提高鹌鹑孵化率的技术措施

鹌鹑孵化率高低直接影响着种蛋的利用率、初生雏的健康和今后的生产性能，为提高孵化率需采取如下措施。     

The effect of air movement on the hatchability of chicken eggs during artificial incubation

In order to obtain more knowledge about the relationship between the velocity of air movement and the percentage hatch, a number of experiments were performed in two cabinet‐type incubators equipped with a device enabling the air movement to be measured.

Air velocities in the incubators varied from 0.08 to 3 m/s, depending on the location of the anemometer between the eggs, the turning position of the drum and the speed of the air stirrer. The air velocities were not affected by opening or closing the ventilation ports.

A direct effect of the air velocity on the hatchability could not be shown. When stirrer speeds of 60 and 120 rev/min (experiment A) and 120 and 180 rev/min (experiment B) were employed, the best hatching results were always obtained in the incubator with the highest stirrer speed. These differences were explained by the results of a number of temperature measurements which showed more accumulation of heat between the eggs when a lower stirrer speed was employed.

At 60 rev/min a significantly higher loss of weight was found between 5th and 18th day of hatching than at 120 rev/min. This difference was also explained by the presence of higher temperatures between the eggs at lower stirrer speeds.     

Effects of storage conditions on hatchability of chicken eggs in a warm climate

1. A total of 3792 eggs from AF Bosbek layer parents were used to determine the effect of storage time on the hatchability of eggs kept either small end up (SEU) or small end down (SED).

2. These eggs were stored at room temperature (27°C‐31°C) or in an air‐conditioned room (20°C‐23°C), for two, three, six or seven days and incubated in four replicate hatches.

3. Eggs kept SEU improved hatchability even for short‐term storage when temperatures were high.

4. Simple air‐conditioning can reduce the temperature sufficiently for the viability of the embryo to be preserved for up to a week.     

Rate of decline in hatchability with preincubation storage of chicken eggs depends on genetic strain

1. The effect of preincubation storage of chicken eggs on hatchability was studied in an Australorp subline (ASS) that had shown a steady decrease of hatchability compared with the original selection line (AS) since its derivation 10 generations ago. The AS line was also included in the study.

2. Eggs were collected over 21 d and the collected eggs were stored at 10° to 12°C and relative humidity of 70 to 80% until they were set together on d 21. Fertility and hatchability of fertile eggs were calculated for each d of collection to study their relationships with age of eggs (length of storage).

3. The hatchability of fertile eggs was considerably different between the two lines in the average over 21 d and, more importantly, in the pattern of decline with length of storage.

4. In the first 3 to 4 d of storage, hatchability was very similar between the lines. However, it decreased linearly at a rate of 1.9% per day of storage over the 21‐d period in the ASS line (average 65.9%), whereas in the AS line (average 78.6%), it stayed at around 84% up to 12 d of storage, when it started to decline at a similar rate as in the ASS line.

5. Fertility was 2.6% higher in the AS line than in the ASS line, but in each line showed no significant trend with age of eggs.     

Increasing hatchability of turkey eggs by injecting eggs with pyridoxine

1. In field trials, eggs from two flocks of Large White turkey hens were injected with about 0.2 ml saline solution containing 600 μg of pyridoxine hydrochloride in order to examine its effect on hatchability.

2. Also, in an aseptic laboratory trial, eggs from Large White turkey hens were injected with 0.2 ml of saline solution and 0.2 ml of saline solution containing 600 μg of pyridoxine hydrocholoride.

3. In field trials, hatchability of pyridoxine‐injected eggs was 4.6% higher (P<0.05) than the control (non‐injected) eggs.

4. In the aseptic laboratory trial, hatchability of pyridoxine‐injected eggs was 4.2% higher (P<0.05) than saline‐injected and control (non‐injected) eggs.     

Factors affecting the hatchability of eggs from broiler breeders

1. Four experiments were carried out on eggs from broiler breeding flocks between 26 and 60 weeks of age. The effects of storage and incubation conditions on hatchability were tested.

2. Collecting eggs hourly rather than five hours after lay slightly reduced hatchability (P<0.10). Pre‐storage fumigation of almost un‐contaminated eggs had no effect on hatchability even after storage for 8 d. Storing eggs in unsealed polythene bags did not affect hatchability of eggs stored for 5 or 8 d.

3. Eggs stored for 2 d hatched better when held at 18 °C than at 15 °C (P<0.05). Eggs stored for 8 d at 15 °C hatched better than eggs stored for 8 d at 18 °C (P< 0.01). Best hatchability was in eggs stored in unsealed polythene bags at a room temperature of 15 °C. When older eggs were allowed 30 to 40 min more in the setter for each day of storage, the decline in hatchability was 0.5 to 0.6 percentage units per day in storage as compared with a decline of 1.2 percentage units per day when eggs of different storage times, up to 8 d, were set simultaneously.

4. Those eggs which showed a weight loss during incubation of near average for their relative humidity (RH) treatment tended to hatch better than others except under conditions of very low RH (0.36), when best hatchability was associated with lower than average weight loss.

5. In eggs from a young flock (28 to 44 weeks of age) hatchability of fertile eggs was depressed by 1 percentage unit with an increase in RH of 0.17, and by 1 percentage unit with each decrease of 0.06 in RH from a control RH of 0.53. In eggs from the same flock between 48 and 60 weeks of age hatchability was depressed by 1 percentage unit with each 0.037 increase in RH from 0.44 to 0.70.

6. Eggs from a young flock (34–49 weeks) hatched significantly better when maintained at 0.82 rather than at 0.66 (P<0.05) or 0.95 (P<0.10) RH during the hatching period from 19 to 21 d of incubation. Eggs from an older flock (51–61 weeks) hatched better at 0.82 and at 0.‐92 than at 0.72 RH during the same period, but the differences were not significant.     

如何提高种鸡受精率

在养殖生产过程中,影响种鸡受精率的因素比较多而且复杂,要想提高种鸡的受精率,必须重视种鸡全过程的饲养管理,特别是要注意以下方面: 1 种公鸡的管理     

如何提高鹅种蛋的孵化率

鹅种蛋的孵化率是养鹅生产中的重要环节之一。孵化率的高与低，将直接影响雏鹅的质量、鹅生产性能的发挥以及今后生产计划的完成。所以，为了获得较理想的孵化率和健雏率，笔者认为应从以下几个方面抓起：１种蛋的管理１．１种蛋来源应选自生产性能和繁殖性能优良、无感染过传染病、无经胚传播病原携带的健康种鹅群产的种蛋，且种鹅应实施系统免疫程序，公母配种比例适当，鹅龄在一年以上的种鹅。１．２种蛋的选择与贮存在选蛋过程中应剔除脏蛋、裂纹蛋、砂壳蛋、钢皮蛋以及过长、过圆等畸型蛋。经筛选好的种蛋将小头朝下排放在蛋盘上，放入…     

浅析提高蚕种质量的措施

本文介绍了杭州蚕种场以防病为中心,精心管理,坚持质量第一的原则,通过严格加强蚕种生产全过程的监督管理和彻底贯彻各项技术措施,使杭州蚕种场蚕种质量逐年稳步的提高。     

Artificial increase of eggshell conductance improves hatchability of early laid goose eggs

1. The purpose of this work was to test the possibility of increasing the hatchability of goose eggs with low mass specific eggshell gas conductance (G_sp), by drilling holes through the eggshell into the air cell, and thus solving both the low water loss rate and low oxygen availability problems.

2. A linear relationship was found between the area of a hole drilled and the apparent increase in eggshell gas conductance (G). Drilling more than one hole increased apparent G 3.6 times more than one hole only, of the same total area.

3. Hole‐drilling did not increase egg contamination. The drilling of a 5 mm² hole on day 17 of incubation increased hatchability both in laboratory tests and in commercial hatcheries (6.1% and 10.5% respectively).

4. Drilling holes on days 15 to 22 of incubation increased hatchability when the predicted mean water loss was lower than 14%. Drilling on day 25 did not have a significant effect, and drilling on day 11 of incubation was too early.

5. Drilling a hole into the aircell (during the second half of incubation) may increase hatchability of low conductance eggs, although oxygen pressure under the eggshell should then be checked in order to evaluate oxygen availability to the embryo.     

The effect of periodic warming of stored quail eggs on their hatchability

1. By warming eggs in an incubator at 37–7 ^CC for 30 min their hatchability was maintained for 10 d as compared with 5 d in control eggs stored at 20 °C throughout.

2. The improvement in hatchability declined if the warming was carried out less often than every 3 d.     

加强种公鸡饲养管理提高种蛋孵化率

肉种鸡开产初期（４～６周龄）孵化率低下 ,主要是由于公鸡在育成期间 ,尤其在１８～２３周龄期间 ,由于体重增加不足、不恒定或体重下降 ,使公鸡性成熟延迟 ,这些尚未达到性成熟的公鸡往往有交配能力和交配欲望 ,但不能提供足够的高质量精液 ,因而造成开产初期孵化率偏低。另外 ,混群时公鸡体重偏低 ,使公鸡在混群后因受应激而变得胆小 ,也是开产初期孵化率偏低的原因之一。产蛋后期种蛋孵化率低的原因是多方面的 ,首先 ,公鸡体况不良 ,在育成期的管理不当使公鸡体型过小、胸骨畸形等严重影响配种能力。同时由于疾病等原因引起健康状况欠佳…     

Salmonella enteritidis in chicken eggs

After an outbreak caused by salmonella enteritidis (SE) of which home-made mayonnaise and remoulade sauce were found to be the cause, SE was detected in ten of the remaining eggs. Subsequently 409 eggs of the next shipment from the same outlet were examined bacteriologically. Of 70 of the eggs examined, SE was found in 5 egg yolk samples and in 3 egg white samples as well as in 2 of 7 pooled shell samples. Five out of 35 pooled whole egg samples comprising a total of 349 eggs were likewise positive for SE. The isolates belonged to the phage types 4 and 7 carried the virulence plasmid pRQ29.     

Effect of magnesium deficiency in the hen on egg production and hatchability of eggs

The influence of the level of magnesium (Mg) in the ration on reproduction by the hen was studied in 2 experiments. In experiment 1, it was found that feeding a semi‐purified ration, containing 56 p.p.m. of Mg, resulted in decreased egg production and reduced serum Mg concentration within 10 to 14 days. Although fertility of eggs was not affected noticeably by Mg deficiency, hatchability of fertile eggs was decreased markedly. The influence of inadequate dietary Mg was partially alleviated by adding 250 p.p.m. Mg to the ration. In experiment 2, a decline in hatchability preceded decreases in egg production and food consumption. A decrease in Mg concentration in egg contents accompanied the decline in hatchability. Hens fed rations containing 50 or 150 p.p.m. added Mg produced eggs of relatively low hatchability by day 14 of the trial. Subsequent to being fed a ration containing 550 p.p.m. added Mg, these hens increased in rate of egg production while hatchability of fertile eggs also increased. The results indicate that the dietary Mg requirement of the laying hen, sufficient to maintain a high rate of production of eggs which hatch satisfactorily, is 400 or more p.p.m.     

挑出低产鸡和假产鸡提高鸡场效益

1低产鸡和假产鸡产生的原因 1．1管理因素①蛋鸡在育成期阶段。鸡群整齐度不达标，没有注意调整鸡群强弱分群饲养，造成部分鸡生长发育迟缓。②育成期限饲方法不当，部分蛋鸡体重超标而低产。③光照的因素，光照不足使蛋鸡推迟开产．过早超长光照使鸡性成熟过早。提前开产造成早衰。     

The length of storage of emu eggs and resultant effects on hatchability

Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) are a large flightless bird and are members of the Ratite family. Emu originated from Australia and have long been raised for their meat and oil. The cost associated with raising emu is high, which makes emu meat and products expensive. Emu have very low hatchability rates when compared with other commercial poultry. To date, little research has been published on egg storage conditions of emu eggs, which may contribute to the decreased hatchability of the eggs. In this study, eggs were stored for times ranging from 1 to 8 wk and subsequent effects on moisture loss and hatchability was recorded. We found significant differences (P < 0.0104) in hatchability of emu eggs due to storage time. Significant differences (P < 0.0001) were also found in moisture loss due to egg storage. Based on these data, 2 wk of egg storage appears to be the optimal storage time. After 3 wk of storage, hatchability begins to decrease.     

Factors affecting hatchability during commercial incubation of Ostrich (Struthio camelus) eggs

1. A batch of 320 ostrich eggs from 9 different farms in Zimbabwe were incubated in a single stage operation and the fate of each was recorded.

2. Hatchability was only 37.2% and the result of high rates of infertility and contamination (22.2% and 22.8% respectively); it varied between eggs from different farms.

3. Embryonic mortality was high at the start and end of incubation, a pattern similar to that of other domestic birds.

4. Mortality of late stage embryos was related to percentage water loss and mass specific water vapour conductance of the shell, with extremes of the ranges causing the highest mortality.

5. Microbial contamination of the eggs was a significant problem and varied in eggs from different farms indicating that more attention is needed in both breeder bird and nest management.