水旱轮作下水稻土汞污染的微生物和酶活性比较研究

选择长江三角洲地区代表性人为耕作土壤小粉土和黄红壤为研究对象,通过网室盆栽试验研究了水旱轮作下小粉土和黄红壤汞污染的微生物和酶活性的变化。结果表明:收获水稻后和收获青菜后土壤微生物和酶活性变化的共同点是,随Hg处理浓度增加,土壤微生物量碳、呼吸强度、代谢商、土壤酶活性(脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、脱氢酶)均表现为先上升后下降,其峰值浓度因土壤类型、土壤酶类型和栽培作物种类不同而不同。收获水稻后和收获青菜后土壤微生物和酶活性变化的不同点是:土壤类型相同,除代谢商外,水稻收获后的土壤微生物量碳、土壤呼吸强度、土壤酶活性均高于青菜收获后的;栽培作物相同,除呼吸强度和代谢商外,黄红壤的土壤微生物量碳和土壤酶活性均高于小粉土的;与栽培作物类型无关,小粉土酶活性的变异系数明显大于黄红壤。     

外源四环素对菜田土壤微生物活性及数量的影响

通过向土壤中添加四环素溶液的方法研究了油菜种植条件下,不同浓度(0.3,0.6,0.9mg/kg)的外源四环素对土壤微生物活性及数量的影响,以评价其环境生态效应。结果表明,土壤中加入四环素后,不同浓度的四环素药物对微生物量碳的影响表现为抑制作用,在27d达到最低,为空白的6.25%～11.97%;而对土壤代谢商qCO2却表现出明显的激活作用,7d达到最高,为空白的550%～622%,且微生物活性的受抑制—激活程度及持续时间与处理浓度成负相关,50d后施药土壤和对照组土壤的代谢商qCO2基本趋于一致。土壤中加入四环素后,各浓度处理对土壤微生物数量有强烈的抑制作用。     

秸秆还田对镉污染农田土壤中镉生物有效性的影响

通过温室盆栽试验和土壤培养试验,研究了重金属镉污染水稻土和人为模拟镉污染土壤上不同种类和不同量的作物秸秆还田后,土壤中可提取态镉的动态变化规律以及对白菜生长和吸收重金属镉的影响。结果表明,秸秆还田显著提高了2种镉污染土壤的pH值。镉污染水稻土上还田玉米和菜豆秸秆显著提高了土壤中醋酸铵提取态镉和DTPA提取态镉含量,秸秆还田后2周时醋酸铵提取态镉含量增加了17%~33%,随时间延长,土壤中可提取态镉增加变的不明显。模拟镉污染土壤上还田玉米和菜豆秸秆对土壤中醋酸铵提取态镉和DTPA提取态镉含量影响不明显。镉污染水稻土上秸秆还田量2%时显著降低了白菜体内镉含量,还田菜豆秸秆和玉米秸秆白菜体内镉含量分别降低了18%和27%。还田玉米秸秆影响了白菜生长,降低了白菜的产量;模拟镉污染土壤上还田菜豆秸秆对白菜生长和镉含量影响不明显,但还田2%玉米秸秆降低了白菜生物量,增加了白菜镉含量。     

火烧对退耕还湿土壤微生物活性的影响

选取退耕还湿火烧当年的土壤,研究了火烧和未烧对照0-10 cm,10-20 cm和20-30 cm土壤有机碳(SOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)、微生物量氮(MBN)、基础呼吸(BR)、呼吸势(PR)、微生物商(Cmic/Corg)和代谢商(qCO2)的变化规律。结果表明,火烧0-10 cm土壤微生物量碳、微生物氮、基础呼吸、微生物商和代谢商分别增加6.7%,26.8%,23.1%,18.7%和15.4%,火烧0-10 cm土壤有机碳低于未烧对照,且差异显著,而火烧0-10 cm土壤呼吸势与对照无明显差异;火烧对10-20 cm和20-30 cm土壤无明显影响;火烧增加了0-10 cm土壤可利用的营养物质,增强0-10 cm土壤微生物活性,同时,土壤微生物利用基质的能力下降;而火烧对10-20 cm和20-30 cm土壤的微生物活性无明显影响。     

共存阳离子（Ca、Zn、K）对土壤镉有效性的影响

采用盆栽与吸附试验,研究了镉污染赤红壤上,施用相同摩尔浓度的钙、钾与锌对小油菜生物量、镉吸收量及土壤镉吸附的影响。结果表明,低和高镉污染赤红壤上,施用锌明显增加小油菜地上部生物量,较对照分别增产21.1%和7.82%。不同阳离子（钠、钙、钾和锌离子）共存改变土壤吸附镉能力的程度不同,与钠体系相比,钙、钾和锌体系中土壤镉吸附量分别降低65.6%、72.0%和96.9%,共存离子降低土壤镉吸附量的次序为锌离子〉钾离子和钙离子,锌离子的影响最为明显。高镉污染赤红壤上,钙和钾使小油菜吸镉量分别增加5.5%和14.4%,低于低镉污染赤红壤上钙和钾使小油菜吸镉的增加量（分别为16.6%和19.6%）;锌明显降低小油菜吸镉量,高和低镉污染赤红壤上,较对照分别减少45.8%和35.0%。3种阳离子与镉共存时,对土壤镉生物有效性的影响差异取决于竞争吸附与竞争吸收的大小,其机制有待进一步探讨。     

不同惰性有机碳物料对土壤镉赋存形态和生物有效性的影响

通过温室盆栽试验和土壤培养试验,研究镉污染土壤和模拟镉污染土壤中加入草炭、活性碳和风化煤3种物料对土壤镉赋存形态和生物有效性的影响,探讨其作为重金属镉污染土壤修复剂的可行性。研究结果表明：3种有机碳物料均降低了土壤pH值,镉污染土壤加入不同惰性有机碳修复剂后,土壤中醋酸铵提取态Cd含量和DTPA提取态Cd含量变化不明显。在模拟Cd污染土壤上则不同,加入不同惰性有机碳修复剂后土壤中醋酸铵提取态Cd含量和DTPA提取态Cd含量均明显降低,降低幅度以风化煤最高,且随加入时间延长降低幅度增加。土壤中加入风化煤和草炭可显著增加土壤中轻组有机质含量,风化煤对土壤中镉有较强富集作用。两种土壤镉赋存形态均为酸提取态〉可还原态〉可氧化态,镉污染土壤加入有机物料后酸提取态镉含量无显著性变化,可还原态镉草炭和活性碳处理显著降低,草炭处理可氧化态镉也显著降低,模拟镉污染土壤加入有机物料后,酸提取态镉风化煤处理显著性降低,可还原态镉活性碳处理显著提高,可氧化态镉无显著性变化。在镉污染土壤上,3种有机碳物料对玉米生长没有显著影响,但增加了玉米体内镉含量;风化煤处理显著降低了白菜生物量,增加了白菜体内镉含量。模拟镉污染土壤上3种有机碳物料对白菜和玉米的生长和体内镉含量均没有显著影响。     

干旱区绿洲苜蓿地土壤微生物特性及其影响因子

研究了干旱区绿洲种植年限不同的3种苜蓿地0-10 cm,10-20 cm土层土壤微生物量碳、微生物量氮、微生物量商、呼吸强度和代谢商的变化特征。结果表明:在耕层0-20 cm范围内,苜蓿种植年限的长短对土壤微生物量碳、土壤微生物量氮含量有影响,相对来说微生物量碳、氮在四年生苜蓿地的含量最高,其次是一年生苜蓿地的。不同种植年限苜蓿地之间土壤微生物量商(qMB)、呼吸强度、代谢商(qCO2)差异显著,相对来说种植年限相差越大,差异越大。相关分析结果表明,土壤理化特性对土壤微生物活性有影响,其中土壤微生物量碳、微生物量氮与土壤有机质、全氮显著正相关,与土壤容重显著负相关。     

镉污染中性土壤伴矿景天修复的硫强化及其微生物效应

采用田间微区试验研究了施硫处理对中性镉污染农田上伴矿景天镉吸取修复效率、土壤p H、有效态镉、有效态硫以及微生物群落变化的影响。结果发现:土壤p H随时间和硫用量的增加而显著下降,有效态镉和有效态硫含量随时间和硫用量的增加而显著增加。在360 g/m²硫处理下,伴矿景天地上部镉含量为70.9 mg/kg,较不施硫对照(38.3 mg/kg)增加85.1%,耕层土壤全量镉去除率为19.4%,是对照(10.5%)的1.85倍。施硫处理150 d后,土壤Thiomonas和Rhodanobacter细菌相对丰度显著高于试验前土壤和对照处理。本试验结果表明,中性土壤施加适量硫磺不仅可显著提高污染土壤中镉的生物有效性,也可通过调节与硫代谢相关的功能微生物,显著增强镉的植物吸取修复效率。     

铅镉、石油污染和黑麦草种植对土壤微生物活性的影响差异

矿产和石油的生产与使用导致不同程度的土壤重金属和石油污染,已影响到人类健康与安全,土壤污染修复迫在眉睫。本研究采用室内盆栽试验的方法,在铅镉污染、石油污染土壤中种植黑麦草(Lolium perenne),探究土壤基础呼吸(SBR)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)及相关土壤酶活性的变化,揭示铅镉、石油污染对土壤微生物的影响,进而为重金属及石油污染土壤修复及其环境评价提供理论依据。共设置6个处理:未污染土壤(S),未污染土壤+黑麦草(SG),铅镉污染土壤(SH),铅镉污染土壤+黑麦草(SHG),石油污染土壤(SP),石油污染土壤+黑麦草(SPG)。研究发现:与处理S相比,在本研究铅镉及石油污染水平下,处理SH的SBR、MBC、过氧化氢酶活性和脲酶活性分别显著降低22.42%、44.90%、6.35%和44.88%(P 0.05);处理SP的SBR、MBC、脲酶活性和脱氢酶活性分别增加23.06%、52.04%、42.26%和65.37%(P 0.05);处理SG的MBC和过氧化氢酶活性分别降低60.54%和4.55%(P 0.05),SBR和脱氢酶活性分别增加31.51%和94.86%(P 0.05)。土壤受污染后,种植黑麦草处理的SBR和MBC、过氧化氢酶活性、脲酶活性高于对应未种植黑麦草的处理。这一结果表明,在一定含量范围内重金属污染抑制土壤微生物活性,而石油污染初期抑制、后期可以提升微生物活性,种植黑麦草在后期可显著增强污染土壤的微生物活性、提高土壤微生物生物量。     

BIOLOG与微量热耦合研究提高红壤微生物代谢活性的碳源因子

土壤微生物是土壤中重要的活性组成部分,研究土壤微生物代谢活性对于理解农业措施对农业生态系统的影响至关重要。已有研究表明,将BIOLOG与微量热耦合可揭示中性及碱性土壤中影响代谢活性的碳源因子,但对于酸性土壤鲜有报道。选取一种典型的酸性土壤——红壤为研究对象,采用BIOLOG及微量热技术研究施肥后红壤微生物的碳源底物利用能力及热动力学变化情况,进一步耦合两种技术探讨提高红壤微生物活性的碳源因子。结果表明,有机无机肥配施能显著提高红壤微生物的碳源底物利用能力,改变对碳源的偏好,增强其热代谢活性;但某些引起有机无机肥配施处理分异的碳源未对红壤微生物的热代谢活性产生促进作用,相反产生抑制效果,说明BIOLOG具有一定局限性;L-精氨酸和糖原提高红壤微生物的热代谢活性,其原因在于这两种碳源可能提高红壤中氮、磷循环相关的微生物活性。因此,在红壤中施用富含该类碳源的有机肥对提高红壤微生物活性、提升红壤地力具有积极意义。     

重金属复合污染下红壤微生物活性及其群落结构的变化

在室内培养条件下,应用4因素5水平二次正交回归旋转组合设计方案,对重金属复合污染红壤的微生物活性及群落功能多样性进行了研究。结果表明,在Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd复合污染生境中重金属的微生物毒性效应发挥主要由Cd、Cu两元素决定,其生物毒性顺序表现为:Cd>Cu>Zn>Ph,红砂泥中表现较为突出。与单一镉、单一铅污染处理相比,重金属复合污染对供试红壤微生物生物活性及其群落功能多样性的影响并非仅仅表现出简单的加和作用,同时还存在协同作用和拮抗作用。典型相关分析显示,红壤微生物活性与重金属含量之间关系密切,第一对典型变量的相关系数r达0.885 8、0.932 8,均达极显著水平(p<0.001), 说明重金属复合污染与红壤微生物间存在较为稳定的数量反馈机制,红壤总体微生物活性指标能较好地反映供试红壤重金属复合污染状况,可作为重金属污染红壤环境质量评价及量化分类的有效指标。     

藏中矿区重金属污染对土壤微生物学特性的影响

土壤微生物对土壤重金属污染反应敏感,是探讨矿区土壤重金属污染生态效应的有效指标之一。通过野外调查与采样和室内分析,研究了藏中矿区重金属污染对土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、脱氢酶和酸性磷酸酶活性、微生物生物量C（MBC）、N（MBN）和P（MBP）、土壤基础呼吸、代谢商（qCO2）及可矿化N的影响。研究表明,矿区土壤重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd全量和有效含量均高于对照土壤;随着矿区土壤重金属含量增加,土壤酶活性、微生物量C、N和P、可矿化N均逐渐降低,土壤基础呼吸和qCO2则逐渐升高;土壤重金属与土壤蔗糖酶活性、脲酶活性、脱氢酶活性、酸性磷酸酶活性、MBC、MBN、土壤基础呼吸、qCO2及可矿化N具有显著的线性相关;脱氢酶活性对土壤重金属污染最为敏感,表明脱氢酶活性可作为藏中矿区土壤环境质量变化的有效指标。     

铅锌矿区污染土壤微生物活性研究

通过野外调查和采样分析，研究了浙江衢州铅锌矿区土壤的微生物、土壤酶活性及植物重金属积累特性。结果表明：矿区污染区土壤Ph、Zn、Cd、Cu全量的平均值分别是对照土壤的267．8倍、132．6倍、41．8倍、17．0倍。矿区植物体内重金属含量与土壤重金属全量和有效态含量呈显著正相关。矿区土壤随着重金属含量的增加，土壤微生物生物量碳逐渐降低，而土壤基础呼吸、微生物代谢商则升高，矿区中心污染土壤微生物生物量碳只有对照土壤的72％，而基础呼吸和微生物代谢商分别是对照土壤的1．6倍和2．3倍。铅锌矿口附近污染区土壤酶活性较低，对照土壤的各种酶活性最高。其中土壤脱氧酶的活性变化最大，作为矿区重金属污染的指标更灵敏。     

The effects of N and P additions on soil microbial properties in paired stands of temperate secondary forests and adjacent larch plantations in Northeast China

The conversion of secondary forests to larch plantations in Northeast China has resulted in a significant decline in soil available nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), and thus affects plant productivity and ecosystem functioning. Microbes play a key role in the recycling of soil nutrients; in turn, the availability of soil N and P can constrain microbial activity. However, there is little information on the relationships between available soil N and P and the microbial biomass and activity in larch plantation soil. We studied the responses of soil microbial respiration, microbial biomass and activity to N and P additions in a 120-day laboratory incubation experiment and assessed soil microbial properties in larch plantation soil by comparing them with the soil of an adjacent secondary forest. We found that the N-containing treatments (N and N + P) increased the concentrations of soil microbial biomass N and soluble organic N, whereas the same treatments did not affect microbial respiration and the activities of β-glucosidase, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase and acid phosphatase in the larch plantation. In addition, the concentration of microbial biomass P decreased with N addition in larch plantation soil. In contrast, N and N + P additions decreased microbial respiration, and N addition also decreased the activity of N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase in the secondary forest soil. The P treatment did not affect microbial respiration in either larch plantation or secondary forest soils, while this treatment increased the activities of β-glucosidase and acid phosphatase in the secondary forest soil. These results suggested that microbial respiration was not limited by available P in either secondary forest or larch plantation soils, but microbial activity may have a greater P demand in secondary forest soil than in larch plantation soil. Overall, there was no evidence, at least in the present experiment, supporting the possibility that microbes suffered from N or P deficiency in larch plantation soil.     

Changes in Microbial Functional Diversity and Activity in Paddy Soils Irrigated with Industrial Wastewaters in Bandung, West Java Province, Indonesia

Characteristics, such as microbial biomass, basal respiration, and functional diversity of the microbial communities, were investigated in paddy soils located in Bandung, West Java Province, Indonesia, that have been heavily polluted by industrial effluents for 31 years. Paddy soil samples (10?C20 cm) were taken from two sites: polluted soils and unpolluted soils (as control sites). The polluted soils contained higher salinity, higher sodicity, higher nutrient contents, and elevated levels of heavy metals (Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, and Zn) than unpolluted soils. Soil physicochemical properties, such as maximum water holding capacity, exchangeable sodium percentage, sodium adsorption ratio, and swelling factor, in polluted soils were much greater than those in unpolluted soils (P?<?0.05). Changes in the physical and chemical soil properties were reflected by changes in the microbial communities and their activities. BIOLOG analysis indicated that the functional diversity of the microbial community of polluted soils increased and differed from that of unpolluted soils. Likewise, the average rate of color development (average well color development), microbial biomass (measured as DNA concentration), and the soil CO₂ respiration were higher in polluted soils. These results indicate that major changes in the chemical and physical properties of paddy soils following the application of industrial wastewater effluents have had lasting impacts on the microbial communities of these soils. Thus, the increased activity, biomass, and functional diversity of the microbial communities in polluted soils with elevated salinity, sodicity, and heavy metal contents may be a key factor in enhancing the bioremediation process of these heavily polluted paddy soils.     

Enzymatic activities and microbial biomass in soil as influenced by metalaxyl residues

A laboratory experiment was conducted to study the impact of metalaxyl application at different concentration levels on microbial biomass and the biochemical activities in soil. A dissipation study of metalaxyl highlighted 52.5-56.8% loss of metalaxyl due to the presence of microbial activity. However, a small but significant decline in microbial biomass was observed on 60 d of incubation period. Metalaxyl showed a highly significant effect in decreasing total N and organic C content in soil from 0 to 30 d of incubation. Dehydrogenase, phosphatase, urease, arylsulphatase and β-glucosidase activities were monitored in metalaxyl treated soils. Except urease, all the enzymatic activities initially increased and then decreased. Urease activity showed a continuous gradual decrease throughout the experimental period. Thus, metalaxyl might influence the growth and development of crop-plants, since it has direct impact on nutrient recycling and energy flow in soil.     

Changes in nutrient content,enzymatic activities and microbial properties of lateritic soil due to application of different vermicomposts: a comparative study of ergosterol and chitin to determine fungal biomass in soil

In this experiment, vermicomposts, prepared from five different waste materials, were applied to acid lateritic soil under field conditions and soil samples were collected after 90 days to study the effect of vermicomposts on different chemical and biochemical. Results suggest that vermicompost prepared from paddy straw is most effective to improve nutrient content, enzymatic activities and microbial properties of lateritic soil. Vermicompost application significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased the concentration of organic C, mineralizable N, available P and exchangeable K in soil. Amylase, protease, urease and acid phosphatase activities were also significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher in vermicompost treated soils compared with the control. Both basal and substrate‐induced microbial respiration, microbial biomass C and N and fungal population in lateritic soil were increased due to vermicompost application. Ergosterol and chitin content were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher in vermicompost treated soils over the control. Application of vermicompost increased the proportion of fungal biomass in total soil microorganisms.     

铅对两个红壤中酶活性的影响

Enzyme activities have the potential to indicate biological functioning of soils. In this study, soil urease, dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and invertase activities and fluorescein diacetate（FDA） hydrolysis were measured in two red soils spiked with Pb^2＋ ranging from 0 to 2 400 mg kg^-1 to relate the enzyme activity values to both plant growth and the levels of available and total Pb^2＋ concentrations in soils, and to examine the potential use of soil enzymes to assess the degrees of Pb contamination. Soil samples were taken for enzyme activities assaying during 3 month’s incubation and then after planting of celery（Apium graveolens L.） and Chinese cabbage（Brassica chinensis L.）. Enzyme activities in the red soil derived from arenaceous rock（RAR） were generally lower than those in the red soil developed on Quaternary red earths（REQ）. At high Pb^2＋ loadings, in both incubation and greenhouse studies, urease activity and FDA hydrolysis were significantly inhibited. But there were no significant relationships between soil dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase or invertase activity and soil Pb^2＋ loadings in both RAR and REQ soils. The growth of celery and Chinese cabbage increased soil urease activity and FDA hydrolysis, but had minimal effect on dehydrogenase and invertase activities. There were positive correlations between celery biomass and soil urease activity and FDA hydrolysis. These results demonstrate that urease activity and FDA hydrolysis are more sensitive to Pb^2＋ than acid phosphatase, dehydrogenase and invertase activities in the RAR and REQ soils.     

Response of microbial characteristics to heavy metal pollution of mining soils in central Tibet,China

Soil microbial activity plays a crucial role in soil microbiological processes, which can be used as a useful indicator to determine the ecological effects of heavy metal pollution on soils. The objective was to determine the effects of heavy metal pollution on mining soils at the Lawu mine of central Tibet, China on soil enzyme activities (sucrase, urease and acid phosphatase), microbial biomass C, N and P (MBC, MBN, and MBP), basal respiration, metabolic quotients, and N mineralization. Sixteen soil samples around the mine were sampled, and one soil sample, 2 km from the mine center, was taken as the control. Compared to the control, mining soils were polluted by heavy metals, Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd, resulting in decreases of sucrase activities, urease activities, acid phosphatase activities, MBC, MBN, MBP, and N mineralization, and increases of basal respiration and qCO₂. Multivariate analysis (cluster analysis [CA], principle component analysis [PCA] and canonical correlation analysis [CCA]) indicated nine microbial variables were only reduced to one principal component explaining 72% of the original variances, and MBC (R² = 0.93) had the highest positive loadings on the principal component. Mining soils polluted by heavy metals were perfectly clustered into four groups, which were highly distinguished by MBC. There were significant canonical correlations between soil heavy metals and microbial indexes on two canonical variates (R1 = 0.99, p < 0.001; R2 = 0.97, p < 0.01), which further demonstrated significant correlations between soil heavy metal contents and microbial characteristics. Hence, our results suggested that MBC may be used a sensitive indicator for assessing changes in soil environmental quality in metal mine of central Tibet.     

Microbial biomass and enzyme activities: Production and persistence

The production and persistence of microbial biomass and also urease, phosphate and casein-hydrolysing activities were investigated when either glucose or ryegrass were added, as energy sources, with ¹⁵NO₃^? to a clay-loam soil. Both direct count and fumigation methods were used to determine soil microbial biomass. Microbial biomass and enzyme activities increased after the addition of energy sources. Increases in phosphatase and urease activities coincided mainly with increases in bacterial biomass and with the rapid immobilization of labeled N. Conversely, the increase in casein-hydrolysing activities preceded the phase of net mineralization that occurred during the later period of incubation.Although microbial biomass and the biochemical activities tested increased in the soils treated with energy supplies, they eventually decreased to the level of the control soil. Even the increases in biomass and enzyme activities present at zero time, as a result of the addition to the soil of exogenous microorganisms and enzymes with the ryegrass, were not maintained after extensive incubation. The influence of homeostatie mechanisms which tend to maintain a stable biological composition in the soil microbial population is discussed. A possible relationship between the available “active” or “biological” space, total microbial biomass and total enzyme activity in soil is suggested.