德兴不同类型常绿阔叶林土壤养分状况

以赣北常绿阔叶林的典型代表德兴大茅山林区为研究对象,比较不同林分类型下土壤养分状况。结果表明：1米槠＋甜槠林的林下土壤有机质含量最高,为3.1270%,马尾松＋木荷林有机质含量最低,为2.1887%;27种林分类型的N素均低于正常水平;3马尾松＋木荷林下土壤交换性盐基总量平均值最大,为米槠＋甜槠林中交换性盐基总量的2.11倍;4土壤养分各指标之间彼此均存在极显著的相关性。     

神农架4种典型针叶人工林土壤酶活性及其生态化学计量特征

[目的 ]探讨土壤酶活性及其生态化学计量比对土壤微生物养分的限制和土壤养分有效性的指示作用。[方法 ]以神农架地区水杉、柳杉、落叶松和华山松4种人工林纯林土壤为研究对象,测定不同林分土壤酶活性及其生态化学计量比和土壤化学性质。[结果 ]柳杉林、华山松林和落叶松林土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)活性显著高于水杉林,落叶松林土壤β-乙酰葡糖胺糖苷酶(NAG)活性显著高于其他3个林分,不同林分间土壤磷酸单酯酶(AP)差异不显著;水杉林土壤BG:NAG和BG:AP显著低于其他3个林分,落叶松林土壤BG:NAG显著低于柳杉林和华山松林,落叶松林土壤NAG:AP显著高于其他3个林分,其中,本区域4种林分土壤NAG:AP(1.01±0.22)指示4种类型人工林土壤微生物可能受到土壤氮限制。冗余分析显示:土壤有机碳和pH值是土壤酶活性的重要影响因素。[结论 ]林分是土壤酶活性及其生态化学计量比的重要影响因素,其对土壤有机碳和pH值的影响是调控土壤酶活性变化的主要因素。     

4种人工林土壤酶活性与养分的相关性研究

以长沙市城乡交错带4种人工林为研究对象,对不同林分下不同层次土壤的理化性质及脱氢酶、过氧化氢酶、脲酶、磷酸酶、纤维素酶的活性进行了分析,并对其相关性进行了研究,结果表明:土壤容重自上而下逐渐增加,但差异不明显;土壤pH、有机质及各土壤养分含量均随土层加深而减小;杉木林的土壤肥力状况最好,樟树林较差;不同林分下土壤酶活性均表现出随土层深度增加而减弱的变化规律,杉木林酶活性最高,枫香林酶活性最低;各林分土壤酶活性的高低与土壤容重、含水率没有相关性,土壤磷酸酶、脱氢酶、纤维素酶活性与pH呈显著负相关(P0.05),土壤中5种酶的活性与土壤主要养分因子间均存在极显著或显著的正相关关系。     

武夷山不同毛竹林类型毛竹生长与土壤养分研究

调查分析了武夷山不同毛竹林类型的毛竹生长效果和土壤养分状况。结果表明,毛竹混交林对培肥土壤、增加有机质、控制病虫害以及维护毛竹林分长期的生产力具有效果。竹杉林、竹阔林的林分密度较毛竹纯林明显增大,分别增长48.9%、54.3%,毛竹+杉木的混交方式对促进毛竹生长效果为最好,其林分立竹量、平均胸径、新竹产量最大,而毛竹+阔叶树的林分由于乔木所占比重稍大,影响了毛竹行鞭发笋和胸径生长,但其毛竹生物量最高,比毛竹纯林增加了20%。竹阔林土壤的有机质含量高于竹杉林、毛竹纯林,全N含量也相应增大,但磷素明显缺乏。     

不同森林植被下土壤酶活性研究

采样分析了湖州市马尾松林、毛竹林和杉木林3种林分土壤的酶活性。结果表明,毛竹林土壤的蔗糖酶和磷酸酶活性显著高于马尾松林和杉木林(P<0.05),而马尾松林与杉木林之间无明显不同。从3种林分总体上分析,土壤脲酶、蛋白酶、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶活性与土壤有机质、全氮、水解氮含量具有显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)相关性。而单个林种土壤酶活性与养分含量的相关性均不理想,且林种间存在较大差异。     

福建柏湿地松混交造林对林木生长及土壤养分的影响

对26年生福建柏湿地松(1∶1)混交林、福建柏纯林的林分生长状况,林下植被生物多样性以及林下土壤的养分状况进行调查分析。结果表明:福建柏的树高、胸径、单株材积,混交林比纯林大12.6%、23.5%、63.8%,混交林总蓄积量比纯林大51.2%,经方差分析,差异显著;混交林和纯林林下植物丰富度一致,但均匀度和多样性指数混交林大于纯林;混交林土壤与纯林土壤相比,土壤结构较好,土层疏松透水,持水能力强,土壤肥力较高。     

福建柏与杉木混交林造林试验初报

调查福建柏杉木混交林和福建柏纯林人工林的林分生长状况,林下植被生物多样性以及林下土壤的养分状况,结果表明:福建柏纯林植被状况较好,林下植被的丰富度指数和多样性指数均大于福建柏杉木混交林;福建柏纯林土壤的养分状况较好,维持较高的土壤肥力。从提高林地的生产力上看,杉木与福建柏属浅根性树种,种间竞争激烈,混交效果不好,福建柏与杉木混交这个模式不宜大面积造林推广。     

桂东南马尾松采脂林配方施肥研究

为了提高采脂林经济效益,以此提高林农采脂积极性,缓解当前松脂产业发展的国内原料短缺问题,以桂东南地区马尾松土壤养分状况为基础,通过综合分析高产脂林分、低产脂林分土壤养分以及针叶养分动态关系,建立了相关模型,得出了适合桂东南马尾松采脂林施肥配方(N、P、K含量分别为8%、12%和10%,Mg+Ca+Si+有机质≥10%),并研究了不同施肥量对桂东南近熟马尾松林分生长和产脂的影响。研究结果表明:施配方肥可以有效促进马尾松生长和产脂,施肥2kg比施肥1kg可以提高胸径生长量90.9%,材积生长量38.6%,材积生长率12.7%,产脂量21%;施肥第一年可增加采脂林净利润8285元/hm~2。说明配方施肥可以有效提高采脂林经济收益,开展配方施肥技术推广,是解决当前国内松脂产业原料短缺问题的有效途径。     

红松人工林不同间伐强度效果分析

对不同间伐强度红松人工林的林分生长状况,林下植被生物多样性以及林下土壤的养分状况进行调查研究。结果表明:极强度间伐、强度间伐能有效提高林分直径生长量,增加大径材的出材量,缩短培育大径材的时间,及早达到木材采伐标准。但间伐强度过大影响整个林分的蓄积量。强度间伐有效提高林下植被的丰富度指数和多样性指数,植被状况良好。极强度间伐区土壤的养分状况最好,维持较高的土壤肥力。间伐有利于红松人工林地的可持续利用。     

伊犁河谷沙枣等4种林分类型土壤养分和酶活性特征

以伊犁河谷沙枣、新疆杨、加小杨×俄罗斯杨和白榆等4种典型林分为研究对象,通过采样和室内测试分析,对0~20cm和20~40cm土壤化学性质及酶活性等指标进行分析测定,并研究了其相关性。结果表明:土壤酶和养分主要分布在0~20cm土层,20~40cm土层较少;各模式土壤养分含量差异显著,白榆林土壤碱解氮和有效磷含量最高,全钾和速效钾处于较高水平,新疆杨林有机质含量最高;土壤酶活性与土壤养分有一定的相关,其中脲酶与全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷和有机质呈显著正相关,过氧化氢酶与碱解氮和速效磷呈显著负相关。     

氮沉降对森林土壤碳动态过程的影响

本文综述了国内外关于森林土壤碳动态过程对氮沉降响应机制的研究进展,概述了大气氮沉降对土壤碳释放及其影响因子的作用机制,从土壤生物学特性、凋落物动态、土壤碳释放等方面揭示大气氮沉降对土壤碳平衡过程影响机制和机理,探讨了森林土壤碳动态过程对氮沉降响应的不确定性因素,并指出未来该领域研究重点。     

黄河三角洲盐碱地主要造林树种的动态生长与生态效应

各树种的胸径随着林龄增加而增长,白蜡的树高随林龄延长也呈递增趋势,而其他树种的树高变化则没有明显规律性,在林龄13年内,杨树的胸径和树高生长要明显优于其他4个树种。刺槐、白蜡、白榆和臭椿的长期人工林可以显著降低土壤盐分,增加土壤的养分,从而培肥土壤,但对土壤pH稍有提升作用,碳汇量大小顺序为:白蜡刺槐白榆臭椿;刺槐人工林更新为杨树林后,林地土壤含盐量有所增加,但土壤肥力得到改善,明显提高了人工林的固碳性能。     

竹材碳足迹内涵及其对产业发展的调控作用

植物是陆地上唯一能够从大气中固碳的自然生态系统，其减缓气候变化、改善人类生活质量的能力远未被认识和充分发挥。竹子是世界上生长最快的植物之一，固碳潜力巨大，一次种植可永续利用。竹子从光合作用、生长发育、采伐收获、产品制造、友好利用直至分解释放的全生命周期过程，是碳汇或碳封存的全过程，即竹材碳足迹。通常研究的竹林碳汇只涉及竹林生长阶段，忽略产品使用阶段，以及相互之间的联系。开展竹材碳足迹的全过程系统监测和研究，完善竹林碳汇的内涵，正确认识碳循环规律，是当前全球气候变暖背景下碳汇研究的必由之路；特别是在竹材碳足迹的理论指导和政策实施之下，促进竹林定期采伐、全量收获、健康生长，促进竹产品量产利用，增加产品碳封存时间、提高产品寿命，促进资源高效利用、脱贫增收致富、延缓碳排放，调控全生命周期各个环节合理有序、协同发展，意义更加重大。竹材碳足迹理念的实施对系统认识竹林碳汇、指导竹林健康生长、提高产品产量和质量、推进竹业全产业链发展、减少二氧化碳排放，具有重要学术价值和实用价值。     

鱼鳞坑整地改善土壤水分状况与造林效果分析

通过引入土壤储水量、树冠覆盖率等指标,对鱼鳞坑整地改善土壤水分状况及其在侧柏造林中的应用效果进行分析,结果表明：采用鱼鳞坑整地可显著提高土壤含水率和土壤储水量;随着林地土壤水分状况的改善,造林保存率、林木生长量、林地生产力、郁闭成林的速度随之提高;在不同的土壤水分状况下,种群通过生物量投资与分配格局调节形成与之相适应的种群行为及个体形态特征,从而提高种群的稳定性或持久性。     

Simulation of carbon and water budgets of a Douglas-fir forest

The forest growth/hydrology model FORGRO–SWIF, consisting of a forest growth and a soil water model, was applied to quantify the inter-annual variability of the carbon and water budgets of a Douglas-fir forest (Pseudotsuga menziessii (Mirb.) Franco) in The Netherlands. With these budgets, the water use efficiency, the amount of water needed to fix a certain amount of carbon, and its variability was estimated. After testing the model performance in simulating daily carbon and transpiration fluxes, and soil water contents of this forest ecosystem, the model was applied to a 10-year period of meteorological data. Two forest parameterisations were used: the non-thinned situation of 1995, and the thinned situation in 1996. Relations between forest water use and forest growth were quantified with the model. The model performed satisfactory, an R² value for daily carbon fluxes of 0.58 and for daily transpiration fluxes 0.81. The forest showed to be a clear carbon sink, in the climax situation between 1000 and 1210 g C m⁻² per year. In the thinned situation the carbon uptake was more than halved to values between 430 and 620 g C m⁻² per year. The calculated yearly WUE’s for the forest were between 2.5 and 4.3 g C m⁻² mm⁻¹ and for the total ecosystem between 1.1 and 2.0 g C m⁻² mm⁻¹. The thinned forest had clearly lower WUE’s than the non-thinned forest. The importance of including interception evaporation as forest water use is discussed, and the results showed the importance of integration of forest growth and forest water use for calculating yearly carbon and water budgets.     

Modeling daily gas exchange of a Douglas-fir forest: comparison of three stomatal conductance models with and without a soil water stress function

Modeling stomatal conductance is a key element in predicting tree growth and water use at the stand scale. We compared three commonly used models of stomatal conductance, the Jarvis-Loustau, Ball-Berry and Leuning models, for their suitability for incorporating soil water stress into their formulation, and for their performance in modeling forest ecosystem fluxes. We optimized the parameters of each of the three models with sap flow and soil water content data. The optimized Ball-Berry model showed clear relationships with air temperature and soil water content, whereas the optimized Leuning and Jarvis-Loustau models only showed a relationship with soil water content. We conclude that use of relative humidity instead of vapor pressure deficit, as in the Ball-Berry model, is not suitable for modeling daily gas exchange in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) in the Speulderbos forest near the village of Garderen, The Netherlands. Based on the calculated responses to soil water content, we linked a model of forest growth, FORGRO, with a model of soil water, SWIF, to obtain a forest water-balance model that satisfactorily simulated carbon and water (transpiration) fluxes and soil water contents in the Douglas-fir forest for 1995.     

Modeling annual production and carbon fluxes of a large managed temperate forest using forest inventories, satellite data and field measurements

We evaluated annual productivity and carbon fluxes over the Fontainebleau forest, a large heterogeneous forest region of 17,000 ha, in terms of species composition, canopy structure, stand age, soil type and water and mineral resources. The model is a physiological process-based forest ecosystem model coupled with an allocation model and a soil model. The simulations were done stand by stand, i.e., 2992 forest management units of simulation. Some input parameters that are spatially variable and to which the model is sensitive were calculated for each stand from forest inventory attributes, a network of 8800 soil pits, satellite data and field measurements. These parameters are: (1) vegetation attributes: species, age, height, maximal leaf area index of the year, aboveground biomass and foliar nitrogen content; and (2) soil attributes: available soil water capacity, soil depth and soil carbon content. Main outputs of the simulations are wood production and carbon fluxes on a daily to yearly basis. Results showed that the forest is a carbon sink, with a net ecosystem exchange of 371 g C m(-2) year(-1). Net primary productivity is estimated at 630 g C m(-2) year(-1) over the entire forest. Reasonably good agreement was found between simulated trunk relative growth rate (2.74%) and regional production estimated from the National Forest Inventory (IFN) (2.52%), as well as between simulated and measured annual wood production at the forest scale (about 71,000 and 68,000 m(3) year(-1), respectively). Results are discussed species by species.     

台州绿心区城市森林生态系统服务价值评价

以台州绿心区城市森林为研究对象,对其涵养水源、保持土壤、固碳制氧、净化空气、杀菌作用、阻滞粉尘、降低噪音等生态系统服务价值进行了初步估算。结果表明:该地区城市森林生态系统涵养水源价值为298万元/a,固碳价值为2 490万元/a,制氧价值为2 730万元/a,水土保持价值为1 320万/a,减少SO₂价值为43万元/a,阻滞粉尘价值为1 790万元/a,杀菌价值为5 050万元/a,降低噪音价值为6 010万元/a,台州绿心区城市森林生态系统服务价值总值约为1.97亿元/a。     

格氏栲林窗内外土壤理化性质分析

格氏栲（Castanopsis kawakamii）树种的幼苗为适应生长环境的变化,在长期演化过程中在生物量和养分分配等方面渐渐地形成了一些适应生存环境竞争的特征。为了使格氏栲天然林保持群落物种的多样性和促进格氏栲天然林种群的更新与繁殖,对格氏栲林窗内外土壤理化性质进行了试验研究,结果表明：在表层土壤中,林窗的土壤容重高于林内;在下层土壤中,林窗的容重低于林内。在同土壤层次,林窗与林内相比,土壤毛管孔隙度和总孔隙度的数值林窗都要高,而土壤非毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度同毛管孔隙度比值、土壤通气度则低。说明在土壤保水性方面,林窗要好于林内;在通气性与透水性方面,林内要好于林窗。     

Different sensitivity of isoprene emission, respiration and photosynthesis to high growth temperature coupled with drought stress in black poplar (Populus nigra) saplings

The effects of the interaction between high growth temperatures and water stress on gas-exchange properties of Populus nigra saplings were investigated. Water stress was expressed as a function of soil water content (SWC) or fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW). Isoprene emission and photosynthesis (A) did not acclimate in response to elevated temperature, whereas dark (R(n)) and light (R(d)) respiration underwent thermal acclimation. R(d) was ~30% lower than R(n) irrespective of growth temperature and water stress level. Water stress induced a sharp decline, but not a complete inhibition, of both R(n) and R(d). There was no significant effect of high growth temperature on the responses of A, stomatal conductance (g(s)), isoprene emission, R(n) or R(d) to FTSW. High growth temperature resulted in a significant increase in the SWC endpoint. Photosynthesis was limited mainly by CO(2) acquisition in water-stressed plants. Impaired carbon metabolism became apparent only at the FTSW endpoint. Photosynthesis was restored in about a week following rewatering, indicating transient biochemical limitations. The kinetics of isoprene emission in response to FTSW confirmed that water stress uncouples the emission of isoprene from A, isoprene emission being unaffected by decreasing g(s). The different kinetics of A, respiration and isoprene emission in response to the interaction between high temperature and water stress led to rising R(d)/A ratio and amount of carbon lost as isoprene. Since respiration and isoprene sensitivity are much lower than A sensitivity to water stress, temperature interactions with water stress may dominate poplar acclimatory capability and maintenance of carbon homeostasis under climate change scenarios. Furthermore, predicted temperature increases in arid environments may reduce the amount of soil water that can be extracted before plant gas exchange decreases, exacerbating the effects of water stress even if soil water availability is not directly affected.