热处理对尖椒果实贮藏特性及冷害的影响

【研究目的】研究热水处理对尖椒果实贮藏冷害的影响,为尖椒的冷藏提供理论和应用依据。【方法】用热水处理（CK;处理：45℃水中浸泡5min。）尖椒果实。研究热处理对尖椒果实贮藏特性及冷害的影响。【结果】热处理抑制了贮藏过程中尖椒的腐烂率,冷藏30d时处理果的腐烂率仅为对照果实的37.5%。     

贮前外源水杨酸处理对桃果冷贮性的影响

选择商品成熟期的桃(Prunus persica L. cv. Beijing 24),采摘后分别用0、0.35、0.7、1.0 mmol/L 水杨酸 （Salicylic acid,SA）溶液浸泡5 min,在0℃的低温下贮藏28d,然后转到20℃下3d（模拟货架期）。货架期结束时,观察果实冷害和腐烂发生状况并计算果实冷害指数和腐烂指数,测定果实的硬度和丙二醛含量。结果表明,与对照相比,1 mmol/L SA处理对维持果实硬度具有显著的效果,同时显著降低了冷害指数、腐烂指数和丙二醛含量,其他两种浓度的SA处理与对照之间不存在显著差异。说明1 mmol/L SA能够减轻桃果的冷害。进一步研究发现,在冷藏中期（14d）、冷藏结束时（28d）和货架期结束时,1 mmol/L SA预处理的桃果肉的还原性抗坏血酸与氧化性抗坏血酸含量之比(AsA/DHAsA)分别比对照高39%,61%和55%。在冷藏中期（14d）,还原性谷胱甘肽与氧化性谷胱甘肽含量之比(GSH/GSSG) 比对照高68%。在贮藏和货架期结束时,抗坏血酸氧化酶和谷胱甘肽还原酶活性显著高于对照。上述结果说明,水杨酸能减轻桃果由于冷贮发生的冷害与诱导提高抗氧化系统抗抗坏血酸—谷胱甘肽循环的活性有关,适宜浓度的水杨酸处理可能是提高桃果实冷藏性的有效措施。     

贮前抗坏血酸处理对李果实冷害及生理生化的影响

以串红李子为试材,研究了不同浓度的抗坏血酸处理对低温下贮藏的李果实冷害及生理生化的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,贮前抗坏血酸处理能推迟李果实的后熟进程,使着色过程缓慢,呼吸强度与乙烯释放量受到一定的抑制,明显降低冷害指数,抑制李果实贮藏期间冷害的发生,尤其以低浓度（0.2%）的抗坏血酸处理抑制冷害的效果最好,可保持李果实较好的贮藏品质。     

Cold pre-treatment is effective for 1-MCP efficacy in ‘Tsugaru’ apple fruit

1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatment maintains apple fruit quality during storage, but its efficacy is dependent on a number of conditions. ‘Tsugaru’ apples are a major early season cultivar in Japan, but because ‘Tsugaru’ fruit produce abundant ethylene, they have a short shelf-life, and efficacy of 1-MCP is not as high with ‘Tsugaru’ as with other cultivars. To improve 1-MCP efficacy, ‘Tsugaru’ fruit were pre-cooled at −1 °C or −3 °C for 24 h before 1-MCP treatment. Ethylene production decreased with the cold treatment, resulting in better storage after 1-MCP treatment. Although ethylene production was low at the end of 24 h of the cold pre-treatment, expression of ACS1, the ethylene receptor genes ERS1, ETR1(a), ETR1b, ETR2 and ETR5, and the cell wall degradation-related gene PG1 all increased with a 24 h cold treatment. It is assumed that these elevated gene expression levels were not caused by ethylene, but more directly by cold stimulus. Thus, a short period of cold stimulus suppresses ethylene production, but induces expression of some genes. 1-MCP treatment was more effective with some initial fruit chilling.     

阶段降温处理对冷藏南果梨褐变调控效应的影响

以南果梨为试材．研究了阶段降温处理对冷藏期间南果梨果实褐变指数、呼吸强度、乙烯生产量及衰老与褐变因子的影响。结果表明,阶段降温处理可增加果实呼吸强度和乙烯生成量;提高果实总酚含量和膜相对透性及PPO和SOD活性．延缓果实贮藏后期SOD活性的下降,抑制膜脂过氧化产物MDA的积累及果实褐变的发生率;同时,经阶段降温处理后的南果梨果实成熟度高于对照组,出库时风味更好．商品价值更高。     

Metabolite content of harvested Micro-Tom tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruit is altered by chilling and protective heat-shock treatments as shown by GC-MS metabolic profiling

The primary aim of this study was to identify metabolites associated with chilling tolerance that was engendered by a heat-shock treatment of tomato fruit pericarp (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Micro-Tom). Harvested mature-green fruit were immersed in 20 or 40 °C water for 7 min (‘Heat-Shock’) and then stored at 2.5 °C for 0 or 14 d (‘Chilled’). A reduction in chilling injury symptoms (i.e., slow or abnormal ripening, increased ion leakage, and increased respiration following chilling) was used to select this heat-shock treatment as optimal. Using GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) metabolite profiling, 363 analytes were detected in fruit pericarp of which 65 are identified metabolites. Principal Component Analysis of these data led to distinct groups among the samples based on their treatments; ‘Chilled’ and ‘Chilled + Heat-Shocked’ fruit were markedly different from each other, while the ‘Non-Chilled Control’ and ‘Heat-Shocked’ fruit were similar and grouped closer to the ‘Chilled + Heat-Shocked’ fruit. These results indicate that the heat treatment provided protection from chilling in part by altering levels of fruit metabolites. The levels of arabinose, fructose-6-phosphate, valine and shikimic acid appear to be associated with this heat-shock induced chilling tolerance since their levels were altered in the ‘Chilled’ samples (p < 0.05), relative to the control and the heat-shocked protected fruit. We also describe the metabolites we identified that could be further studied as being indicative of incipient chilling injury in mature-green tomato fruit.     

Ca2+对低温下水稻幼苗膜的保护作用

缺Ca2+的水稻幼苗在低温胁迫下(4℃36h)，细胞膜功能及超微结构破坏严重。在培养液中加入适当浓度的Ca2+(0.5～1.0mmol/L)可降低冷胁迫下稻苗的电解质渗漏率和MDA含量，提高SOD、CAT、POD活性，保护叶绿体和线粒体超微结构免遭破坏。CaM特异性抑制剂CPZ能部分抑制Ca2+降低冷害稻苗的电解质渗漏率及MDA含量和提高SOD、POD活性     

石榴果实采后生理变化与贮藏保鲜研究进展

对石榴果实采后成熟衰老过程中发生的生理变化,包括品质变化、呼吸和乙烯释放、冷害以及褐变生理、采后病理等进行论述;为提高石榴果实的贮藏保鲜品质,对石榴贮藏保鲜技术做了详细介绍。     

不同冷冲击处理时间对黑宝石李果实贮藏品质的影响

以黑宝石李为试材、0℃的冰水混合物为冷却介质,研究了不同冷冲击处理时间(1、2、3、4 h)对贮藏期间黑宝石李果实采后生理及品质的影响。在0~1℃条件下贮藏96d和19~21℃条件下7d货架期的试验结果表明,冷冲击处理有利于保持果实硬度和可溶性固形物含量,可在一定程度上延缓细胞膜透性的增大和丙二醛含量的升高,显著抑制酚类物质含量的下降及多酚氧化酶活性的上升,对提高黑宝石李果实的抗冷性和延缓衰老起到了一定的促进作用。其中冷冲击处理2h和3h的果实褐变和冷害程度轻微,硬度和好果率较高,李子酸甜可口,香味较浓,综合品质最好。     

低温胁迫下籽用西瓜幼苗生理变化与耐冷性的研究

以三叶一心期的籽用西瓜幼苗为材料,采用10℃低温胁迫的方法,研究了黑籽瓜兰州大片(wb10)和红籽瓜巢湖红(wb7)随着处理天数的延长幼苗的耐冷性、光合特性、生理特性的变化规律,以探讨籽用西瓜耐低温的生理机制,从而为籽用西瓜的引种栽培和抗寒品种选育提供理论依据。结果表明:不同品种籽用西瓜幼苗的叶绿素含量、Pn、Tr、Gs、Ci随低温胁迫时间的延长而逐渐降低;Pro、MDA、相对电导率随低温胁迫时间的延长而升高。两品种的冷害指数存在一定差异,耐冷性表现为wb10>wb7。低温胁迫下,耐冷性较强的wb10幼苗叶片中的叶绿素含量、Pn、Tr、Gs、Ci均高于耐冷性较弱的wb7,而耐冷性较强的wb10幼苗叶片中MDA含量、脯氨酸含量、相对电导率均低于wb7。综合试验中各项指标认为,耐冷性与品种的来源、类型及在低温下植株的冷害指数、光合特性和细胞膜稳定性有关。     

低温胁迫对高粱幼苗MDA含量、SOD和POD活性的影响

为了探明高粱幼苗耐冷生理机制,以高粱耐冷和冷敏材料幼苗为试验材料,利用智能光照培养箱设置低温条件,分析了低温和常温条件下高粱耐冷和冷敏材料的丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)活性和过氧化物酶(POD)活性。结果表明,低温胁迫后,两类材料的MDA含量、SOD活性、POD活性都出现了增高的趋势,耐冷材料MDA含量的增加幅度低于冷敏材料,耐冷材料的SOD活性、POD活性的增加幅度则显著高于冷敏材料,说明材料的耐冷与否,与低温胁迫后MDA含量、SOD活性、POD活性的增加量有关,MDA含量的增加幅度愈小材料愈耐冷,SOD活性、POD活性的增加幅度愈大材料愈耐冷。     

PEG浸种处理提高烟草种子活力的效应

用PEG浸种处理烟草种子,研究了不同浓度和处理时间组合对烟草种子活力的影响。结果表明,PEG处理能显著提高种子发芽率和幼苗活力指数,增强种子萌发时的呼吸速率和淀粉酶活性.且以20％PEG-6000浸种48h的效果最好。不同活力水平的种子经20%PEG处理后,幼苗活力指数明显提高,处理组的超氧物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性升高,膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧阴离子(O2-)产生速率及电解质渗漏率显著低于对照组。研究还发现,PEG处理能减少低温吸胀期间种子内电解质渗漏量及渗漏速率,并提高种子在低温下的萌发率,增强幼苗抗冷性。     

Low oxygen and 1-MCP pretreatments delay superficial scald development by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in stored ‘Granny Smith’ apples

‘Granny Smith’ apples are highly susceptible to superficial scald, a symptom of chilling injury. For many crops, low temperature storage results in oxidative stress and chilling injury, caused by increased production of superoxide anions which in turn leads to the generation of other dangerous reactive oxygen species (ROS). Application, prior to cold storage, of low oxygen (LO2, <0.5%) atmospheres, ethanol (<2% vapour) or 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP, 0.5 μL L⁻¹) at 20 °C, was effective in reducing superficial scald in fruit following 24 weeks of cold storage. ROS levels were measured by confocal laser-scanning microscopy of apple peel treated with the fluorescent probe 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate. In control fruit, ROS levels increased during cold storage and shelf-life and were very high after only 8 weeks, whereas in 1-MCP-, ethanol- and LO2-treated fruit, ROS levels remained low throughout storage. Gene-expression levels of ROS-scavenging enzymes were induced by the various pretreatments: catalase (MdCAT) was induced by LO2 treatment, whereas Mn superoxide dismutase (MdMnSOD) was induced by 1-MCP treatment. Polyphenol oxidase (MdPPO) gene expression levels were associated with scald symptom development and were highest in control fruit. Ethylene levels and expression of ethylene biosynthesis genes were correlated with α-farnesene levels and <alpha>-farnesene synthase (MdAFS) gene expression in the variously treated fruit. Accumulation of the α-farnesene oxidation product, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (MHO), was highest in control fruit after 8 weeks, in accordance with ROS accumulation. The LO2 pretreatment mechanism might involve production of anaerobic metabolites, causing a delay in ethylene and α-farnesene biosynthesis and oxidation; this is different from the mechansism of action of 1-MCP, even though both consequently reduce ROS accumulation and scald symptoms.     

Magnetic resonance imaging provides spatial resolution of Chilling Injury in Micro-Tom tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruit

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to monitor internal changes in harvested tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Micro-Tom) fruit. Measurements of ethylene evolution, respiration, and ion leakage indicated that the fruit developed chilling injury (CI) after storage at 0 °C. Unlike these measurements, MRI provided spatially resolved data. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), which is an indication of water mobility in tissues, was calculated from MRIs of the different parts of the fruit. Storage for 1 or 2 weeks at 0 °C caused no difference in the ADCs (D-values) in the pericarp, but it did lead to higher values in the inner tissues i.e., the columella and locular region compared to non-chilled fruit (P < 0.05). Changes in inner fruit D-values after 1 and 2 weeks of chilling at 0 °C were similar to changes in respiration, ethylene production and ion leakage which increased (P < 0.05) compared to the non-chilled controls. Most CI studies of tomato fruit used pericarp tissue. Our data indicate that columella tissue changes occur in response to chilling injury in tomato fruit and suggest that more caution is needed when interpreting data from experiments commonly used to study this phenomenon.     

氯化钙对低温胁迫下番茄幼苗的影响

为探究氯化钙如何影响番茄冷胁迫过程,得出氯化钙提高番茄幼苗耐冷性机制,进行了冷害指数调查、生理指标测定。使用光照培养箱低温处理耐冷型‘O-33-1’和冷敏感型‘NY2000’,依照氯化钙处理浓度的不同记为CK、T₁、T₂、T₃,对不同处理调查冷害指数,测定叶绿素含量,测定丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性。研究表明,冷胁迫外源喷施氯化钙时,‘O-33-1’冷害指数、MDA含量、POD含量先下降后升高,叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量、SOD活性先升高后下降;‘NY2000’冷害指数先下降后上升,SOD活性先升高后下降,MDA含量不断升高,叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量基本不变,POD则表现得没有规律。不同品种响应氯化钙提高耐冷性表现出差异;低温胁迫下,叶绿素的降解受到抑制从而提高了番茄幼苗耐冷性;耐冷性的提高与外源氯化钙导致抗氧化酶活性提高有关。     

采前不同植物生长调节剂处理对淮安红椒室温贮藏品质的影响

为研究采前植物生长调节剂喷施处理对淮安红椒采后室温贮藏生理与保鲜品质的影响,于淮安红椒转红期,分别用不同分子量壳聚糖、海带多糖(HDG)、赤霉素(GAs)和水杨酸(SA)进行喷施处理,处理14天后采收红椒,以失重率、腐烂指数、维生素C、丙二醛(MDA)含量、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性为指标,研究采前植物生长调节剂处理对采后红椒室温贮藏期品质的影响。结果表明：低分子量壳聚糖(LWG)处理能显著降低采后红椒室温贮藏过程中的失重率,LWG、HDG和SA处理能显著降低腐烂指数和MDA含量,显著提高维生素C含量,而LWG和SA处理显著提高红椒贮藏期的POD和PPO活性,延缓衰老。可见,采前0.5% LWG和0.8 mmol/L SA处理有利于采后红椒室温贮藏,具有一定的推广价值。     

不同耐贮性粉果番茄贮藏期间果实软化相关酶活性的研究

以不同耐贮性的粉果番茄品种"欧盾"、"津粉207"为试材,研究在低温(10±0.2)℃贮藏期间果实硬度、乙烯释放量、细胞壁降解酶活、膜脂过氧化以及抗氧化酶活性的变化。结果表明:随着贮藏时间的延长,耐贮性强的"欧盾"品种番茄果实硬度下降较慢,乙烯释放量低,细胞壁降解酶活性、丙二醛含量、脂氧合酶(LOX)和抗氧化相关酶活性偏低;而"津粉207"品种番茄比"欧盾"品种番茄硬度下降快,乙烯释放量和丙二醛含量高,细胞壁降解酶活性、LOX和抗氧化相关酶的活性较高。     

A preliminary study on the effect of metabolic stress disinfection and disinfestation (MSDD) on ripening physiology and quality of kiwifruit and apple

Metabolic stress disinfection and disinfestation (MSDD) is a relatively new quarantine treatment in which fruit are exposed to rapid decompression and compression cycles and high CO₂ atmosphere, followed by exposure to ethanol vapour under decompression. This study evaluated the ripening response of ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) and ‘Pink Lady’ apple (Malus x domestica) to MSDD treatment, which can control longtailed mealybug (Pseudococcus longispinus). Following the treatments, fruit were held at 20 °C for 7 d for shelf-life assessment, while the remainder were refrigerated at 0.5 °C for 16 weeks. Respiration rate, volatile (ethylene, ethanol and acetaldehyde) production rates, firmness and disorders were measured at regular time intervals. MSDD treatments did not affect the metabolic activities and quality of ‘Pink Lady’ apples. However, firmness was reduced by 4.9 N in non-refrigerated MSDD treated fruit. MSDD treatments did not control superficial scald disorder in refrigerated ‘Pink Lady’ apples. For ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit, treatments increased the respiration rate and ethylene production of short-term refrigerated fruit, promoted endogenous production of ethanol and acetaldehyde in both short-term and long-term refrigerated fruit. MSDD treatments also increased the incidence of rots in refrigerated ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit. MSDD treatments accelerated the softening of short-term refrigerated kiwifruit, but retarded the softening of ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit during the 16 weeks of refrigerated storage. MSDD could potentially be used as a quarantine treatment of apples. Further studies are required on the sensory effect of MSDD treatment.