花生叶斑病抗性与产量性状的相关研究

用43份材料研究了花生叶斑病抗性与产量性状的关系,结果表明单株产量与抗病性呈二次抛物线关系,抗病性对丰产性的制约程度接近20%;出仁率与抗病性近于呈负的直线关系;单株饱果数、百果重与抗病性之间表现曲线相关趋势,但相关系数远不显著.从研究结果预测通过对抗病性、单株饱果数、百果重的选择,可选育出抗病高产品系;通过对早熟-丰产性的选择,可选育出耐病高产品系.     

豫花7号花生产量构成因素及丰产稳产性分析

通过对豫花７号三年区试结果的丰产稳产性及通径分析,结果表明豫花７号具有较高的丰产性和稳产性,适合在河南全省推广种植。单株结果数、株高、百果重及半公斤果数与产量呈正相关;侧枝长,单株秕果数,结果枝数,总分枝数对产量具有负效应。提出适当增加密度,适期早播控制无效分枝数,减少秕果数,提高百果重是实现高产的重要途径。     

自然湿涝条件下花生种质主要性状与产量的相关性

研究在自然湿涝条件下花生主要性状与产量的相关性,旨在为花生耐湿涝生态育种提供理论依据。考 察了２１份珍珠豆型花生种质的２０个性状,以产量为目标函数进行了回归和简单相关、偏相关和通径分析。结果 表明,各性状在种质材料之间存在丰富的变异;简单相关分析显示湿涝条件下高产种质的总体特征为矮秆、多枝, 根强而冠弱,根冠比高,生理落叶少,果多、果饱、果重、仁重,而饱果率、饱仁率低,收获指数高,与产量的相关程度 以单株总果数＞收获指数＞单株秕果数≈单株饱果数＞百仁重＞百果重＞根冠比。进一步逐步回归分析则表明, 对产量有显著（ｐ＜０．０５）影响的性状只有５个,以标准回归系数、偏相关系数分别判断其重要性依次为单株饱果数 ＞百仁重＞单株秕果数＞＞饱果率＞根冠比和百仁重＞单株饱果数＞单株秕果数＞饱果率＞根冠比。通径分析 显示,单株饱果数、百仁重对产量的影响以直接效应为主,根冠比对产量的直接效应较小而间接效应较大,饱果率 对产量的直接效应较小且间接效应呈较大负值。综合来看,百仁重、单株饱果数、单株秕果数可作为湿涝时高产种 质筛选的最主要性状指标,其次是根冠比。     

花生F4:5家系产量性状配合力分析

以8个花生品系配制的4 ×4不完全双列杂交组合的F4:5家系为材料,研究了单株果重、仁重、结果数、饱果数、百果重、百仁重和出仁率等7个产量性状的配合力.结果表明,这些产量性状都是以加性效应为主,多数性状还存在非加性效应;母本963-4-1的单株果重、单株仁重、单株果数、单株饱果数和出仁率的一般配合力(GCA)均最高,特殊配合力(SCA)方差则是904-79最高;父本中花8号单株果重和单株仁重最高,综合表现较好;组合904-79×中花8号的产量具有较高的SCA;大多数的优良F4:5家系来自上述3个亲本间的组合.亲本在F4:5家系表现出的GCA与早世代不一致,花生家系品种的选育应考虑亲本GCA在多个世代的综合表现.     

河南省夏播花生主要数量性状与产量的相关和通径分析

对河南省夏播花生的8个主要数量性状与单株生产力进行相关分析,结果表明：饱果数、生育期与花生单株生产力达极显著正相关;结果枝数、侧枝长与花生单株生产力达显著正相关;主茎高、饱果率与花生单株生产力相关性不显著。而百果重与花生单株生产力为负相关,其中百果重与单株生产力达显著水平。通径分析结果表明：8个主要数量性状与单株荚果生产力的直接通径系数顺序依次为：侧枝长〉结果枝数〉饱果数〉生育期〉饱果率〉百果重〉总分枝数〉主茎高。在夏播花生育种工作中,要注重花生饱果数多、生育期长、结果枝数多、饱果率高的花生材料的选育,这样才能选育出产量高的花生新品种。     

花生主要数量性状相关遗传参数分析

对花生主要数量性状进行了相关遗传参数分析,结果表明：结果枝数、饱果数的相关遗传力大于小区籽仁产量的遗传力;饱果数对小区籽仁产量的遗传变异贡献率最大;饱果数、百果重、出米率对小区籽仁产量的直接作用较强。提示在花生高产育种中,应注重结果枝数、饱果数、百果重和出米率等性状的选择。     

花生主要数量性状与产量相关的初步研究

关于花生主要性状间相关性的研究,国内外研究者在早期(1930—1933)曾作过一些测定,近年国内甘信民等(1964,1974)对花生主要性状遗传力和相关性曾作过研究和分析,在相关性方面指出:(一)与产量呈极显著的正相关有饱果数、单株结果数。(二)单株结果数与饱果数、秕果数呈极显著的正相关,与百果重、百仁重呈极显著的负相关。(三)饱果数与总果枝数呈显著的正相关,与百果重、百仁重呈显著的负相关。(四)总果     

花生单株产量与主要农艺性状的灰色关联度分析

利用灰色关联度分析法分析12个花生品种中11个主要农艺性状与单株产量之间的关联度.分析结果显示11个主要农艺性状与单株产量的关联度分别为主茎高(0.657),总分枝数(0.633),侧枝长(0.652),饱果数(0.665),结果枝数(0.693),单株结果数(0.693),百果重(0.675),百仁重(0.715),千克果数(0.705),千克仁数(0.708),出油率(0.688).表明在花生育种过程中百仁重、千克仁数、千克果数、饱果数和单株结果数与单株产量的关联度比主茎高、侧枝长、总分枝数、结果枝数、百果重和出油率与单株产量的关联度要高.     

覆膜栽培对抗氧化花生的影响研究

引进高抗氧化花生品种(AQ),研究了覆膜栽培对其产量和品质的影响。结果表明:地膜覆盖能提高全生育期的叶面积指数,对干物质积累量的增加有促进作用。可促进花生提前出苗、开花、苗期早发稳长,单株饱果数、结果枝数、百果重和单株生产力增加,秕果数减少。产量和品质都比露地栽培有所提高。     

不同类型花生性状相关性及对产量影响的研究

选用生产上利用较多的普通型、珍珠豆型以及多粒型三大类型的花生种质资源材料各２５份进行性状相关性及对产量影响的研究。结果表明：普通型花生的单株果数、饱果数、结果枝数和总分枝数等性状对产量的影响较大;珍珠豆型花生获得高产,应在适当增加结果枝数和总分枝数的同时,注意提高百果重和百仁重;多粒型花生则应重点选择单株果数和饱果数较多的材料。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).