冬小麦品种数量性状的典型相关分析

对41份冬小麦品种产量构成因素、植株性状、穗部性状的典型相关分析表明:产量构成因素与穗部性状间、产量构成因素与植株性状间、穗部性状与植株性状间均呈显著相关,说明通过穗部性状、植株性状间接选择产量性状是可能的.     

QTL controlling partial resistance to Stagonospora nodorum leaf blotch in winter wheat cultivar Alba

Stagonospora nodorum blotch (SNB) is an important foliar and glume disease in cereals. Inheritance of SNB resistance in wheat appears quantitative. The development of partially resistant cultivars seems to be the only effective way to combat the pathogen. Partial resistance components like length of incubation period (INC), disease severity (DIS) and length of latent period (LAT) were evaluated on a population of doubled-haploids derived from a cross between the partially resistant cultivar Alba and the susceptible cultivar Begra. Experiments were conducted in controlled environments and the fifth leaf was examined. Molecular analyses were based on bulked segregant analyses (BSA) and screening with 240 microsatellites DNA markers. The QTL analysis revealed QTL on chromosome 6AL (designated as QSnl.ihar-6A) and putative QTL on chromosome 6D. The QSnl.ihar-6A accounted for 36% of the phenotypic variance for DIS and 14% for INC. The putative QTL accounted for 10% of the variability in INC and 8% of DIS components of SNB resistance.     

我国北部冬麦区小麦区域试验重复次数和试点数量的优化设计

农作物品种区域试验重复次数和试点数量的合理配置有利于提高试验的成本效率和品种选择效率。本研究分析了2010—2019年期间北部冬麦区小麦品种区域试验的重复次数和试点数量设置的合理性,依据小麦品种试验的信噪比和遗传力水平随重复次数和试点数量的变化规律,提出了重复次数和试点数量的优化设计方案。结果表明:(1)北部冬麦区小麦单点试验的遗传力平均达到0.87,需要的重复次数平均值仅为1.4,说明3次重复可以充分保证试验精确度的需求。(2)北部冬麦区水地组和旱地组小麦区域试验达到0.75的遗传力水平时,需要的试点数量分别为11个和13个,目前有效试点数量分别约为11个和8个,分别达到0.75和0.60的遗传力水平。(3)小麦品种区域试验结果对品种的审定和应用十分重要,而每年都可能有少数试验点因为各种异常情况而报废,为保证试验结果的可靠性,可按H=0.75的水平需求安排试验点数量和重复次数,即重复次数可保持当前的3次;水地组的试点数量可保持在11个左右;旱地组可将试点增加到13个;如要将遗传力提高到0.80的水平,则需约16个试点。     

广适性冬小麦新品种邯6172光合特性研究

以鲁麦14、石4185为对照,对广适性冬小麦新品种邯6172花后旗叶和单株的光合特性进行了比较研究。结果表明,邯6172花后旗叶和单株的平均光合速率、光合持续时间和叶面积以及旗叶最大光合速率和利用弱光的能力均大于对照品种。上述光合特性是该品种具有广适性的生理机制之一。     

Characterization of the durable resistance to yellow rust in old winter wheat cultivars in the Netherlands

Summary Winter wheat cultivars released in the Netherlands before 1930 carried durable resistance to yellow rust. Cultivars released in the period between 1930 and 1950 often were durably resistant while recent cultivars infrequently showed durable resistance. This durable resistance was not difficult to transfer to new cultivars. Twenty nine older cultivars with durable resistance and eight recent non-durably resistant cultivars were tested in the seedling stage and in the adult plant stage against 12 West-European yellow rust races and against some non-European races in the seedling stage only. The adult plant tests were carried out in race nursery tests in the Flevopolder. Per race nursery all 37 cultivars, planted in hills of about 20 plants on both sides of the highly susceptible cv. Michigan Amber, were exposed to one race.The infection type of each cultivar-race combination was scored on 0 to 9 scale once in the seedling stage and twice in the adult plant stage. In the race nurseries the percentage leaf area affected was evaluated three times to be used to calculate the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). This AUDPC multiplied with the mean infection type in the field gave the susceptibility index (SI).The infection types were classified into resistant (R), intermediate (I) or susceptible (S) when the infection types were 0 to 3, 4 to 6 or 7 to 9, respectively. Four categories of resistance were discerned on the basis of the three infection type scores: 1) RRR, overall resistance; complete or near-complete resistant at all stages. 2) SRR, adult plant resistance, complete- or near-complete resistant at the adult plant stage only. 3) SRS and SSR, temperature sensitive resistance, the resistance changed from the one evaluation data to the other. 4) SSS and an SI lower than that of Michigan Amber, partial resistance.The frequencies of overall, adult plant and temperature sensitive resistance were 1.4, 52 and 54% in the older cultivars and 40, 62 and 22% in the recent ones, respectively. Among the older cultivars all had a fair to high level of partial resistance, the SI being on average only 20% of that of Michigan Amber, while most cultivars also seemed to carry temperature sensitive resistance. The partial resistance of the recent cultivars was of a much lower level with a mean SI compared to that of Michigan Amber of 61%. Partial resistance was highly correlated (r = –0.94) with the mean resistance scores from the Dutch Recommended Cultivars Lists. It was concluded that partial resistance and temperature sensitive resistance were the major components of the durable resistance in the older cultivars.     

灌浆期喷施微肥对小麦临优2018产量及品质的影响

试验选用4种微肥在对中筋冬小麦临优2018灌浆期进行叶面喷施处理,研究其对冬小麦产量及品质指标的影响。结果表明:用微肥处理小麦均可增加产量,对品质也有不同影响,其中硼酸、硫酸锰对小麦产量影响最大;硫酸镁对蛋白质和面筋影响较大;硫酸锰对沉降值影响较大。     

江苏冬小麦在新疆春麦区示范种植研究

2012年将扬麦16、扬麦13、扬麦11等3个江苏冬小麦春性品种,按照新疆昭苏县春小麦的栽培管理方式示范种植,虽然遇到了严重春旱的影响,3个品种仍表现了较好的适应性,其平均单产仍高于对照春小麦品种。对其子粒抽样检测表明：扬麦16和扬麦13的粗蛋白质（干基）及湿面筋（14%湿基）含量均高于对照春小麦品种,且也比在江苏种植提高;而对照春小麦品种的沉淀值（14%湿基）、面团形成时间及稳定时间高于冬小麦,说明这3个冬小麦品种首次在新疆高海拔、高寒地带的春麦区示范种植成功。     

北部冬麦区冬小麦越冬冻害时空变化特征

利用我国北部冬麦区43个气象站点1951—2014年气象资料,综合考虑越冬期最大降温幅度、极端最低气温、负积温、平均气温、降水和风速等冬小麦越冬冻害致灾因子,采用主成分法构建冬小麦冻害指数(FII),FII值越大,冬小麦遭受冻害越严重。结合历史冻害灾情资料,验证冻害指数在研究区域的适应性。采用M-K方法分析冬小麦冻害的突变特征,探究北部冬麦区越冬冻害的时空分布特征。结果表明,FII能较好地反映北部冬麦区冬小麦冻害情况。近60年北部冬麦区冬小麦冻害指数的年际变化均呈显著下降趋势。1980年前后冻害指数发生突变,气候变暖后我国北部冬麦区冬小麦冻害发生的频率、程度和范围明显减少;而由于气候变化的不稳定性增加,自2000年以来,冬小麦中度到重度冻害有所增加。冻害指数的空间分布总体呈现随着纬度和海拔高度的增加而加重的趋势。燕太山麓平原副区遭受冻害最为严重,黄土高原沟壑副区和晋冀山地盆地副区遭受冻害较轻。     

The breeding of a winter rye variety with a good eelworm-resistance

Summary Some local varieties of winter rye possess a good eelworm-resistance but have too weak a straw and produce an insufficient quantity of seed on healthy soil or on fields which are slightly infested.On the farm Heertveld, belonging to the C.I.V. Breeding Station, a rye variety has been developed from a cross between Ottersum rye and Petkus winter rye, and it showed a good resistance to the stem eelworm (Ditylenchus dipsaci). The new variety which was included in the Dutch List of Varieties of 1953, distinguished itself by a rapid and good soil coverage and strikingly stiff straw.On investigation by the I.P.O. it was established (after artificial inoculation) that 25% of the plants of Heertveld rye were not affected, 50% were slightly damaged and 25% were heavily attacked. However, in the field it shows a good resistance, due to a good recovery.At the Breeding Station selection for eelworm resistance and also for other desirable features is continued and at present such progress has been made that the Heertveld rye now approaches the production capacity of Petkus.     

荷兰的植物新品种保护与审定制度

荷兰不仅是全球花卉产业的发达国家,一直是花卉新品种选育和全球贸易的中心和集散地,2002年其花卉植物的出口额达到2亿美元,而且其大田作物主要是马铃薯种薯和园艺作物种子种苗的出口规模也相当可观,出口额仅次于美国,位居全球第二。荷兰具有     

小麦良种生产的技术环节

小麦良种生产周期较长，从播种到加工成商品种子环节较多，因此控制和提高小麦良种质量具有一定的难度，小麦良种生产单位应对生产过程中质量控制给予高度的认识和重视。小麦良种生产虽然环节较多，但是质量控制应以采用高纯度繁殖种为前提，以田间检验和室内检验为控制手段，抓住小麦良种生产的以下几个关键环节，就能较好的控制和提高小麦良种生产质量。     

河南小麦品种演变分析

小麦品种是小麦生产发展的关键要素。本文回顾了新中国成立以来河南小麦品种更新换代的历史．根据时代背景和发展状况把河南小麦生产过程划分为4个阶段．把品种更替划分为9大世代．并对各个阶段和世代的特征进行了比较、分析．进而探索了河南小麦品种演变的轨迹、规律以及对增产的贡献．为今后河南小麦品种繁育、推广、更新换代提供了科学的参考依据。     

冬油菜品种试验工作的体会与建议

<正>江苏徐淮地区淮阴农业科学研究所(江苏省淮安市农业科学研究院)位于黄淮东部、淮北地区中部,地处淮河下游的苏北平原中心地带,东接盐城市,西连徐州、宿迁,北邻连云港,南与扬州和安微滁州接壤,并处     

Transfer of the recessive crossability allele kr1 from Chinese Spring into the winter wheat variety Martonvásári 9

Summary The recessive of crossability allele kr1 was transferred from the spring wheat variety Chinese Spring (CS) into the winter wheat variety Martonvásári 9 (Mv9) by backcrossing the Mv9 × CS hybrids with Mv9. The Mv9 variety possesses dominant Kr1 alleles and is heterogeneous at the kr2 locus, so that some individual plants carry recessive kr2 alleles. The selection of plants possessing the recessive kr alleles from the (Mv9 × CS)Mv9 BC₁ generation was carried out according to the seed set achieved when pollinated with rye (Secale cereale L. cv. Mercator). The partial dominance of the Kr alleles made it possible to differentiate between plants heterozygous at the Kr1 locus and Kr1Kr1 homozygous dominant plants. Two selfed consecutive progenies were tested by pollination with rye to select the homozygous recessive kr1kr1kr2kr2 plants and to check the result of the selection after each backcross.As a result of three backcrosses with Mv9 and two selfings after each backcross the selected progenies had 61.6% seed set with rye tested on sixty individual plants. These data confirm that after the third backcross the selected Mv9 kr1 line carries necessive crossability alleles Kr1 and Kr2, but the genotype is 93.75% Mv9.     

The gibberellic acid insensitive dwarfing gene from the wheat variety Saitama 27

Summary Genetic analysis of a new weak source of GA-insensitivity derived from Saitama 27 showed that it was controlled by a single gene located on chromosome 4A and allelic to Rht1 and Rht3. the gene was shown to be present in many Italian and Yugoslavian varieties suggesting a selective advantage in some breeding programmes. Varietal comparisons indicated that the gene reduces height by around 11 per cent. This was combined with an increase in spikelet fertility and in the total number of grain developing in the ear. In this initial experiment a reduction in grain size eliminated the advantages of increased grain number. Following development of isogenic lines in a number of varietal backgrounds the true potential of the gene will be determined.     

小麦品种更换速度加快条件下种子生产策略

随着我国小麦种子产业的发展,小麦品种更换呈现明显加快的趋势.本文分析了小麦品种更换速度加快的主要原因,明确了制订小麦种子生产策略应遵循的基本原则,进而提出了品种更换加快条件下应采取的小麦种子生产策略.     

Additional genes inhibiting winter habit in wheat

Summary Earlier studies of the genetics of winter-spring habit in wheat, in conjunction with the present studies, have led to the determination of the genotypes of eleven spring cultivars. Four spring cultivars each possessed two inhibitors which are the subject of further study. One notable cultivar - WW15, known to have a very high yield potential - possesses the single inhibitor Vrn ₁, making it only one step removed from the winter wheats.Evidence is presented for the existence of at least one additional inhibitor, the identity of which is currently under investigation.     

The detection of allelic variants at the recessive vrn loci of winter wheat

Substitution lines with reciprocal substitutions of chromosomes containing recessive alleles of the homoeologous group 5 chromosomeVrn genes between varieties of winter wheat with high vernalisation requirement (‘Mironovskaya 808’) and low vernalisation requirements (‘Bezostaya 1’) have been created. On this basis the genetic determination of vernalisation requirement was established. Substitution lines Mironovskaya 808 (Bezostaya 1 5A), Mironovskaya 808 (Bezostaya 1 5B), Mironovskaya 808 (Bezostaya 1 5D) and reciprocal substitution lines Bezostaya 1 (Mironovskaya 808 5A), Bezostaya 1 (Mironovskaya 808 5B) and Bezostaya 1 (Mironovskaya 808 5D) were grown under different durations of vernalisation (3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 weeks) and their response was evaluated. Photoperiodic sensitivity of the original parental genotypes was also determined. Reciprocal substitution lines of the same chromosome that carries the same vrn allele responded differently to vernalisation deficit. Differences have been shown between all group 5 reciprocal substitutions. Lines carrying chromosomes 5A and 5D of Mironovskaya 808 had a high vernalisation requirement whereas lines carrying chromosome 5B of Bezostaya 1 (vrn2^B) had a low vernalisation requirement. The reciprocal lines had a reverse requirement. This explains the different vernalisation requirements of the original varieties: Mironovskaya 808 with a high vernalisation requirement carries two alleles (vrn1^M and vrn3^M) in its genotype that increase the vernalisation requirement, whereas Bezostaya 1 with a lower requirement for vernalisation contains only one such allele (vrn2^B). By combination of the alleles in the lines with the substitution of chromosome 5B carrying vrn2 allele that in both original genotypes work inversely to the other alleles, transgressive genotypes have been formed: genotype vrn1^M vrn2^B vrn3^M determines a higher vernalisation requirement than original variety Mironovskaya 808, and genotype vrn1^B vrn2^M vrn3^B determines a lower vernalisation requirement than the original Bezostaya 1. An incomplete vernalisation requirement prolonged the time to heading, with exponential dependence on the vernalisation deficit, or prevented heading altogether. The original varieties further differed in photoperiodic sensitivity (Mironovskaya 808 sensitive, Bezostaya 1 less sensitive) that also influenced the background of substitution lines. The impact of the background on the heading time showed itself by about one week difference between Mironovskaya 808 and Bezostaya 1 grown under 8 weeks vernalisation and normal photoperiod. The difference between the lines with Mironovskaya 808 background and the lines with Bezostaya 1 background was approximately the same and was not significantly changed in different vernalisation variants of the lines. This difference may be caused by different photoperiodic sensitivity of the original varieties, but also by other genes, such as genes of earliness per se. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Assessment of wheat variety stability using SSR markers

In International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants member countries, assessment of wheat variety stability is a statutory requirement before new varieties are registered and plant breeders’ rights are granted. However, it is impossible to test the stability of varieties accurately and quickly, or to assess the stability of a large number of varieties in a short time based on the morphological traits defined by the national standard. The objective of this study was to establish method and procedure of wheat variety stability assessment using SSR markers as a replacement for morphological observations. In preliminary study, the methods to identify non-homozygous SSR loci and calculate the homozygous SSR loci ratio (SSR–HLR) of wheat varieties were established. On this basis, the genotypes at 347 molecular markers loci of 20 advanced lines demonstrated that SSR–HLRs were 84.7–94.8 % in the F₄ lines, 96.1–99.4 % in the F₅ lines, and ≥98 % in the F₆ lines, respectively. Eighty of 347 markers with good polymorphism, stable PCR amplification, and high resolving power of genotyping were recommended to detect SSR–HLR for 633 wheat regional trial varieties. Comparing morphological observation, the varieties with SSR–HLR >95 % were deemed stable; the varieties with SSR–HLR <91 % were deemed unstable; the varieties with SSR–HLR ranging from 91 to 95 % were required field identification for stability assessment. Based on the relationship between the homozygous SSR loci ratio and wheat variety stability, procedures for the assessment of wheat variety stability using SSR markers were established.