不同超数排卵方法所获羔山羊卵母细胞体外成熟率及体外受精率的比较

本研究观察了不同超排处理方法对羔山羊卵母细胞体外成熟及体外受精的影响，并将体外受精胚胎进行了移植，以便探讨利用羔山羊卵母细胞生产体外受精胚胎的技术途径。对２～４月龄羔山羊用ＦＳＨ、ＦＳＨ＋ＬＨ（静脉注射）和ＦＳＨ＋ＬＨ（肌肉注射）三种方法进行超排处理，平均分别回收１６．０、２０．３和１５．０枚卵母细胞。将这些卵母细胞进行２０～２４ｈ的成熟培养后，其成熟率分别为４５．５％，４４．４％和７６．５％。成熟卵母细胞经体外受精，体外发育培养后其２～４细胞胚胎的发生率分别为５．６％ａ、６．７％和３１．７％ｂ（ｂ，ｖｓ，ａ，Ｐ＜０．０５）。将９枚２～４细胞期胚胎移植给６只受体母羊，结果有２只妊娠并产羔２只。     

牛超排技术的研究

用４组药物组合：（１）ＰＭＳＧ＋ＰＧＦ２ａ；（２）ＰＭＳＧ＋ＰＧＦ２ａ＋激光照射；（３）ＦＳＨ＋ＰＧＦ２ａ；（４）ＦＳＨ＋Ｃｔｏｐｒｏｓｔｅｎｏｌ，超排处理３２２头次供体牛。共采卵１６６３枚（头均５．８１±４．６８），可用胚胎９８０枚（头均３．４３±３．９４，占５８．９％）。（３）、（４）两组胚胎可用率及可用胚胎数高于（１）、（２）组（ｐ＜０．０５）；黄牛胚胎可用率高于奶牛（ｐ＜０．０１）；育成牛胚胎可用率高于经产牛（ｐ＜０．０１）；供体牛前两次超排效果更好（ｐ＜０．０５）。     

绒山羊超数排卵和胚胎冷冻技术的初步研究

为了建立适合于绒山羊的超数排卵方法和胚胎冷冻程序，为开发绒山羊胚胎移植技术奠定物质基础，使用两种ＦＳＨ制剂（宁波生物制剂厂生产的ＦＳＨ和中科院动物所生产的ＦＳＨ）对３７只供体羊进行了超排处理，每种制剂使用两种不同剂量。超排结果如下：每组供体平均排卵数分别为９．５０±４．４４（１３８ＩＵ），１２．４０±５．１８（１５０ＩＵ）和８．１４±３．９８（２．４ｍｇ），１１．２９±１．８７（２．７ｍｇ）。每组可用胚胎数分别为７．５０±４．２１（１３８ＩＵ），７．８０±１．３２（１５０ＩＵ），４．２９±３．５４（２．４ｍｇ），５．５９±４．５４（２．７ｍｇ）。宁波产ＦＳＨ对绒山羊的超排效果好于中科院产ＦＳＨ。共冷冻１０７枚胚胎，其中孵化囊胚３１枚、紧缩桑椹胚至扩张囊胚期胚胎７６枚。解冻６３枚胚胎进行了移植，包括１８枚孵化囊胚和４５枚有透明带的胚胎。解冻胚胎的存活率分别为３３．３％（孵化囊胚）和８４．４４％（其它胚胎）。移植妊娠率分别为５０．００％（孵化囊胚）和５９．２６％（其它胚胎）。这说明绒山羊胚胎移植技术是一项具有较大经济潜力的实用技术，通过对各个技术环节进一步改进，可以进行产业化开发。     

GnRH类似物LRH—A3配合FSH对超排母牛胚胎质量的影响

对４５头供体母牛随机用ＦＳＨ＋ＬＲＨ－Ａ３和ＦＳＨ进行超排处理。其中ＦＳＨ＋ＬＲＨ－Ａ３处理供体５２头次，ＦＳＨ处理供体２２头次；ＦＳＨ＋ＬＲＨ－Ａ３头处理组平均获得卵数，可用胚胎数分别是１０．１±８．０枚，７．４±６．９枚，与ＦＳＨ处理组（二指标分别是９．３±６．２枚，３．６±２．７）相比，分别高８．６％，１０５．６％，且二组超排获得可用胚胎数差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）。     

GnRH类似物LRH－A_3配合FSH对超排母牛胚胎质量的影响

对４５头供体母牛随机用ＦＳＨ＋ＬＲＨ－Ａ３和ＦＳＨ进行超然处理。其中ＦＳＨ＋ＬＲＨ－Ａ３处理供体５２头次，ＦＳＨ处理供体２２头次；ＦＳＨ十ＬＲＨ－Ａ３处理组平均获得如数、可用胚胎数分别是１０．１±８．０枚，７．４±６．９枚，与ＦＳＨ处理组（二指标分别是９．３±６．２枚，３．６±２．７枚）相比，分别高８．６％、１０５．６％，且二组超排获得可用胚胎数差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）。     

皮埃蒙特牛超数排卵及胚胎移植试验

用国产激素ＦＳＨ、氯前列烯醇对皮埃蒙特纯种肉牛进行二批次共４头超数排卵，回收胚胎２０枚，平均每头采卵５枚，平均每头采可用胚３．７５枚，超排有效率７５％，用南阳母牛作受体牛，共移植鲜胚１０枚，鲜胚移植受胎率５０％。     

不同超排方法对中国美利奴羊超排效果试验

用３２只中国美利奴成年母羊（５～６岁）分５组进行不同超排药物的超排试验，凭借腹腔内窥镜观察卵巢的反应，并借助其进行手术取卵。经观察：ＦＳＨ各组超排效果好于ＰＭＳＧ组，超排有效率也高于ＰＭＳＧ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）；使用ＦＳＨ各组的超排效果不尽相同，其中Ｃ组ＦＳＨ（７．５ｍｇ）＋ＬＨ，Ｄ组ＦＳＨ（１１．５ｍｇ）＋ＬＨ和Ａ组ＦＳＨ（７．５ｍｇ）＋ＬＲＨ－Ａ３组的可用胚比单用ＦＳＨ的Ｂ组高，未排卵泡数则显著低于Ｂ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）；在Ａ、Ｃ、Ｄ三个处理组中，Ｃ、Ｄ两组的可用胚数高于Ａ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。试验结果表明，用ＦＳＨ＋ＬＨ处理的Ｃ、Ｄ两组超排效果较好，且组间无明显差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。     

超排山羊卵巢卵母细胞体外成熟和体外受精的研究

以ＴＣＭ１９９＋１０ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＨＥＰＥＳ＋青霉素（６ｍｇ／Ｌ）＋链霉素（５ｍｇ／Ｌ）为基础培养液（ＢＭ），再分别加入不同成分，配成５种卵母细胞成熟液：（Ａ）ＢＭ＋１０％ＥＧＳ；（Ｂ）ＢＭ＋１０％ＥＧＳ＋ＨＣＧ（２．５ｍｇ／Ｌ）；（Ｃ）ＢＭ＋１０％ＥＧＳ＋ＨＣＧ＋Ｅ２（１ｍｇ／Ｌ）；（Ｄ）ＢＭ＋１０％ＦＣＳ＋ＨＣＧ＋Ｅ２；（Ｅ）ＢＭ＋１０％ＥＧＳ＋ＨＣＧ＋Ｅ２＋颗粒细胞（１．５×１０６～３．０×１０６个／ｍＬ）。在３８．５℃、５％ＣＯ２下培养２６ｈ，排卵后第１天卵巢卵母细胞体外成熟率分别为６７．６７％（２０／３０），６０．４２％（２９／４８），８３．６７％（４１／４９）和８０．８２％（５９／７３），排卵后第５天卵巢卵母细胞，在培液Ｄ中体外成熟率为７１．４３％（４５／６３）。排卵后第１天的９８枚卵巢卵母细胞，体外成熟体外受精卵裂率为２１．４３％，２１枚２细胞胚移植５头受体获２头羔羊。研究表明，超排山羊卵巢卵母细胞经体外成熟可获得大量廉价的成熟卵母细胞，并可通过体外受精获得试管山羊     

不同超排处理的效果及可用胚数的影响因素分析

采用四种超数排卵处理方法对１９头日本肉用黑毛和牛进行了超数排卵试验,结果以ＦＳＨ２０ＡＵ＋ＰＧＦ２α２５ｍｇ和ＦＳＨ２０ＡＵ＋ＰＧＦ２α类似物制剂（Ｅｓｔｒｕｍａｔｅ）０．７５ｍｇ两个处理所获的可用胚数量较多。此外,我们用该试验场５３头供体牛,累计２３６次的采卵结果,对与可用胚数相关的因素进行了回归分析,结果表明：对获得可用胚数的率依次是采卵次数２７．４％、ＬＨＲＨ１９．４％、营养水平１３．８％、     

不同的FSH制剂对肉牛超排效果比较

本文 的ＦＳＨ制剂对４个品种的２５头肉种进行超排处理。比较了超数排卵效果,结果显示：第１组用中科产ＦＳＨ对１３头供体牛超排处理后平均黄体数为５．７７±２．５２枚：共采集胚胎５２枚,平均获４±２．５８枚胚胎,第２组用加拿大产ＦＳＨ对１２头供占奶排处理后平均黄体数为９．４１±４．４４枚。共采集胚胎１００枚,平均获得８．３３±５．６１枚胚胎。第２组实验结果明显好一第１组实验结果。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -