不同磷效率玉米自交系根系形态与根际特征的差异

通过三室根袋栽培试验,对3种磷高效型和3种磷低效型的玉米自交系在2种不同磷水平下的植株生物量、吸磷量、根系形态、根际pH值以及根际磷酸酶进行研究,比较不同磷利用率基因型玉米自交系的根系形态及根际特征的差异。结果表明,在低磷情况下,磷利用率高的玉米自交系其植株生物量中的根干重、植株的吸磷量、根系形态中的根尖数与根长以及根际磷酸酶的活性方面均高于磷利用率低的玉米自交系。植株的根部干重:磷高效的1号品种（hp1）显著高于磷低效的2号品种（lp2）,hp2显著高于lp1、lp2、lp3;hp1、hp2的地上部与根系的吸磷量均显著高于lp2、lp3。hp1、hp2根尖数、根长显著高于磷低效型的lp2、lp3。hp1、hp2、hp3根际土壤的酸性磷酸酶活性显著高于lp2、lp3。其他指标如植株地上部分干重、pH值,磷高效型玉米自交系也存在一定优势。所有品种中hp2与lp3的差异最为显著。     

酸性磷酸酶活性与大豆耐低磷能力的相关研究

在水培条件下研究了11个南方春大豆地方品种和育成品种对低磷胁迫反应的差异及其与酸性磷酸酶活性（APA）的相关关系。结果表明，不同大豆品种的地上部干重、根干重、植株全磷和全氮积累量差异极显著（P＜0.01），表现出品种间耐低磷的差异性。大豆品种地上部干重、根干重、植株全磷和全氮量与APA的相关性均达到显著或极显著水平。APA是大豆品种磷效率的一种机制，它可作为耐低磷品种筛选的一个生化指标。     

根瘤菌剂和种衣剂拌种对不同品种大豆结瘤能力和产量的影响

为研究不同拌种材料对不同品种大豆根系结瘤能力和产量的影响,以郑1307和齐黄34为试验材料,设置对照(不拌种)、根瘤菌剂拌种(1010 CFU·mL-1大豆慢生根瘤菌)和悬浮种衣剂拌种(6.25%精甲霜灵·咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂)3个处理,研究其对2个大豆品种根际土壤养分、结瘤能力和产量性状的影响。研究结果表明:(1)与对照相比,根瘤菌剂拌种后齐黄34结瘤优于郑1307,根瘤数、根瘤干重和鲜重分别增加22.73%、23.47%和8.33%。郑1307根瘤数、根瘤鲜重与对照相比分别增加6.67%、2.27%。与对照相比,悬浮种衣剂拌种后根际土壤无机氮含量降低,根系生物量增加。(2)与对照相比,郑1307根瘤菌剂和种悬浮衣剂拌种后产量相对稳定;但根瘤菌剂拌种后齐黄34产量显著增加15.22%,而悬浮种衣剂拌种后产量无增加。(3)根瘤数、根瘤鲜重和干重均与底荚高度呈显著负相关,但与有效分枝数呈极显著正相关;根瘤数及根瘤鲜、干重与根系生物量、秸秆生物量和产量也在一定程度上正相关。综上,2种拌种剂均通过改变根际土壤环境、调控根瘤和根系的生长,影响地上部的农艺性状,但根瘤菌剂对产量的提高效果优于悬浮种衣剂,其具体调控途径和机制还需进一步深入研究。研究结果为黄淮海地区大豆种子处理方式的优化和合理配置田间栽培管理技术提供理论支撑。     

石灰性土壤施磷、铁对柠条生长及根际土壤环境的影响

采用随机区组和裂区设计,通过盆栽和根箱模拟试验研究了石灰性土壤,在水分充足的条件下施磷及磷、铁对柠条生长发育及根际土壤养分有效性的影响。盆栽试验结果表明,柠条的生物产量随着施磷水平的增加而增加;在低磷或磷胁迫条件下,柠条的地上部生长受到抑制,根冠比增大,土壤pH值迅速降低。根箱模拟试验发现,不同的铁、磷施肥配比对柠条生物产量的影响不同,当磷和铁的施用量分别为P2O50.15 g kg-1 和FeSO4·7H2O0.03g kg-1时能明显提高柠条的生物量。不同铁、磷配比对柠条根际土壤有效磷含量影响的根际范围是0-6 mm之间,在此范围内供试土壤有效磷含量随距离快速下降,并与根际土壤pH值呈反比。柠条对根际土壤pH的调控主要受磷水平的影响,而施铁水平对根际和根外土壤pH值的影响比较小。     

抗病性不同大豆品种根面及根际微生物区系的变化 Ⅰ.非连作大豆(正茬)根面及根际微生物区系的变化

采用平板计数法测定了3个抗病性不同的大豆品种在生育期内根面和根际微生物区系的变化情况,并应用荧光计数法直接测定了根际细菌和真菌的生物量。结果表明,土体的微生物种类最丰富、根际的次之、根面的较单一。播种后从三叶期到鼓粒初期,根面和根际的可培养细菌总数随生育期逐渐增加,鼓粒初期达最大值,而成熟期则有明显的下降;大豆根际细菌生物量也存在相同的变化规律。抗病性不同的大豆品种其根面、根际可培养细菌总数存在差异;抗病品种大豆的根瘤重明显高于感病品种。种植一季后感病品种根际积累的病原生物(镰孢霉Fusarium.sp.和大豆胞囊线虫Heterodera.glycines的胞囊数)明显高于抗病品种。说明大豆根系分泌物对微生物具有选择性的促进或抑制作用,不同大豆品种以及同一大豆品种在不同生育时期根系分泌物的组成和数量不同,从而使大豆根面及根际形成了特定的微生物区系组成。     

石灰性土壤上两种磷效率小麦根际特征差异

采用三室根箱实验,选用黑垆土和潮土两种石灰性土壤,对两种磷水平的磷低效型小麦京411和磷高效型小麦小偃54,进行植株生物量及吸磷量、根际土壤pH值、磷酸酶含量、水溶性磷含量的测定,旨在研究两种磷效率小麦在不同石灰性土壤上的根际特征差异.结果表明,不施磷条件下,两种土壤上,小偃54的根部生物量分别为0.85和4.62 g,均显著高于京411的0.68和3.65 g;小偃54根际土壤的pH值分别比京411低0.07,0.11个单位;在施磷条件下,小偃54的根际土壤水溶性磷分别低于京411 837,1588 μg/kg,达到显著性差异.根际磷酸酶在不同土壤上存在明显的差异,黑垆土在不施磷条件下小偃54的根际土壤磷酸酶含量显著高于京411,在潮土上呈现相反的趋势.试验结果表明,两种磷效率,小麦根际特征在不同土壤上有一定的相似性,同时存在明显差异.     

稻鸭生态种养系统直播水稻根表和根际土壤营养特性研究

采用田间小区试验对比分析了直播方式下稻鸭生态种养系统和水稻单一种植系统水稻根表和根际土壤的氮、磷、钾和有机碳含量及pH的变化。结果表明:与水稻单一种植系统相比,稻鸭生态种养系统水稻根表和根际pH分别升高4.41%、0.85%,全氮含量分别降低0.11g·kg-1、0.11g·kg-1,全磷和全钾含量变化不明显。水稻根表速效氮和速效钾含量分别增加30.80mg·kg-1、17.93mg·kg-1,速效磷含量降低8.66mg·kg-1;水稻根际速效氮和速效钾含量分别减少15.13mg·kg-1、7.61mg·kg-1,速效磷增加9.66mg·kg-1。稻鸭生态种养系统水稻根表活性有机碳和高活性有机碳分别增加2.17g·kg-1、0.56g·kg-1,全有机碳含量减少0.99g·kg-1;根际土壤全有机碳、活性有机碳和中活性有机碳含量分别减少2.39g·kg-1、2.64g·kg-1、0.72g·kg-1。稻鸭生态种养改变了速效磷、速效钾和活性有机碳在水稻根域土壤的相对富集部位,即速效钾和活性有机碳富集部位主要在根表土壤,速效磷则主要在根际土壤。表明稻鸭生态种养明显改善了水稻根表和根际土壤营养状况,这可能对水稻根系吸收和利用土壤养分具有积极意义。     

低磷胁迫下小麦根系反应的基因型差异

本研究采用液培、根际原位显色和离子耗竭技术等方法,探索了小麦不同基因型根际对磷酸三钙的溶解作用,根际分泌酸性磷酸酯酶,根际氧化还原活力以及吸磷动力学的差异。结果表明,磷高效基因型不仅根系发达,而且溶解磷酸三钙的能力、酸性磷酸酯酶的分泌量和活性,对还原态甲烯蓝的氧化作用,对TTC的还原作用和吸磷动力系参数中的Imax等都显著优于磷低效基因型。有机碳分泌量高,对钙的吸收速度快也是磷高效基因型的重要特性。     

基因型影响磷镁互作下大豆生长及根瘤和菌根性状

【目的】明确施加镁肥在不同磷处理的土壤上对不同基因型大豆生长及根瘤和菌根性状的影响。【方法】田间试验采用三因素试验设计,设置施P₂O₅ 40 kg/hm² (P40)和100 kg/hm² (P100)两个水平,施MgO 0kg/hm² (Mg0)和75 kg/hm² (Mg75)两个水平,磷高效基因型粤春03-3 (YC03-3)和磷低效基因型本地2号(BD2)两个大豆基因型。测定了大豆植株干重、单株结荚数、根系性状、根瘤性状、菌根侵染率以及植株氮、磷、镁含量。【结果】P100处理显著增加了两个大豆基因型的植株干重、单株结荚数、总根长、根表面积和体积以及植株氮、磷、镁积累量。施用镁肥,YC03-3在P40和P100处理下植株干重、单株结荚数、植株氮和镁积累量均显著增加,在P100条件下植株磷积累量以及根表面积、根体积、根平均直径显著增加;BD2在P40和P100处理下植株镁积累量显著增加,P40条件下植株氮积累量显著增加。磷和镁处理显著影响大豆与有益微生...     

不同大豆品种根瘤固氮酶活性与固氮量差异研究

大豆根瘤固氮酶活性与固氮量是衡量大豆固氮能力的重要指标,也是合理施用氮肥的依据.试验采用框栽方法,应用15N示踪技术,研究了不同大豆品种根瘤固氮酶活性与固氮量差异.结果表明:4个供试大豆品种根瘤固氮酶活性、根瘤干重及根瘤固氮潜力都呈现先升后降的变化趋势,但品种间有显著差异;生育期短的大豆品种根瘤固氮酶活性高于生育期长的品种,根瘤干重则相反,生育期越长,根瘤干重越大;根瘤固氮潜力随大豆品种生育期的延长而增加.大豆植株氮素构成品种间存在明显的差异性,随着品种生育期的延长,根瘤固氮所占的比例提高;在大豆品种黑河41氮素构成中,土壤氮和根瘤固氮所占比例相同,其他品种均以根瘤固氮为主,其次是土壤氮,肥料氮所占的比例很低.     

碱性土壤中生物炭和NPK肥对大豆产量的协同效应

Biochar effects on legume growth and biological nitrogen fixation have been studied extensively, mostly in acidic soils with laboratory produced biochar. In the present study, a pot experiment in a full factorial experimental design was performed to examine soybean yield and nodulation of three genotypes grown with or without biochar and NPK fertilizers in an alkaline soil. We observed synergistic effects of biochar and NPK fertilizer applications on biomass and seed yields for all three soybean genotypes. Total biomass production and seed yield increased on average by 67\% and 54\%, respectively, with biochar and by 201\% and 182\% with NPK fertilizer application compared to the control. When applications of biochar and NPK fertilizer were combined, the increases were 391\% and 367\%, respectively. However, the biomass production in the control was very low (692 kg ha$^{-1}$) due to a high soil pH (8.80).~The nodulation increased with biochar and NPK fertilizer applications, and was largest with the combined application. A correlation was found between leaf chlorophyll content (single photon avalanche diode value) and nodule number. We suggested that the synergistic increase in yield was due to a decrease in soil pH caused by biochar and NPK fertilizer applications thereby increasing P availability in this alkaline soil.     

Soil Phosphorous Status and Phosphorus Cycling as Influenced by Soybean Genotypes on an Acidic Low-Phosphorus Soil of Southern China

Low soil phosphorus (P) availability is the primary limiting factor to soybean production in southern China. Field experiments with P-efficient (BX10 and BX11) and P-inefficient (BD2 and GD3) soybean genotypes were conducted to study the effects of soybean cultivation on P status and budget. The results showed that after four seasons of cultivation (2003–5), zero application of P resulted in a decrease of soil-available P and total P but high-P (80 kg ha^?1) treatment resulted in an increase; there were no significant differences among genotypes. All genotypes had deficit of P under zero application of P, P-efficient genotypes had a larger deficit, and there was significant difference between BX10 and BD2. There was surplus P under high-P application, but there were no significant differences among soybean genotypes. These findings imply that it is necessary to apply P fertilizer for P-efficient genotypes although they can better adapt to low-P soil.     

大豆品种耐低磷和对磷肥效应的遗传差异

大豆不同品种对低磷胁迫和磷肥效应有显著的遗传差异。低磷胁迫下,苗期植株叶片酸性磷酸酶活性（APA）和叶面积与品种的子粒产量呈极显著相关;APA、叶面积、干物质量和氮积累量与生物学产量呈显著或极显著相关。但在施磷条件下,它们之间则无相关关系。这表明APA、叶面积、干物质量和氨积累量可作为耐低磷基因型的筛选指标。试验表明,耐低磷能力弱的品种对磷肥反应更为敏感。在低磷和施磷条件下产量均较高的品种也是存在的,它们对不同的磷素营养环境有着广泛的适应性,进一步挖掘这类基因型很有意义。     

耐盐碱转基因大豆对盐碱土壤磷有效性的影响

以转入BADH基因的耐盐碱转基因大豆株系(SRTS)和其受体黑农35(HN-35),以及野生大豆(Y-21)、当地主栽品种抗线王(K)和盐碱敏感性品种合丰50(HF-50)为材料,在大田盐碱土壤条件下封闭种植,比较分析了耐盐碱转BADH基因大豆对根际土壤磷有效性的影响。研究结果表明,相比受体野生型大豆HN-35,SRTS、K和Y-21在苗期、花期和结荚期均表现出较高的有效磷、无机磷、微生物量磷含量以及较低的有机磷含量,以苗期和花期差异最为明显;SRTS植株根际土壤p H值在生长发育前期显著(P0.05)低于HN-35,与Y-21和K差异不明显,而生育后期SRTS与HN-35差异不显著。根际土壤有机磷细菌数量在苗期、花期、结荚期和鼓粒期SRTS均显著高于其他品种大豆,无机磷细菌数量SRTS在花期、结荚期和鼓粒期占优势。且分别与微生物量磷呈极显著的正相关关系(R=0.607**;R=0.715**)。同时,SRTS根际土壤酸性和中性磷酸酶活性在各时期均显著(P0.05)高于HN-35,以花期差异最为明显;而两者碱性磷酸酶活性差异仅在鼓粒期达显著水平。从上述结果可以看出,在大豆生长的一些时期,耐盐碱转基因大豆可能通过根系释放大量H+,使磷素转化的相关微生物群落结构和功能发生改变,从而增强盐碱土壤无机磷的水解和有机磷的矿化能力,促进磷素的循环和有效磷含量的提升,但其影响程度具时期性,且后期基本可得到恢复。     

The Influence of Phosphorus Sources on the Growth and Rhizosphere Soil Characteristics of Two Genotypes of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

A rhizobox experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of phosphorus (P) sources on the rhizosphere soil characteristics of two wheat genotypes Xiaoyan54 (P-efficient) and Jing411 (P-inefficient), which were colonized with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and grown in Cumulic Haplustoll. The four P sources included a control (no added P), OP [organic P: sodium (Na)-phytate], IP [inorganic P: monopotassium phosphate (KH₂PO₄)], and OPIP (Na-phytate plus KH₂PO₄). The results showed that when no exogenous P was added the shoot biomass of Xiaoyan54 was 28% significantly higher than Jing 411. The acid phosphatase activity (APA) in the rhizosphere soil was significantly depressed when inorganic P was added; the APA for Xiaoyan54 was higher than that of Jing411 in most of the layers regardless of the P source. Inorganic and organic P fertilizer conditions did not significantly impact the soil pH relative to the control, and the pH did not significantly differ between the two genotypes. In conclusion, when no exogenous P was added, shoot biomass of Xiaoyan54 was greater than Jing411. This increase was promoted by greater soil APA but not soil acidification. The rhizosphere soil pH was not altered across different wheat genotypes or P sources, but APA was increased in the soil of control and OP-treated plants compared with IP- and OPIP-treated plants. The APA of Xiaoyan54 was higher than Jing411 for all of the P sources. The response mechanism of rhizosphere soil acidification is different from acid phosphatase exudation in plants receiving different P sources under arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus inoculation.     

Nodule phosphorus requirement and O2 uptake in common bean genotypes under phosphorus deficiency

Abstract

The effect of P deficiency on nodulation, nodule P content, nodule O₂ permeability and N fixation rates in Phaseolus vulgaris–rhizobia symbiosis was studied under glasshouse conditions. Four recombinant inbred lines (L34, L83, L115 and L147) and one variety cultivated in Morocco (Concesa) were inoculated with Rhizobium tropici CIAT 899 in hydroaeroponic culture. Two P levels i.e. 75 (deficient level) and 250 µmol plant^?1 week^?1 P (sufficient level) were applied and the trial was assessed 42 days after transplanting that coincide with plant flowering stage. Under P-deficiency, decrease of plant growth (18%) and nodule biomass (19%) was detected and significantly pronounced in the sensitive line L147 compared with the remaining genotypes. Additionally, under P-deficiency, the efficiency in use of rhizobial symbiosis, estimated by the slope of the regression model of shoot biomass as a function of nodule biomass, was significantly increased in the four lines. This constraint did not significantly influence nodule P content in Concesa, but it was 24 and 41% lower in the tolerant and in the sensitive lines, respectively. Nodule P content was positively correlated to nodule biomass, r=0.75, and shoot N, r=0.92. These genotypic variations were associated with variability in nodule O₂ permeability that was significantly affected by the P level-bean genotype interaction. Under P-deficiency, nodule O₂ permeability was significantly reduced in the tested genotypes and accompanied with a decrease in shoot N content, especially in the sensitive lines (35%). Moreover, the ratios plant N fixed: nodule P content and plant N fixed:nodule dry weight were affected under P-deficiency in four lines with an exception observed in Concesa. Depending on the observed data we concluded that N₂ fixation efficiency could be influenced by nodulation and level of nodule P requirement which depend on both bean genotypes and P level.     

低磷胁迫下溶液培养大豆生长和磷素营养特性及其与土培下磷效率特性的关系

采用无磷 (P0 )和低磷 (P1 )溶液培养方法 ,对 1 9份经田间和盆栽土培试验中磷效率特性表现不同的大豆基因型进行研究 ,探讨低磷溶液培养条件下大豆基因型生长和磷素营养特性及其与土培条件下磷效率特性的关系。结果表明 ,在低磷溶液培养下 ,不同大豆基因型吸收溶液中可溶性磷的能力存在差异 ,吸收的磷量可达到自身固有磷量的 5 %～ 80 %左右。土培条件下磷效率比值相对值较小 (即在酸性红壤耕地上适应性较好 )的基因型 ,在低磷溶液培养下 ,不同基因型吸收溶液中可溶性磷的能力有强有弱 ;而磷效率比值相对值较大 (即在酸性红壤耕地上适应性较差 )的基因型 ,亦有相似的表现。低磷处理的不同大豆基因型植株鲜重净增量为无磷处理的 17.79%～99.09% ,植株干重净增量为 15.64 %～11.6 67%。无磷处理的植株干、鲜生物量 ,地上部干、鲜量 ,磷效率比值和低磷处理的磷效率比值以及种子重与土培条件下大豆基因型磷效率比值相对值呈显著、极显著正相关。     

磷肥减施对玉米根系生长及根际土壤磷组分的影响

【目的】 我国农业过量和不合理施用磷肥现象普遍存在,导致磷资源的浪费,对环境也造成潜在威胁。研究减少磷肥用量对玉米产量、根系形态及根际中磷转化特征的影响,为集约化农业生产体系中磷肥合理施用提供技术基础。 【方法】 在河北省衡水小麦玉米轮作体系下连续三年进行了田间试验,在冬小麦季设置4个P₂O₅用量处理:0、112.5、150.0、187.5 kg/hm2,收获后在原处理小区免耕播种夏玉米。利用WinRHIZO根系分析系统分析获取根长、直径等数据,测定玉米籽粒产量、生物量和地上部磷含量及根际土壤中磷形态等指标。 【结果】 与农民习惯磷肥用量(P₂O₅187.5 kg/hm2)相比,3年磷肥用量减施20%~40%处理(P₂O₅150和112.5 kg/hm2),玉米籽粒产量、根系长度与直径和土壤有效磷含量尚未发生明显变化。但3年不施磷处理,根际土壤有效形态磷含量和玉米籽粒产量开始出现下降趋势。2009年和2010年玉米收获期,不施磷肥处理根际土壤有机磷含量低于非根际土壤。2008年玉米苗期和收获期土壤有机磷分组中,中等活性有机磷含量最高;磷肥减施20%~40%处理苗期根际中中等活性有机磷含量显著低于非根际土壤。土壤无机磷形态分组研究发现:从玉米苗期到收获期,各磷肥处理根际和非根际土壤中Ca₂-P下降明显;而不同磷肥处理间土壤中Ca₁₀-P、Ca₈-P、O-P (闭蓄态磷)、Al-P和Fe-P含量差异不显著。减施磷肥处理2008年玉米苗期根际土壤微生物量P含量较非根际土壤高;与习惯施肥量相比,磷肥减施未明显降低根际土壤微生物量磷。 【结论】 在华北小麦玉米轮作种植体系下,在土壤肥力水平较高地区,连续3年将小麦季磷肥的习惯用量减少20%~40%,对夏玉米产量、根系形态以及根际土壤无机磷、有机磷、微生物量磷含量影响尚不明显,因此,该地区磷肥施用量可从习惯用量的P₂O₅180 kg/hm2减至112.5 kg/hm2。     

砂培条件下两种磷效率棉花根系形态及根际特征差异

为对比两种磷效率棉花在两种磷水平(0.1和5 mmol/L)的根系形态和根际特征的差异。以磷高效型棉花ZM42和磷低效型棉花XLZ13为研究对象设计砂培花盆分层试验,测定生物量、吸磷量、根系形态数据、分层Olsen－P、 pH值和酸性磷酸酶。结果表明：在砂培条件下两种磷效率棉花生物量和磷素积累量随施磷量的增加均有不同程度增加; ZM42在两种磷处理的根部生物量、吸磷量以及根冠比都优于XLZ13。在两种磷处理下, ZM42根系中根径(0~0.4 mm)的细根长度较XLZ13长,细根在总根长中的比例较高。总根长中细根越多有利于促进植株对磷的吸收。生长介质中磷含量降低时,棉花根际pH值也随之降低,高效品种ZM42的根际pH值降低幅度显著高于XLZ13;两种磷效率棉花在两个时期的根际土壤磷酸酶活性均随着施磷量的减少而增加,磷高效棉花ZM42分泌的土壤磷酸酶活性均高于磷低效棉花XLZ13。由此可见,两种磷效率棉花在相同生长介质中根际机理存在差异,且在低磷胁迫下磷高效棉花根系形态特征改变是根际磷活化主要机理之一。