile, heat stress increased abdominal, intermuscular and subcutaneous fat deposition, whereas the supplemental betaine significantly decreased those compared with the HS‐CONT group. Additionally, betaine supplementation significantly decreased triglyceride, free fatty acids, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol compared with HS‐CONT. Chronic HS reduces broiler production performance. However, betaine can reverse these negative effects partially and thus improve carcass composition by changing lipid metabolism.     

谷氨酰胺对高温环境下黄羽肉鸡抗氧化能力的影响

选21d健康的黄羽肉鸡120只,随机分成4组。A组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮;B、C和D组为试验组,分别饲喂在基础日粮中添加0.2%、0.5%和0.8%谷氨酰胺的饲粮,试验期14d,在高温(33±2℃)下观察黄羽肉鸡血液超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化,以研究谷氨酰胺对黄羽肉鸡血液抗氧化能力的影响。试验结果表明:高温下日粮中添加0.5%和0.8%谷氨酰胺可显著提高28d和35d黄羽肉鸡的血液GSH-Px活力(P<0.05),显著降低血液中MDA含量(P<0.05);添加谷氨酰胺对血液SOD活力无显著影响(P>0.05)。提示谷氨酰胺是通过提高体内GSH-Px活性,抑制脂质过氧化反应以增强机体的抗氧化能力。     

壳聚糖对肥育猪生产性能、体脂沉积及血脂的影响

选用72头体重为(54.8±3.2)kg健康的商品长荣杂交猪,按体重随机分为3个处理(分别为对照组、0.5%壳聚糖组、1%壳聚糖组),每个处理4个重复,每个重复6头猪,研究日粮中添加壳聚糖对肥育猪生产性能、体脂沉积及血脂的影响。试验期为43d,试验结束时从每个处理中选6头80kg左右的猪空腹采集血样测定血脂,并屠宰测定胴体指标。结果表明:日粮中添加壳聚糖对猪生产性能无显著影响,但可降低猪皮下脂肪及体脂沉积,提高瘦肉率;添加0.5%的壳聚糖可降低血清中胆固醇及高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量。     

Effect of probiotic supplementation on growth performance,intestinal morphology,barrier integrity,and inflammatory response in broilers subjected to cyclic heat stress

This study investigated the protective effects of probiotic on heat stress‐induced intestinal injury and inflammatory response in broilers. A total of 180 male broilers were randomly allocated to three treatments with four replicates each from 22 to 42 days of age. The broilers were either raised under thermoneutral (TN) conditions (23 ± 1°C) or subjected to cyclic heat stress (28–35–28°C for 12 hr daily). The broilers kept at TN conditions were fed a basal diet, and those exposed to heat stress were fed basal diets supplemented with or without probiotic at a dose of 1.5 × 10⁸ cfu/kg. Compared with the TN group, heat stress decreased (p < .05) the growth performance, reduced (p < .05) villus height and villus height: crypt depth ratio in intestinal mucosa, increased (p < .05) serum levels of D‐lactic acid on day 28 and endotoxin, TNF‐α and IL‐6 on day 42, and decreased (p < .05) serum IL‐10 content on day 42. Dietary supplementation of probiotic reversed (p < .05) all these changes except for the growth performance in heat‐stressed broilers. In conclusion, dietary inclusion of probiotic could improve intestinal morphology and barrier function, alleviate inflammatory response, but exert no ameliorative effect on growth performance of broilers under cyclic heat stress.     

猪体内脂肪沉积调控的研究进展

猪体内脂肪沉积是一个非常复杂的过程,受到遗传、营养、环境、饲养管理等多种因素的影响,并通过神经内分泌调节系统的整合发挥作用。本文主要综述了目前调控猪脂肪沉积的多种方法,并对这些方法的应用效果和实际应用价值进行了评价。     

Effect of dietary fatty acid pattern on growth, body fat composition and antioxidant parameters in broilers

The effects of dietary fat supplementation on performance, fatty acid (FA) composition of tissues and antioxidant defence system of broilers were studied. Male broilers were placed in 20 floor pens (60 broilers per pen). The broilers were fed by diets with added different energy sources: lard (L); sunflower oil (SFO); soybean oil (SBO); and linseed oil (LSO). The treatments did not modify significantly growth performance and feed intake of the broilers. There was no effect of dietary FA pattern on reduced glutathione level and glutathione peroxidase activity of plasma, erythrocyte and liver samples. However, higher PUFA content of the diet resulted in a significant increase in malondialdehyde level of erythrocytes and liver. The broilers fed LSO diet more effectively maintained their antioxidant status with enhanced plasma radical scavenger capacity. FA composition in tissues reflected the FA pattern of the diets, although proportion of FAs with four or more double bonds was metabolic specific. LSO diet increased the level of C18:3, C20:5 and C22:6 in tissue lipids in relation to L, SFO and SBO diets. Significantly increased plasma radical scavenging capacity in concert with the enhanced C20:5 and C22:6 proportion in liver and muscle during LSO feeding indicate metabolic changes to counteract the oxidative injury. This may be related to the compounds produced after different biochemical pathways of n-6 and n-3 FAs.     

Effects of caponization on fat metabolism–related biochemical characteristics of broilers

A two‐trial experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of caponization on fat metabolism‐related biochemical characteristics of broilers. Male Redbro broilers were purchased, caponized at 3 weeks and reared until either the 18th (Trial 1) or the 24th (Trial 2) week. In Trial 1, five slaughters were performed at 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 weeks of age while in Trial 2 one slaughter at the end of the experiment (24 weeks). In each slaughter, the abdominal adipose tissue cellularity, the NADP dehydrogenase activity in the liver and some serum lipoproteins concentrations were assessed. Caponization had a marked effect on the adipocyte volume and NADP‐malate dehydrogenase activity in the liver at 24 weeks but it did not affect adipocyte number or the activity of NADP‐isocitrate dehydrogenase activity at any age (p < 0.05). Regarding the lipoproteins, cholesterol and HDL‐cholesterol were elevated in capon serum at 18 weeks of age while no difference was detected in the triglyceride concentration at any age. In conclusion, a relationship between fat deposition at the phenotypic level and the level of lipogenic enzymes and lipoproteins capons was established but not as pronounced as expected as some parameters displayed a constant increasing pattern while others did not.     

Functional microRNA screening for dietary vitamin E regulation of abdominal fat deposition in broilers

ABSTRACT

1. Functional microRNA (miRNA) screening for abdominal fat tissue with different dietary vitamin E (VE) levels was performed to reveal miRNAs, genes and metabolic pathways involved in abdominal fat deposition in broilers.

2. A total of 240, one-day-old healthy female chicks were randomly allocated into five dietary treatments containing either 0, 20, 50, 75 or 100 IU DL-α-tocopherol acetate. The sequencing of miRNAs from abdominal fat tissues was performed. The target genes of miRNAs were predicted and enrichment analysis for these genes was performed. Diets supplemented with 50 IU VE significantly diminished abdominal fat deposition in broilers at day 35 of age.

3. A total of 29 miRNAs were differentially expressed between control and 50 IU VE treatment. Ten of the 23 target genes were enriched in four signalling pathways: tight junction, SNARE interactions in vesicular transport, regulation of autophagy and proteasome.

4. This study identified miRNA, target genes and pathways in dietary VE treatment for broilers, providing new insights into the miRNA regulation of abdominal fat deposition in broilers.