微生物降解三苯甲烷类染料的研究进展

三苯甲烷类染料生产量大、应用范围广,长期的大量使用对人类健康和生态环境构成极大危害。微生物降解技术被公认为是消除该类染料残留污染的有效途径之一。文章对目前已报道的主要降解三苯甲烷类染料的菌种、降解后的产物和降解的代谢途径进行了汇总,对微生物降解三苯甲烷类染料技术的发展前景进行了展望。     

菜籽生物柴油修复原油污染海滩的实验研究

通过实验研究了菜籽生物柴油促进原油污染海滩的生物修复效果,并探讨了不同形态氮源下生物柴油对生物修复的促进作用.结果表明,生物柴油投加量为海水的2.5%(v/v)时效果最好,24 d内原油去除率可达到72%;混合性氮源较单一形式的氮源能更好地促进微生物的生长和对原油的代谢,24 d内原油的去除率可达到80%.     

微生物在水产养殖环境生物修复中的作用机制

微生物作为一种生态调节剂,它不仅能改善机体微生态平衡,还能改善动物的代谢并无致病性;对致病微生物具有一定程度的抑制作用。微生物在水产养殖环境中生物修复的作用机制主要是利用微生物(细菌、真菌、酵母菌或提取物)对环境污染物的吸收、代谢、降解等功能,在环境中对污染物的降解起催化作用,从而去除或消除环境污染的一个受控或自发的过程。     

微生物饲料（Microbiological feed）

本刊讯：微生物饲料，统称为生物饲料，是近年来提出的一个新概念，是指从微生态理论和绿色食品意识出发，在微生态理论指导下，采用已知的有益微生物与饲料混合经发酵、干燥等特殊工艺制成的含有活性或无活性益生菌及其代谢产物的安全、无污染的、无残留的优质饲料。该饲料通过发酵功能降解饲料的有：毒有害成分、丰富营养、提高饲料的品质和卫生，又能预防疾病，治理环境污染，是动物的“绿色食品”。     

使用有益微生物制剂养虾是对虾养殖技术的重大突破

利用有益微生物制剂，对改良养虾底质中起着重要作用。微生物制剂是根据生态学原理，利用动物体内正常微生物及其代谢产物经特殊加工工艺而制成的活菌制剂。通过改变有害生物的代谢，抑制有害微生物的生长繁殖。在常态下，虾、微生物和环境三者构成一个动态平衡。在相对平衡的环境条件下，虾不易发病。[第一段]     

一株干酪乳杆菌对养殖水体亚硝酸盐去除机理的研究

为了解乳酸菌去除养殖水体亚硝酸盐的作用机理,实验研究了一株干酪乳杆菌L821a(Lactobacillus casei)对淡水鱼养殖水体亚硝酸盐的去除状况,通过对菌体、酶及代谢产物的实验,证明其去除亚硝酸盐的机理包括胞内酶作用、代谢产物乳酸的直接化学反应2H++3NO2-=NO3-+2NO↑+H2O作用和间接促进微生物反硝化作用3种作用机理。在养殖水体中主要以间接作用方式发挥作用。分析认为乳酸促进反硝化作用的原因在于为反硝化微生物提供了易于利用的有机碳源(能量物质)。     

微生物在水产养殖环境生物修复中的作用机制

微生物作为一种生态调节剂,它不仅能改善机体微生态平衡,还能改善水产动物的代谢并无致病性,且对水环境中致病微生物具有一定程度的抑制作用.微生物在水产养殖环境中的生物修复作用主要是利用微生物(细菌、真菌、酵母菌或提取物)对水体环境污染物的吸收、代谢、降解等功能,在环境中对污染物的降解起催化作用,从而去除或消除环境污染的一个受控或自发的过程.     

工厂化养鱼供水量和供气量的确定

综合工厂化养鱼池内进水、排水、供气、生物代谢、饵料投喂和有害物质降解的关系，利用的料平衡原理、微生物降解动力学原理、生物能量学原理和养鱼池的水力特性，建立供水量、供气量与产氮率、耗氧率、产BOD率的关系式，提出工厂化养鱼场供水量和供气量的计算方程式和方法。     

微生态制剂在刺参养殖中的应用与展望

近几年发展起来的微生态制剂（Microbial ecological agent）又名微生态调节剂、益生菌、活菌制剂、EM菌制剂等。它是在微生态理论指导下，调整微生态平衡，提高宿主健康水平的益生菌（微生物）及其代谢产物和生长促进物质。实际应用的微生态制品应包括活菌体、死菌体、菌体成分、代谢产物及活性生长促进物质，     

开启海洋生物医药产业的“黄金时代”

<正>人物简介鞠建华理学博士,研究员,博士生导师,中国科学院大学岗位教授。广东省海洋药物重点实验室主任,中国科学院热带海洋生物资源与生态重点实验室主任。主要从事海洋微生物活性次级代谢产物的发现、生物合成和抗感染、抗肿瘤等创新药物的研发工作,从海洋微生物中发现了具有抗感染、抗肿瘤、免疫抑制等活性天然产物500余个,开发了海洋微生物的组合生物合成和异源表达技术,阐明了15种特征活性代谢产物的生物合成机制,揭示了咔啉     

Metabolomic investigation of pathogenesis of myxosporean emaciation disease of tiger puffer fish Takifugu rubripes

Serum biochemical analysis was undertaken to study the pathophysiological details of emaciation disease of the tiger puffer fish Takifugu rubripes (Temminck and Schlegel). Serum parameters were measured by biochemical analysis using automated dry chemistry and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Serum concentrations of albumin, amylase, calcium, creatinine, glucose and total protein were significantly lower in the emaciated fish when compared with those of normal fish. Regression analyses found close correlation between concentrations of total protein, albumin, amylase, glucose and progress of the disease. In contrast, serum alanine aminotransferase increased significantly in emaciated fish indicating liver function disorder. Further, GC/MS metabolic profiling of the puffer serum showed that the profile of the emaciated fish was distinct to that of non‐infected control. The serum content of amino acids including glycine, 5‐oxo‐proline and proline, and ascorbic acid, fumaric acid and glycerol increased significantly in serum in moderately emaciated fish. The serum glucose, linolenic acid and tyrosine level decreased significantly in the late phase of the disease. Our results clearly show that prolonged intestinal damage caused by myxosporean infection impairs absorption of nutrients, resulting in extreme emaciation.     

南极磷虾脂肪酸组成及多不饱和脂肪酸质谱特征分析

以10％浓硫酸－甲醇溶液为甲酯化试剂,采用气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)联用技术分析南极磷虾(Euphausua superba)的脂肪酸组成.根据GC/MS标准质谱数据库检索,结合有机质谱学规律,对多不饱和脂肪酸甲酯的裂解规律和质谱特征进行分析归纳,建立了特征离子确定其碳数和双键数,α离子和ω）离子分别确定脂肪链羰基端和甲基端双键位置的方法.通过气相色谱/质谱分析,从南极磷虾中鉴定出27种脂肪酸,其中多不饱和脂肪酸13种,二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)占总脂肪酸含量的40.64％,高于一般海洋鱼虾类,表明南极磷虾具有较高的营养价值和脂质开发潜力.本研究旨在为南极磷虾营养评价和南极磷虾油等产品的研制开发以及多不饱和脂肪酸甲酯的鉴定提供理论和参考依据.     

Effects of dietary cholesterol on hepatopancreas associated with morphotypic differentiation in male Amazon River Prawns,Macrobrachium amazonicum (Heller, 1862)

Cholesterol is a necessary element in the diet of prawns and it is involved in the metabolic processes of sexual maturation and synthesis of the molting hormone. Freshwater prawns are not able to synthesise cholesterol from specialised metabolic pathways. The aim of this study was to describe changes in structural and morphometric patterns of hepatopancreas associated with morphotypic differentiation of males Macrobrachium amazonicum when fed with different levels of cholesterol. Considering the four morphotypes of this species, Translucent Claw morphotype specimens were split into experimental units and divided into four groups, fed with different levels of cholesterol (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%) for 50 days. They were collected as they reached Green Claw (GC) morphotype, weighed to determine the hepatosomatic index, and the hepatopancreas was processed in histological routine for morphologic and morphometric analysis. In this study, it was possible to observe that the 2% cholesterol treatment exhibited more animals that reached the GC morphotype, and there was no significant weight gain in all treatments. Histologically, B‐cell abundance and hypervacuolized as well as F‐ and R‐cells shortages were observed as the percentage of cholesterol increased. This alteration in cellular profile correlates with the morphometric analyses that exhibited an increase in epithelial area and alterations in the lumen shape. This imbalance observed in the lumen‐epithelium relationship may be associated with a low digestive performance and possibly congested the functions of hepatopancreas. Thus, high doses of cholesterol promoted morphotypic differentiation without weight gain, due to alterations on hepatopancreas.     

Effect of Geotrichum candidum protein substitution in pelleted fish feed on the growth of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Rich.) and on utilization of the diet

Three experiments were conducted with rainbow trout to determine if Geotrichum candidum GC single cell protein could replace 100, 75 or 50% of fish meal in a pelleted diet. When the fish meal was completely replaced by GC the fish growth was retarded after 3 weeks of the experiment. With the larger fish (individual weight 47–54 g) in the short trial there were significant differences between fish fed the control diet (fish meal) and those fed the 75% substitution of GC diet. The most remarkable differences in fish growth appeared in a 42-day trial with small fish (5 g individual weight) when fish groups fed diets with 0.50 and 75% replacement gave significantly different results (P < 0.05), being 93,9, 46.6 and 34.2% gain, with feed coefficients of 1.49, 2.77 and 3.67, respectively. With large fish fed diets with 0,50 and 75% GC replacement, apparent digestibility of protein was 64.7, 68.2 and 37.5%, but fat digestibility was 79.5, 91.1 and 81.0%, respectively. No significant differences in amounts of free plasma amino acid (PAA) were found between rainbow trout fed diets with 0 or 50% substitution, but there was a marked decrease in PAA in the group fed the diet with 75% GC substitution. Analysis of chosen heavy metals was made on diets, fish and faeces, and Cu in particular was found not to be accumulated in the fish body.     

宁波地区桃花水母的脂肪酸组成研究

2004年10月、2005年7月于浙江省宁波市七塔寺、江北区、天童寺采得多个桃花水母标本.用GC/MS法分析后的结果表明,三地桃花水母总脂含量平均值为16.30%.共检测到加种脂肪酸,饱和脂肪酸(SFA)8种、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)5种,多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)7种.其中PUFA含量最高,占总脂肪酸的44.37%～50.59%,而SFA和MUFA分别占总脂肪酸的33.96%～39.14%和11.32%～21.67%.     

鲫的挥发性成分

新鲜鲫具有以草腥味、泥土味等混合的气味,其强度以内脏最强,皮次之,肌肉最弱。采用GC－嗅觉感官试验和GC－MS鉴定分析结果表明：同鲫特征气味最为相关的成分为己醛;其他相关物质有1－戊烯－3－酮、2,3－戊二酮、1－戊烯－3－醇、反－2,顺－4－庚二烯醛、1－门牌烯－3－醇、1,5－辛二烯－3－醇等C5－C8的羰基化合物和醇类。鲫的鱼皮和鳃的粗酶液中存在着类脂肪氧化酶活性,由底物花生四烯酸生成3种C8挥发性成分。     

Metabolic fate of <Superscript>14</Superscript>C-labelled chlorinated and non-chlorinated fatty acids in goldfish (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Carassius auratus</Emphasis>)

In order to study the metabolic fate of chlorinated fatty acids in fish, goldfish were fed either 9,10-dichlorostearic acid or oleic acid, chosen as the unchlorinated analogue, both radiolabelled at either the carboxyl (1st) or the terminal (18th) carbon of the fatty acid chain. By keeping the fish in hermetically closed aquaria, all the respired, assimilated and excreted radioactivity could be accounted for. Fish fed 9,10-dichlorostearic acid labelled in the terminal end respired radioactive CO₂ to a much lower degree than fish fed the other test compounds. As a consequence, the radioactivity bound in lipids was higher in the group of fish fed dichlorostearic acid labelled in the terminal end. It is suggested that the chlorine atoms in the middle of the carbon chain obstruct the metabolic turn-over of 9,10-dichlorostearic acid, which may have an impact on the residence time of these compounds in the ecosystem.     

鲍鱼内脏的酸水解及其梅拉德反应产物分析

以盘鲍(Haliotis discus)内脏为原料,采用酸水解的方法制备水解液,将该水解产物和葡萄糖进行梅拉德反应.采用HPLC和GC/MS法分别对水解液和梅拉德反应产物(MRPs)进行分析.结果表明,该鲍鱼内脏中含有16种氨基酸,其中包括人体必需的7种氨基酸;MRPs中含有8种成分,其中有3种致香成分.此外,对梅拉德反应液做了紫外分光光度分析,表明其有好的抗氧化性能和稳定性.     

凡纳滨对虾虾肉和虾头中风味物质的比较

为充分利用和开发虾头资源从而提高对虾经济附加值,同时探讨熟制对虾类风味产生的影响,以凡纳滨对虾生、熟虾肉和生、熟虾头为研究对象,利用氨基酸自动分析仪、高效液相色谱法(HPLC)和气相色谱—质谱联用法(GC/MS)分别对氨基酸、呈味核苷酸、挥发性物质和营养成分的含量进行检测。结果显示,虾头中的蛋白质含量显著高于虾肉,熟制会使粗蛋白的含量下降,但变化差异不显著;虾头中必需氨基酸(EAA)含量和游离氨基酸总量(TFAA)显著高于虾肉,二者主要游离氨基酸种类相同(甘氨酸、精氨酸、脯氨酸、丙氨酸和苏氨酸),对虾头呈味有贡献的游离氨基酸种类更丰富;虾头和虾肉中肌苷酸(IMP)含量最高,腺苷酸(AMP)次之,二者的味道强度值(TAV)均大于1,对鲜味贡献较大。GC/MS共检测出88种挥发性物质,虾肉和虾头中分别特有29种和18种,挥发性物质种类和含量的差异形成虾肉和虾头的特殊气味,熟制产生大量的醛类、酮类和芳香类物质。研究表明,凡纳滨对虾虾肉和虾头中营养物质、游离氨基酸、呈味核苷酸、挥发性物质的组成和含量对风味的贡献存在显著差异。     

比较基因组学分析鱼源荧光假单胞菌的致腐和适应性

为探究荧光假单胞菌的强致腐和环境适应性,实验通过分析2株海水鱼源荧光假单胞菌的蛋白酶活性和挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)的形成,并采用比较基因组学方法解析致腐和适应机制。结果显示,荧光假单胞菌PF07和PF08在冷藏鱼汁中的蛋白酶活性强,积累较多TVB-N。经全基因组测序、组装和功能注释后,得到PF07基因组长度为6.13 Mb,GC含量61.4%。通过泛基因组分析可知,PF07与PF08核心基因共4 980个,独特基因分别有516和470个。COG和KEGG注释显示2株致腐菌基因组中参与氨基酸代谢基因占比最高,PF07独特基因参与无机离子转运代谢居多。碳水化合物活性酶CAZy注释表明,2株荧光假单胞菌基因组中糖苷转移酶与糖苷水解酶基因均占比最高,还鉴定得到大量分解碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂质等多种底物的酶和相关蛋白基因,特别有碱性金属蛋白酶AprA、多胺ABC转运蛋白渗透酶PotC、精氨酸与鸟氨酸脱羧酶等多种降解蛋白酶。另外,2株致腐菌分布有rpoS、rpoN和rpoD多种σ因子。2株鱼源荧光假单胞菌表现出强的致腐性,研究通过比较基因组学方法解析荧光假单胞菌分布多种编码蛋白酶和腐胺形成的氨基...