施氮水平对 ‘赣花 7号’ 氮素代谢、 根瘤生长及产量的影响

为了探明不同施氮水平对优质食用型小籽粒花生品种‘赣花7号’氮素代谢和生长发育的影响,通过田间试验与室内分析相结合的方法,研究了0、75、150、225、300和375kg／hm^2 6个施氮水平下该花生品种的氮素代谢、根瘤生长和产量的响应。结果显示,与氮代谢相关的花生叶片可溶性蛋白、硝酸还原酶活性和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性,根瘤生长量、根瘤大小及产量在各生育期均表现出随着施氮水平的增加呈现先增后减的趋势,且以施氮水平为225kg／hm^2时的花生叶片氮代谢最为活跃,根瘤数较多,根瘤也较大,产量最高。‘赣花7号’在150-225kg／hm^2的施氮水平下氮素利用、根瘤生长和产量较好。     

Einfluß von Hauptbestandsbildner (Lolium multiflorum Lam., Lolium X boucheanum Kunth, Lolium perenne L. und Dactylis glomerata L.), Narbendichte, N-Düngung und Zeit auf Ertrag, Energiedichte, P/E-Quotient und Nitratgehalt

The influence of main species (Lolium multiflorum Lam., Lolium X boucheanum Kunth, Lolium perenne L. and Dactylis glomerata L.), sward density, nitrogen and time on yield, energy content, crudeprotein/energy ratio and nitrate content The aim of this investigation was to determine the influence of different rates of nitrogen fertilizer and of varied sward density on yield and chemical composition of some non-perennial (Lolium multiflorum, Lolium X boucheanum) and some perennial species (Lolium perenne, Dactylis glomerata) in a field experiment. Excepted 600 kg N ha^?l - yr^?1 the non-perennial species produced the highest energy yields. At a fertilization level of 400 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1 had sward density an influence on energy yield of Lolium multiflorum. It appeared that almost the energy content of the Lolium species was higher than in Dactylis glomerata. In most cases there were little differences between the Lolium species. There was a positive correlation between the NFEcontent and the content of water soluble carbohydrates and the energy content which was depressed by applying increasing rates of fertilizer. Generally at the lowest rate of nitrogen used (200 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1) there were positive effects on crude protein/energy ratios. The crude protein/energy ratio was higher of Dactylis glomerata than that of the Lolium species. The nitrate content increased to critical values when applying 400 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1. Dactylis glomerata had the highest and Lolium perenne the lowest nitrate content. At high rate of fertilizer, plots with high sward density sometimes had higher nitrate contents than open swards. The results of the experiment indicate that there are differences in quality even between species with high performance. Regarding the quality of grass swards, future attention should be focused on the main species and on sward density.     

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization on Yield and Yield Components of Tropical Maize Cultivars

Six tropical maize cultivars were grown in Thailand on a reddish brown latosol under three nitrogen regimes, 0, 40 and 80 kg N/ha. With regard to biomass and economic yield several "cultivar by N fertilization response types" were discriminated. The low fertilization type was represented by an early and a late maturing cultivar, both yielded comparatively well without additional N and responded little to N fertilization. An opaque 2 cultivar and a commercial hybrid belonged to the high fertilization type, they had a very low yield without N and needed high N fertilization to produce a high yield. The other genotypes were of an intermediate type with comparatively high yields without N, a considerable increase in yield at 40 kg N/ha and some increase from 40 to 80 kg N/ha. Genotypic variability for the harvest index was high but values were at the usual low level of tropical cultivars. High fertilization types reacted to an additional N supply with a marked increase in kernel number/plant and little increase in kernel weight. The early maturing low fertilization type reacted quite the opposite way. All other genotypes predominantly increased kernel number from 0 to 40 kg N/ha and kernel weight from 40 to 80 kg N/ha.     

Agronomic Performance and Nutrient Concentration of Maize (Zea mays L.) as Influenced by Nitrogen Fertilization and Plant Density

A field experiment was conducted at Samaru, Nigeria to study the influence of nitrogen fertilization and plant density on the agronomic performance and nutrient concentration of maize ( Zea mays L.). The treatments were factorial combinations of five nitrogen fertilization rates (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg N/ha) and three plant density levels (25000, 50000 and 75000 plants/ha).
Nitrogen fertilization up to 150 kg N/ha enhanced grain and stover yields and increased kernel number and weight up to 100 kg N/ha. Nitrogen supply also increased maize ear length. Increased N fertilization rates increased concentrations of N, K and Mg but had no effect on P and Ca concentrations. Higher grain yield was closely associated with higher N concentration in ear leaf; with 0.1 % change in N concentration causing 177 kg/ha change in grain yield. Increased plant density increased stover yield up to 50 or 75 thousand plants/ha but depressed kernel number and weight and ear length.     

Genetic improvement of yield of nitrogen of Lolium perenne pastures

Summary Four varieties of Lolium perenne with similar flowering dates bred over a 30 year period were grown in an orthogonal plot trial with two contrasting harvesting frequencies and three levels of fertiliser (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 t/ha of N annually). In the second harvest year, the nitrogen (N) content of herbage at each harvest was determined and the yields of N calculated. The newest variety (Ba 10761) gave a 20% higher mean annual yield of N than the oldest (S.321). The influence of variety in increasing the ratio of N recovered: N applied was as great or greater than the influence of harvesting frequency or level of applied N. There were small differences between varieties in N content (%N), N content being inversely related to N yield.     

Vorfruchtwirkurigen unterschiedlicher Rotationsbrachen auf Winterweizen

Effects of rotational fallows (‘set-aside land’) on subsequent winter wheat. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of different fallow treatment on subsequent winter wheat. The field trials included rotational fallows planted with Trifolium repens, Festuca rubra and Lolium perenne sown under winter barley compared to complete fallow and natural fallow without seed application and fallows planted with Trifolium pratense, Festuca rubra and Dactylis glomerata sown under winter wheat. After ploughing up the fallow vegetation, winter wheat was planted for 2 succeeding years at two levels of N-fertilization. Herbicides and fungicides were not applied. The following criteria were investigated: biomass-production, N-uptake, yield, weed infestation, nitrate and water content of the soil. In autumn, after ploughing up the fallow vegetation, the nitrate content of the soil (0—150 cm) increased by up to 210 kg NO₃-N/ha after complete fallow, by up to 60 kg NO₃-N/ha after natural fallow and by up to 75 and 130 kg NO₃-N/ha after fallows cropped with Trifolium repens and Trifolium pratense, respectively. Low nitrate levels of 20—27 kg NO₃-N/ha were observed after fallows planted with grass. N-immobilization caused by ploughing up grass fallows continued until the first harvest of the subsequent winter wheat. In the second year of winter-wheat, no differences of N-mineralization dependent on the previous fallow crop occurred, except in the case complete fallow which showed lower N-mineralization. It can be concluded that fallows cropped with grass lead to a higher nitrogen fertilizer requirement m the succeeding crops. Festuca rubra was able to form dense swards in strong competition with weeds and to decrease the abundance of Alopecurus myosuroides and Apera spíca-venti in subsequent winter wheat, while natural fallow and fallow planted with Trifolium repens and Lolium perenne caused epidemical increases in grass-weed density. Preceding crop effects on grain yield of the winter wheat showed a close relation to N-supply and were compensated by mineral N-fertilization. After natural fallow and fallow covered with Trifolinm repens, yield reductions due to grass-weed competition occurred. Undersown Festuca rubra seems to possess a special suitabihty for cultivation in routional fallows. It establishes itself strongly under different cover crops and is able to form dense swards in strong competition with weeds. Grass-weed density in the succeeding crops will be reduced and nitrate leaching will still be prevented after ploughing up the fallow vegetation. N-fertilization of the subsequent crops must be carried out under considerations of higher N-requirements which is probably not entirely due to a stronger N-immobilization.     

长期定位施肥土壤硝态氮和铵态氮积累特征及其与玉米产量的关系

为潮土中硝态氮和铵态氮的运移、积累特征及其与夏玉米产量之间的关系,以始于1978年的莱阳长期定位施肥试验为基础,在2014,2015年夏玉米收获后,分别测定0~20,20~40,40~60,60~80,80~100 cm土层硝态氮、铵态氮含量,并计算0~100 cm不同土层硝态氮、铵态氮积累量及夏玉米产量。结果表明:施用有机肥或化学氮肥均能提高土壤硝态氮或铵态氮含量及其积累量;在0~100 cm土层中各处理硝态氮的垂直迁移趋势不同,而铵态氮的垂直迁移趋势基本一致;与化肥相比,施用有机肥可滞缓硝态氮向土壤深层淋溶,但两者对铵态氮向土壤深层迁移趋势的影响不明显;长期施用有机肥、氮肥对硝态氮、铵态氮积累量的影响均达极显著水平,且对土壤硝态氮积累量存在极显著的交互效应;与长期不施肥M_0N_0(CK)相比,施肥处理(M_0N_1、M_0N_2、M_1N_0、M_1N_1、M_1N_2、M_2N_0、M_2N_1、M_2N_2)硝态氮积累量、铵态氮积累量分别显著增加112%~396%和69%~259%(P0.05);在0~20,0~40,0~60,0~80,0~100 cm各土层中,硝态氮、铵态氮积累量与夏玉米产量具有不同线性关系。研究表明,合理的有机无机肥配施可以降低土壤硝态氮、铵态氮淋溶及其积累,从而有利于提高作物产量,维持农田土壤生态系统的稳定性,促进农业可持续发展并保护地下水源。     

不同氮肥运筹模式对冬小麦籽粒产量品质和氮肥利用率的影响

在高肥力条件下,研究了不同氮肥运筹模式对冬小麦籽粒产量、品质、氮肥利用率和土壤中硝态氮累积量的影响。结果表明,在本试验条件下,施用氮肥对籽粒产量、籽粒蛋白质含量和湿面筋含量无显著影响,而作为籽粒蛋白质质量指标的沉淀值、面团形成时间和面团稳定时间均明显改善。与分次施用（50%作底肥,50%作追肥）比较,拔节     

长期施用不同剂量氮肥对高粱产量、氮素利用特性和土壤硝态氮含量的影响

To determine a suitable nitrogen fertilizer application rate, an experiment was conducted using Jinza 34, Liaoza 27, Jinsi 2, Jinnuo 3, and Fenjiuliang 1 with six nitrogen (N) fertilization levels, including 0 (N0), 75 (N75), 150 (N150), 225 (N225), 300 (N300), and 450 kg hm^-2 (N450). The effects of long-term nitrogen fertilization with different levels on sorghum grain yield, nitrogen use characteristics and soil nitrate nitrogen distribution were investigated. The grain yield, grain number and N accumulation of sorghum increased initially and then tended to be stabile with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer application. Among them, the maximum increase of sorghum under N75 treatment compared with that under N0 treatment was 23.68%, 48.05%, and 51.86%, respectively. With the increase of nitrogen fertilizer application, the grain starch content decreased, while the grain starch yield increased firstly and then decreased. Nitrogen apparent recovery rate, nitrogen fertilizer agronomic efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency which were accumulated for five years were reduced significantly with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer application. Compared with the N150 treatment, nitrogen use efficiency accumulated for five years under N75 treatment, which was 63.01%, was increased by 76.91%. When nitrogen fertilizer application was beyond 225 kg hm^-2, after four to five years later, nitrate nitrogen residue was increased rapidly in the 60-200 cm soil layer year by year, NO₃^--N accumulation peaks distributed in the 0-200 cm soil layer and the risk of nitrate nitrogen leaching was increased. In view of the yield, starch yield, nitrogen utilization and environmental benefit, the reasonable nitrogen fertilizer application for sorghum was between 75 kg hm^-2 and 150 kg hm^-2.     

长期施用不同剂量氮肥对高粱产量、氮素利用特性和土壤硝态氮含量的影响

本研究于2015—2019年以晋杂34、辽杂27、晋饲2号、晋糯3号和汾酒粱1号为研究对象,设0(N0)、75(N75)、150(N150)、225(N225)、300(N300)、450 kg hm^-2(N450)6个氮素水平,调查其对产量性状、淀粉含量和土壤硝态氮以及氮素利用特性指标的影响,以探讨高粱合理的氮素施用方案。结果表明,高粱的产量、穗粒数及植株地上部氮素累积量,随施氮水平的增加呈先增加后趋于稳定的趋势,其中以N75处理增幅最大,较N0处理最大增幅分别可达23.68%、48.05%和51.86%;籽粒淀粉含量、5年叠加氮肥利用率、5年叠加氮肥农学效率和氮素5年叠加表观回收率随施氮水平的增加都存在不同程度的降低,其中N75处理下5年叠加氮肥利用率为63.01%,较N150处理提高了76.91%;籽粒淀粉产量则随施氮水平的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势。连续施氮4~5年后,施氮量≥225 kg hm^-2,残留的硝态氮在60~200 cm土层逐年累积,且在0~200 cm土层存在明显的累积峰,硝态氮淋失风险加剧。施氮量75~150 kg hm^-2之间,在满足高粱植株基本生长需求的同时,可以弥补了土壤氮库的消耗,有效降低了土壤硝态氮的淋失,亦有利于高粱产量和籽粒淀粉产量的形成。     

不同施氮措施对强筋和中强筋小麦品质的调控效应

为明确不同施氮措施对优质小麦产量及品质的影响,以强筋品种郑麦366和中强筋品种郑麦7698为材料,设置不施氮（N0）、基施纯氮210kg/hm2(N210+0)、基施纯氮150kg/hm2+追施纯氮60kg/hm2(N150+60)和基施纯氮150kg/hm2+追施纯氮120kg/hm2(N150+120)4个施氮处理,连续3年分析不同施氮措施下的产量、籽粒与麦粉品质。结果表明,不同施氮措施对小麦产量和品质的影响年际间变化较大;丰产年份（2018-2019年度）N150+60处理的籽粒和蛋白质产量均高于其他处理;N150+120处理2017-2018年度2个品种、2019-2020年度郑麦7698的小麦粉湿面筋含量显著高于N150+60和N0处理;不同施氮措施下2个品种的小麦粉面团稳定时间以N150+60或N150+120处理较长;N150+60处理与其他处理相比显著增加了2019-2020年度的郑麦366面团最大拉伸阻力;与N210+0和N0处理相比,N150+60和N150+120处理显著增加了2018-2019和2019-2020年度的郑麦7698面团最大拉伸阻力。综上分析,小麦...     

Influence of Slight Shading, Sward Density and Nitrogen Fertilization on Yield and Nutritive Value of Lolium multiflorumo Lam.

In a two year factorial field trial the influence of slight shading (daylight reduced by 27 %), row spacing (15 and 30 cm respectively) and N fertilization (60 and 120 kg* ha^?1*cut^?1 respectively) on yield and nutritive value of Lolium multiflorum (Lam.) was investigated. Three cuts were taken in the seeding year and four in the full harvest year. Shading reduced DM yield by 4 % at low and 16 % at high level of N fertilization. Higher amount of N fertilizer increased yield by 28 % without and 12 % with shading. Row spacing was of minor importance; on average wider spacing decreased yield by 9 %. Increasing N fertilization and shading had the same effects on nutritive value: crude protein (CP), nitrate content and protein/energy ratio (P/E) went up, whereas energy value (NEL) went down. Compared to the effects of shading or N fertilization, the influence of sward density on nutritive value was small. The effect of shading and high fertilization on nutritive value was similar in both years. However for vegetatively grown forage in the seeding year shading caused P/E values and nitrate contents too high for an adequate ruminant feeding which was already evident at low level of N fertilization; also increased supply of N fertilizer without shading deteriorated the nutritive value. On the other hand forage of the full harvest year (at reproductive stages) showed too high P/E values only in shaded and highly fertilized plots. Therefore N fertilization ought to be limited at periods when the grass only grows vegetatively and/or light intensity is low, like e.g. in autumn. None of the experimental treatments had any marked effect on the fibre content of the forage (ADF) in the seeding year; in the full harvest year, however, when plants grew reproductively, shading as well as higher N fertilization increased ADF content. There was no significant correlation between ADF and NEL for vegetatively grown plants but a close relation for plants which were at reproductive stages.     

灌溉条件下燕麦氮、磷、钾配方施肥效应分析及与产量回归模型的建立

为探讨灌溉条件下燕麦品种银燕6号氮（N）、磷（P）、钾（K）配方施肥的肥料效应,采用“3414”试验方案,研究N、P、K不同施用配比对燕麦产量和农艺性状的影响,建立了施肥与产量的回归模型,为构建灌溉条件下燕麦施肥指标体系提供科学依据。结果表明,处理N₂P₂K₂籽粒产量（5100.0kg/hm²）、肥料贡献率（34.8%）、产值（20 400.0元/hm²）在14个处理中均最高;增产效应为N>P>K,并且N、P、K肥间存在明显的交互作用;N、P、K单种肥料施用量与籽粒产量呈抛物线关系,根据拟合函数得出,N、P、K最大施用量分别为229.8、80.5、26.4kg/hm²;根据N、P₂O₅和K₂O施用量对籽粒产量的影响,建立了三因素的施肥数学模型,进一步得出,燕麦产量≥4950.0kg/hm²时,氮（N）︰磷（P₂O₅）︰钾（K₂O）施肥比例为1.54︰1︰0.23,N、P₂O₅、K₂O施用量范围分别是148.8~198.3、>112.5和14.3~37.2kg/hm²。该结论对灌溉条件下燕麦生产具有实际指导意义。     

沿黄稻区主要水稻品种的需肥规律、叶色动态与施氮技术研究

３种供试水稻品种的营养需求存在差异,生育期间吸收氮、磷、钾的绝对量以郑稻６号最多,黄金晴最少;郑稻６号对氮的吸收积累在生育中前期相对较低,在抽穗至成熟阶段相对较高。因此,施肥时应充分考虑品种需肥特点,以保证高产高效。水稻叶色与施氮量相关,低氮时水稻倒二叶叶色值（ＳＰＡＤ）变幅为４１．８～２２．１,中等施氮量时为４４．３～２６．４,而高氮量时为４４．６～３２．３。采用中等施氮量（Ｎ２２５．０）时,水稻齐穗前叶色值一直保持在３７以上,且后期叶色绿而不浓。因此认为,水稻齐穗前倒二叶ＳＰＡＤ值３７可作为是否追施氮肥的参考指标。     

水稻品种氮肥群体最高生产力及其增长规律

在提出氮肥群体最高生产力概念的前提下, 以长江中下游地区有代表性的50个早熟晚粳品种(系)为供试材料, 比较研究品种间氮肥群体最高生产力的差异及其与产量构成因素、株型和氮肥农学利用率的关系。结果表明: (1)在基础地力产量为6 t hm^-2的沙壤土上, 50个早熟晚粳品种氮肥群体最高生产力对应的施氮量主要集中在225~300 kg hm^-2, 各品种的氮肥群体最高生产力因种而异, 变动在7.42~11.02 t hm^-2, 差异显著。(2)氮肥群体最高生产力与群体颖花量呈显著正相关(r = 0.865), 生产力处于顶层与高层水平品种的颖花量极显著高于中层、低层品种, 而颖花量的增加主要体现在每穗粒数的极显著增加。(3)氮肥群体最高生产力随高效叶面积与单穗重增加而增长, 顶层和高层水平品种的基本株型性状均显著优于中层和低层水平品种, 主要表现为株高105~110 cm, 基部节间粗0.65 cm左右, 高效叶面积大(高效LAI大于5), 穗型较大。(4)品种间理论氮肥群体最高生产力随对应施氮量增加而增长, 但相同对应施氮量下, 品种生产力亦有一定差异。(5)筛选出6个氮肥群体最高生产力(≥10.5 t hm^-2)与氮肥农学利用率均较高且协调统一的品种。     

不同降水状况下旱地玉米生长与产量对施氮量的响应

水分不足是旱地玉米生长主要限制因素,渭北旱塬雨养玉米种植区降水季节波动大,干旱频繁发生,已严重影响春玉米正常生长发育及产量稳定性。于2016—2018年在渭北旱塬合阳县进行旱地玉米施氮量定位试验,设置5个施氮量处理, 2016—2017年包括0、75、150、270、360 kg hm~(–2) (分别以N0、N75、N150、N270、N360表示), 2018年施氮量处理为0、90、180、270、360kgNhm~(–2) (分别以N0、N90、N180、N270、N360表示),供试品种为郑单958(ZD958)和陕单8806(SD8806)。分析了不同降水分布年份施氮量对春玉米生育期土壤水分变化动态、干物质积累动态、产量构成、经济效益及水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。结果表明,试验年份降水分布可分为穗期多雨、粒期干旱型(2016年和2018年)和穗期干旱、粒期多雨型(2017年)。生长季降水量及其分布显著影响土壤蓄水量和玉米地上部干物质积累,从而影响玉米产量及其构成因素,穗期干旱显著降低地上部干物质积累量和穗粒数,粒期干旱会明显降低粒重。不同降水分布年份施氮处理较N0增产6.72%～91.23%不等,施氮量对玉米产量、水分利用效率(WUE)影响呈现二次曲线关系,穗期多雨、粒期干旱型以N270处理籽粒产量和WUE最高,而穗期干旱、粒期多雨型以N150处理产量和WUE最好。籽粒产量与"休闲至抽雄期降水(FP2)"、"播前土壤蓄水量+播种至抽雄期降水(SP2)"相关性较强(FP2:R2=0.839**; SP2:R2=0.837**)。根据产量、水分利用和经济收益综合评价,渭北旱地玉米最适施氮方案为基施氮肥150kghm~(–2),再根据休闲至抽雄期降水量或播前土壤蓄水量与播种至抽雄期降水量之和预测产量,估算并及时追施适宜施氮量。     

施氮量对超级杂交稻Y两优900产量与氮肥利用率的影响

为探明施氮量对超级杂交稻Y两优900产量形成与氮肥利用的影响,于2020-2021年在湖南省浏阳市开展大田试验,研究不同施氮量(N0:0kg/hm²;N1:120kg/hm²;N2:180kg/hm²;N3:240kg/hm²)处理下Y两优900的产量以及氮肥利用率差异。结果表明,Y两优900在N2处理下2年产量分别为8.77和8.82t/hm²,高于N0和N1处理,与N3处理差异不显著。穗数和穗粒数在各施肥处理间无显著差异,结实率在N2处理下高于其他2个处理,千粒重有随着施氮量增加而增加的趋势。N2处理的总干物质积累量低于N3处理,但其收获指数高于N3处理。随施氮量的增加,各处理氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力逐渐降低。N2处理的氮肥籽粒生产效率和氮收获指数均高于N3处理。由此可见,在本试验条件(中产区)下,180kg/hm²施氮量有利于在保证超级杂交稻Y两优900高产的同时,实现较高的氮肥利用率。     

水稻减氮施肥综合效益研究

通过对江山市单季稻生产用氮量进行的调查,结果平均用氮量是240 kg/hm2,显著高于中国稻田单季用氮量。过度的用氮不仅造成生产成本高、效益低,也降低了氮肥利用率和稻米的品质,并污染了环境。为此,2005年开展了减氮处理试验,减幅为调查平均数的10%~30%,试验结果表明：当减氮15%~25%时,水稻产量比不减氮的增产27%左右;氮肥利用率随着用氮量的增加而降低,变化幅度20.7%~46.9%;而氮流失量与用氮量的高低同步,随着氮量的增加而增加,变化幅度32.1~80.1kg/hm2;有害物质——亚硝酸盐含量和氮流失量一样,与用氮量成正相关关系。以上表明,在水稻生产中,农户存在用氮过量的现象,应引起相关部门的重视,提倡农户减少施氮量。     

Nitratentwicklung nach Kleegrasumbruch im Frühjahr unter der Folgefrucht Silomais

Nitrate release under the following crop maize after ploughing a clover-grass crop in spring After ploughing a clover-grass crop in spring, the formation of nitrate under the following crop maize, its nitrogen uptake and yield were investigated as well as the N-mineralization in the fallow plots. As ploughing processes the variants “rotary cultivator” and “plough” were compared. Three days before ploughing 14 kg nitrate-N/ha were found in the soil from 0 to 90 cm depth. At all sampling dates after ploughing significant higher nitrate-N contents were analysed in the soil of the plough variant than in the rotary cultivator variant. Under maize the highest observed nitrate contents were reached at the end of July, that is 117 kg N/ha in the plough and 65 kg N/ha in the rotary cultivator variant. In the soil without plant growth the highest nitrate values were not noticed before the end of August, namely 213 and 102 kg N/ha in the plough and in the rotary cultivator variant, respectively. During the time after these maximum values the nitrate contents in the fallow plots lessened dramatically, probably implying considerable nitrogen losses. In the maize plots, however, the continual nitrogen release could obviously be used well by the plants. Under maize there was another period of intensive N-mineralization between end of August and the beginning of October, so that the N-contents in both soil and maize plants approximately doubled during the last 5 weeks before harvest: from 70 to 148 (“rotary cultivator”) and from 140 to 269 kg N/ha (“plough”), respectively. This is equivalent to a mineralization rate of 1.9 and 3.1 kg nitrate-N/ha d, respectively, in the time between the end of August and the beginning of October. This nitrogen release was only expressed by the increasing N-uptake of the maize plants, but not by a changed nitrate store in the soil. Because of the better nitrogen supply the plough variant led to a dry matter yield which was 73 % higher than in the rotary cultivator variant (176 and 102 dt/ha, respectively).     

The inheritance of host plant effect on latency period of wheat leaf rust in spring wheat. II: Number of segregating factors and evidence for trangressive segregation in F3 and F5 generations

Summary The dry matter yields of four varieties of Lolium perenne with similar flowering dates (Ba 10761, cv. Talbot, cv. S.321 and cv. Tove) were compared during two harvest years in an orthogonal plot trial with two contrasting harvesting frequencies, three levels of applied nitrogen (200, 400 and 600 kg N/ha/yr) and two wear treatments (with and without wear). Frequent harvesting, reduction of applied nitrogen from 600 to 200 kg/ha, and wear reduced mean annual yield by 6.49, 5.13 and 0.65 t/ha respectively. Differences between varieties in mean annual dry matter yields over all treatments were 0.52 t/ha in the first harvest year and 1.49 t/ha in the second harvest year. Over both harvest years, Ba 10761 outyielded Talbot by 15% under frequent harvesting but by only 5% under infrequent harvesting. This variety/harvesting frequency interaction was due to relatively poor growth of Ba 10761 during the reproductive phase of growth, reproductive growth accounting for a larger proportion of total annual yield under infrequent harvesting than under frequent harvesting. Talbot gave relatively low yields at the lowest level of nitrogen. Genotype/harvesting management interactions arising from genetic independence of productivity during vegetative and reproductive growth can be predicted from results of single-management trials but such predictions of genotype/nitrogen level interaction are not yet possible.