玉米单倍体自然加倍花粉结实力遗传的初步研究

以15D752×15D435和PH6WC×29 2份玉米杂交F₁诱导单倍体自然加倍自交结实穗的穗粒数为研究对象,应用DH群体遗传模型及混合分布方法,对花粉结实力进行研究。结果表明：单倍体自然加倍花粉结实力是由 4 对主效基因决定,具有加性效应和上位性效应,主效基因遗传力分别为95.85%和83.67%。     

甘蓝型油菜开花期和光周期敏感性的遗传分析

以对光周期分别表现稳定弱敏感和强敏感的春性甘蓝型油菜品种DH401（P₁）与Q2（P₂）配制F₁代并经小孢子培养获得的DH群体来研究开花期和光周期敏感性的遗传规律。将P₁、P₂和DH群体连续2年分别种植在长日照的甘肃省和政县和短日照的广东省肇庆市、湖北省武汉市3地并调查开花期,以从和政和肇庆获得的开花期来计算光周期敏感指数（PSI）,采用主基因-多基因混合遗传模型对该DH群体的开花期及光周期敏感指数进行遗传分析。结果表明,在和政、武汉和肇庆,开花期分别由3对加性-上位性主基因+多基因、2对加性-上位性主基因+多基因和2对累加作用主基因+多基因的控制;主基因遗传率分别为91.13%、63.05%和62.02%;多基因遗传率分别为4.43%、1.58%和22.71%。光周期敏感指数由2对隐性上位主基因及多基因控制,主基因和多基因遗传率分别为50%和37.5%。同时也估算了该DH群体的其他遗传参数。因此,开花期和光周期敏感性主要由2对或2对以上主基因及多基因控制,不同光周期条件下开花期基因之间的互作模式有所不同。同时也讨论了本研究结果在育种中的意义。     

玉米DH系15D969超多穗行数的遗传分析

以超多穗行数DH系15D969和低穗行数自交系PH6WC、X901m组建的2个6世代群体（P₁、P₂、F₁、B₁、B₂和F₂）为材料,运用主-多基因混合模型遗传分析方法对穗行数进行遗传分析。结果表明：材料Ⅰ的F₁穗行数平均优势为-1.11%,为2对主基因加、显、上+多基因加、显混合模型,主基因遗传率为12.22%~96.37%,多基因遗传率为0~61.16%;材料Ⅱ的F₁穗行数平均优势为1.16%,为2对主基因加+多基因加、显混合模型,主基因遗传率为6.48%~54.18%,多基因遗传率为4.77%~67.23%。说明,穗行数由主基因和多基因共同主导,DH系15D969的超多穗行数由不完全显性多基因控制。     

玉米DH系产量构成因素遗传分析及产量杂种优势表现

为评价玉米DH系应用潜力,本研究以Reid类群重要种质PH09B×PHGJ4为基础育成的5个DH系为母本,Non-Reid群及DOM群共5个骨干自交系为测验种,按NCII设计组配25个杂交组合,对DH系产量构成因素配合力、遗传参数及产量杂种优势表现进行研究。结果表明,DH5与DH4为综合性状优良的DH系。产量一般配合力效应值最高的是DH5;产量特殊配合力效应值最高的组合是DH5×PH5AD;产量杂种优势以组合DH5×PH5AD最高。认为DH5在改善产量性状上更具应用潜力。穗长、秃尖长、百粒重和穗粗狭义遗传率高,主要由基因加性效应决定,宜早代选择;产量和穗重则适宜在较晚世代选择。该试验为筛选、鉴定有应用潜力的DH系及杂交种提供了参考资料。     

大豆对胞囊线虫(Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) 1号和4号生理小种抗性的遗传分析

大豆胞囊线虫(Heterodera glycines Ichinohe)是我国大豆的全国性主要病害之一。1号和4号生理小种是黄淮地区的优势小种。以Essex×ZDD2315、Peking×ZDD2315、PI88788×ZDD2226、Peking×ZDD2226的P₁、P₂、F₁、BC₁F₂为材料,用主基因＋多基因混合遗传模型分析大豆对胞囊线虫1号和4号生理小种抗性的遗传机制。结果表明,ZDD2315、ZDD2226对1号生理小种的抗性受主效基因控制,未发现多基因效应,且与Peking存在相同的抗病基因;抗性遗传表现组合特异性,Essex×ZDD2315组合为3对加性主基因遗传模型,主基因遗传率72.02%,PI88788×ZDD2226组合为2对显性上位主基因遗传模型,主基因遗传率62.33%。对4号生理小种的抗性为主基因＋多基因混合遗传模型,Essex×ZDD2315、Peking×ZDD2315、PI88788×ZDD2226等3个组合为3对主基因+多基因遗传模型,主基因遗传率分别为67.76%、72.46%和53.25%,多基因遗传率分别为24.48%、21.31%和35.77%;Peking×ZDD2226表现为2对主基因遗传模型,主基因遗传率45.40%。抗性基因表现为隐性,育种上可以在早代选择。培育多抗品种应以抗4号生理小种为主要目标进行基因聚合。     

冬小麦PPO活性的主基因+多基因混合遗传分析

应用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型对冬小麦品种中优9507(高PPO活性)与品种CA9632(低PPO活性)杂交组合的DH群体进行了PPO活性的遗传分析。结果表明,中优9507×CA9632的PPO活性受2对独立主基因控制遗传,主基因遗传率为88.83%,环境影响较小,环境方差占总方差的11.17%。控制PPO活性的2对主基因基因效应不等,第1对     

控制普通野生稻种子休眠性QTL的定位

水稻种子休眠性是关系到稻米品质和稻种质量的一个重要农艺性状。研究水稻种子休眠性遗传及分子机制对培育具有适度休眠性的优良水稻品种具有重要意义。本研究以籼稻品种9311为受体、普通野生稻为供体的染色体片段置换系群体为材料,在后熟不同时间检测群体种子休眠性,对控制种子休眠性的QTL进行定位分析,共定位到14个QTL,分布在第3、第4、第5、第6、第7、第10、第11、第12染色体上。筛选休眠性显著强于背景亲本9311的家系,分析这些家系携带的QTL数目,表明携带的位点越多,休眠性越强。进一步利用家系Q14与9311的F2群体验证了第7染色体标记RM180和RM21323之间存在一个效应较大的QTL qSD-7-2,该位点LOD值为18.49,可解释的表型变异率为33.53%,表明该位点是一个控制普通野生稻种子休眠性的主效QTL,且能稳定遗传。本研究为野生稻种子休眠基因的精细定位及克隆奠定了基础,且为培育强休眠性籼稻品种提供了育种材料。     

水稻DH群体盐胁迫下苗高的主基因-多基因混合模型遗传分析

为了阐明盐胁迫下水稻苗高的遗传特点,利用两个籼粳杂交的DH群体,在0.40 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下,采用数量性状主基因+多基因多世代联合分析方法对盐胁迫下水稻苗高遗传规律进行了分析.研究结果表明,水稻盐胁迫下的苗高受两对主效基因控制,两个DH群体的两对主基因分别表现为互补作用和累加作用,主基因的遗传力分别为28....     

粳稻丽江新团黑谷近等基因系孕穗期耐冷性指标性状的遗传分析

在阿子营低温冷害条件下,以十和田×(十和田和丽江新团黑谷BC3 F9)配制的BC4F1、BC4F2及亲本为材料,采用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型,对粳稻丽江新团黑谷作耐冷基因供体培育的近等基因系孕穗期耐冷性8个指标性状进行遗传研究.结果表明,结实率和穗颈长均属于2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因遗传,主基因遗传率分别为80.11％和75.06％;株高为2对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性多基因遗传,主基因遗传率为44.39％;穗下节长属于2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因遗传,主基因遗传率为57.36％;穗长为2对主基因加性-显性-上位性遗传;每穗实粒数为2对主基因加性-显性遗传;每穗秕粒数为2对加性主基因+加性-显性多基因遗传;总粒数为1对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因遗传.     

水稻种子休眠性的研究进展

种子休眠具有重要的生物学意义,在农业生产中具有重要的应用前景,而影响种子休眠的因素众多,其中ABA在种子休眠的形成和维持中起着关键作用。总结分析了水稻种子休眠相关QTL的研究进展,简单介绍了主效QTL的精细定位及克隆,同时探讨了水稻种子休眠性研究存在的问题和需要进一步研究的内容,以期为进一步发掘、利用控制水稻种子休眠的基因和选育抗穗发芽品种提供参考。     

Identification of genomic regions associated with seed dormancy in white-grained wheat

Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) in developing wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) spikes is stimulated by cool and wet weather and leads to a decline in grain quality. A low level of harvest-time seed dormancy is a major factor for PHS, which generally is a larger problem in white-grained as compared to red-grained wheat. We have in this study analyzed seed dormancy levels at the 92nd Zadok growth stage of spike development in a doubled-haploid (DH) white wheat population and associated variation for the trait with regions on the wheat genome. The phenotypic data was generated by growing the parent lines Argent (non-dormant) and W98616 (dormant) and 151 lines of the DH population in the field during 2002 and 2003, at two locations each year, followed by assessment of harvest-time seed dormancy by germination tests. A genetic map of 2681 cM was constructed for the population upon genotyping 90 DH lines using 361 SSR, 292 AFLP, 252 DArT and 10 EST markers. Single marker analysis of the 90 genotyped lines associated regions on chromosomes 1A, 2B, 3A, 4A, 5B, 6B, and 7A with seed dormancy in at least two out of the four trials. All seven putative quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were contributed by alleles of the dormant parent, W98616. The strongest QTLs positioned on chromosomes 1A, 3A, 4A and 7A were confirmed by interval mapping and markers at these loci have potential use in marker-assisted selection of PHS resistant white-grained wheat.     

Grain dormancy QTL identified in a doubled haploid barley population derived from two non-dormant parents

Grain dormancy provides protection against pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) in cereals. Composite interval mapping and association analyses were performed to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) contributing grain dormancy in a doubled haploid (DH) barley population (ND24260?×?Flagship) consisting of 321 lines genotyped with DArT markers. Harvest-ripe grain collected from three field experiments was germinated over a 7-day period to determine a weighted germination index for each line. DH lines displaying moderate to high levels of grain dormancy were identified; however, both parental lines were non-dormant and displayed rapid germination within the first two?days of testing. Genetic analysis identified two QTL on chromosome 5H that were expressed consistently in each of the three environments. One QTL (donated by Flagship) was located close to the centromeric region of chromosome 5H (qSDFlag), accounting for up to 15% of the phenotypic variation. A second QTL with a larger effect (from ND24260) was detected on chromosome 5HL (qSDND), accounting for up to 35% of the phenotypic variation. qSDFlag and qSDND displayed an epistatic interaction and DH lines that had the highest levels of grain dormancy carried both genes. We demonstrate that qSDND in the ND24260?×?Flagship DH population is positioned proximal and independent to the well-characterised SD2 region that is associated with both high levels of dormancy and inferior malt quality. This indicates that it should be possible to develop cultivars that combine acceptable malting quality and adequate levels of grain dormancy for protection against PHS by utilizing these alternate QTL.     

Detection of chromosomes carrying genes for seed dormancy of wheat using the backcross reciprocal monosomic method

Preharvest sprouting (PHS) in wheat represents a major constraint to the production of high‐quality grain. Genetic variation for tolerance to PHS is associated with seed dormancy. The present study was initiated to detect homologous chromosome variation associated with seed dormancy genes in a PHS tolerant cultivar ‘Zenkojikomugi’ (Zen) and ‘Chinese Spring’ (CS) using the backcross reciprocal monosomic method. The most striking effect on variation in seed dormancy was associated with chromosome 3A, and followed by group 4 chromosomes. These chromosomes of Zen increased dormancy compared with the respective CS homologues. Chromosomes 2D and 7D of Zen, and 6A of CS seemed to contribute smaller positive effects on dormancy. Chromosomes 2A of CS and Zen, as well as 3B, were equally effective in enhancing dormancy. The chromosome 3 A factors were independent of the grain‐colour gene R‐A1 because Zen was found to carry the white‐grained R‐A1a allele, which was identical to that of CS, and there was no difference in dormancy between the reciprocal F₁ seeds.     

玉米Reid种质DH系遗传分析

为探讨玉米Reid种质遗传改良效果,本研究以Reid类群重要种质J1491、J1492、J1493、J1495、J1498与PH6WC构建基础群体,通过DH技术育成DH系,经鉴定从中选取5个代表DH系6DH6、6DH7、6DH9、6DH10、6DH12作母本,以Non-Reid群5个优良自交系作父本,按NCII设计组配25个杂交组合,对DH系单株产量及其构成因素的杂种优势、配合力和相关方面进行了研究。结果表明,单株产量杂种优势以组合6DH7×J1628最高为180.22%,组合6DH12×J1673最低为54.94%;单株产量一般配合力效应值最高的有6DH7和6DH10,穗长、穗粗亦为正效应,因此认为6DH7和6DH10更具应用潜力;特殊配合力效应值最高的组合是6DH7×J1673。各产量性状中穗长、穗粗和秃尖长,狭义遗传率高,主要以基因加性效应为主。本研究为鉴定有潜在价值的DH系及杂交种提供选择,为玉米遗传改良提供参考。     

Inheritance of resistance to flax wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lini Schlecht) in a doubled haploid population of Linum usitatissimum L.

The inheritance of resistance to fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lini) was investigated in Linum usitatissimum as a first step towards gaining an understanding of the molecular genetics of the disease and developing a procedure for marker-assisted selection. A recombinant doubled haploid (DH) population was derived from the haploid component of polyembryonic F₂ seeds originating from a cross between a wilt resistant, twinning Linola™ Linola is a registered trademark of CSIRO line CRZY8/RA91 and the wilt susceptible Australian flax cultivar Glenelg. The segregation of resistance was studied in 143 DH lines under glasshouse and field conditions. Most of the phenotypic variation was attributable to the segregation of two independent genes with additive effects. Minor resistance genes may have also contributed by modifying the resistance response. A glasshouse screening method of DH lines proved a reliable indicator of field resistance to fusarium wilt. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

望水白和苏麦3号构建的DH群体赤霉病抗性比较

利用抗病品种望水白和苏麦3号分别与感病品种Alondra’s杂交，F1花药培养诱导单倍体，经染色体加倍构建了2个DH群体。2001－2003年连续3年在赤霉病常发重病区福建省建阳市进行了赤霉病抗性鉴定。通过聚类分析把2个DH群体分成稳定的抗病DH系、稳定的感病DH系、稳定的中抗DH系以及抗性不稳DH系4类，4种类型在2个DH群体中的比例     

Effect of genetic background on the target fatty acids of acyl-ACP thioesterase transgenes in Brassica napus

Acyl‐acyl carrier protein (ACP) thioesterase (TE) is involved in the biosynthetic fatty acid pathway of plants. Conventional canola lines transformed individually with the bay‐TE (Uc FatB1), elm‐TE (Ua FatB1), nutmeg‐TE (Mf FatB1) or Cuphea‐TE transgene (Ch FatB1), produce seed oil with modified fatty acid compositions. This study assessed the effects of genetic background, cytoplasm, maternal parent, and interaction of different TE transgenes, on the target fatty acids using F1 seeds and double haploid (DH) lines. The F₁ seeds were produced by crossing four TE transgenic parental lines and three non‐transgenic cultivars with distinct fatty acid compositions. The DH lines were developed from microspores of F₁ plants. DH lines from different crosses showed that genetic background does not have an effect on the relative levels of the target fatty acids of the same TE, indicating the stability of the substrate specificity of the TE within canola. However, significant effects of genetic background on the content of the major target fatty acids, lauric acid (C12:0) or palmitic acid (C16:0) depending on the TE, were observed. Expression of the TE in low erucic acid (C22:1) genotypes resulted in higher target fatty acid levels than expression in high C22:1 genotypes. Reciprocal crosses showed maternal effects, but not cytoplasmic effects. In addition, co‐expression of two different TE transgenes in the same seeds was observed. These results indicate the importance of selection for appropriate genetic backgrounds in order to maximize the expression of the target fatty acids of TE transgenes, and also indicate potential uses of TE co‐expression in modifying canola seed oil.