Soil survey interpretation: Estimating use-potentials of a clay soil under various moisture regimes

Current Dutch soil survey interpretation emphasizes assessment factors which independently define key aspects of soil behavior under actual conditions. For grassland these are: moisture-supply capacity, bearing capacity and drainage status. Practical questions focus on how actual limitations can be overcome. Computer simulation techniques, to be focused on the individual assessment factors, are needed to answer these questions. Soil survey and morphology data were used in this context to: (1) select experimental sites; (2) modify physical monitoring procedures; (3) derive simulation models for swelling soils with macropores; (4) develop simple field methods for characterizing basic physical soil properties and their regional variability, and (5) use soil maps for extrapolating the obtained interpretations.Future soil survey reports should ideally contain basic physical data and the possible ranges for the different assessment factors, expressed by simulation as a function of water management. basic data include hydraulic conductivity, moisture retention, bearing capacity and drainage rate. The latter two were characterized in this study by new field methods. Possible ranges differ for the different assessment factors. For example, an inadequate moisture supply capacity in the growing season can be completely compensated by raising the water table, by sprinkler irrigation or by a combination of both methods. The presented simulation offers a quantitative analysis. The inadequate bearing capacity and drainage status can be compensated for only partly by lower water-table levels in winter and spring.     

土壤供钾状况及土壤湿度对我国北方烤烟烟叶含钾量的影响研究

田间采样统计分析和框栽试验结果表明 ,土壤钾素状况及土壤的供钾能力是影响我国北方烟区烤烟烟叶含钾量的主要因子之一 ,合理施用钾肥和改善土壤的钾素状况是提高烟叶含钾量的有效措施 ;土壤湿度是保证土壤钾素向烟株根系运动的必要条件 ,在烟株生长期间 ,特别是在烟株移栽 4 0— 50天期间 ,保持土壤的相对含水量 6 0— 70 % ,是促进烟叶吸钾 ,提高烟叶含钾量的重要手段     

关于水土保持措施适宜性的评价方法

在系统总结国内外水土保持措施适宜性研究成果的基础上,指出水土保持措施适宜性研究存在的明显不足之处,并提出水土保持措施适宜性的研究思路和方法,重点提出适宜性评价的“双套对偶评价指标体系”及“双套对偶评价指标差值最小法”的评价方法,为水土保持措施的适宜性评价提供新的思路和方法。     

温室内作物茎秆直径变化对基质含水率的响应

通过对北京地区温室内黄瓜和番茄生长期茎液流(SF)和茎直径变化(径差SD)过程以及同期温室内微气象因子的连续观测,利用相关分析方法分析了总辐射通量密度和饱和水汽压差(VPD)对茎液流和茎直径变化的影响以及茎直径变化与基质含水率的关系。发现SF与SD与温室内总辐射通量密度间的相关性并不显著,而与VPD的相关性均达到了极显著水平。分别对每日12∶00、13∶00、14∶00和15∶00的SD(与每日6∶00的茎直径之差)与VPD进行相关分析,均通过了0.01水平的显著性检验,其中以14∶00的相关系数最大。以各种作物每日14∶00的SD/VPD(径差与饱和水汽压差的比值)与基质含水率进行相关分析,表明两者间有极显著正相关关系。而且,在不同基质含水率范围内,每日14∶00的SD/VPD值保持在一个相对稳定的区间,说明14∶00的SD/VPD对基质中的水分状况很敏感,可以作为启动温室灌溉系统的参考指标。     

Averaged assessment of the soil moisture by medium-frequency dielcometry

A dielcometric method was proposed for the determination of the average soil water content with long isolated electrodes covering a significant area of an experimental plot or another object of study. It was shown that, to increase the area covered, the measuring current frequency should be decreased proportionally to the increasing electrode length. At a medium frequency (1 MHz), the ratio between the capacitive and resistive components of the soil electric conductivity and their effect on the results of the water content measurements were determined. The sensitivity of the method to the changes in the soil moisture, temperature, and the content of salts in the soil solution, as well as its stability in time, was determined using model samples. The effect of the electrode-insulation properties was revealed.     

Evapotranspiration and regional probabilities of soil moisture stress in rainfed crops, southern India

The long-term probability of soil moisture stress in rainfed crops was mapped at 0.5° resolution over the Krishna River basin in southern India (258,948 km²). Measurements of actual evapotranspiration (E_a) from 90 lysimeter experiments at four locations in the basin were used to calibrate a non-linear regression model that predicted the combined crop coefficient (K_cK_s) as a function of the ratio of seasonal precipitation (P) to potential evapotranspiration (E_p). Crops included sorghum, pulses (mung bean, chickpea, soybean, pigeonpea) and oilseeds (safflower and sunflower). E_p was calculated with the Penman–Monteith equation using net radiation derived from two methods: (1) a surface radiation budget calculated from satellite imagery (E_pSRB) and (2) empirical equations that use data from meteorological stations (E_pGBE). The model of K_s as a function P/E_p was combined with a gridded time series of precipitation (0.5° resolution, 1901–2000) and maps of E_pSRB to define the probability distributions of P, P/E_p and K_s for sorghum at each 0.5° cell over the basin. Sorghum, a C4 crop, had higher E_a and K_s values than the C3 plants (oilseeds, pulses) when precipitation was low (P < 1 mm d⁻¹) but lower maximum E_a rates (3.3–4.5 mm d⁻¹) compared with C3 crops (oilseeds and pulses, 4.3–4.9 mm d⁻¹). The crop coefficient under adequate soil moisture (K_c) was higher than the FAO-56 crop coefficients by up to 56% for oilseeds and pulses. The seasonal soil moisture coefficient (K_s) for sorghum ranged from 1.0 under high rainfall (July–October) to 0.45 in dry seasons (November–March), showing strong soil moisture controls on E_a. E_pSRB calculated at the lysimeter stations was 4–20% lower than E_pGBE, with the largest difference in the dry season. K_c derived from E_pSRB was only slightly (2–4%) higher than K_c derived from E_pSRB, because the maximum E_a occurred during the monsoon when the differences between E_pSRB and E_pGBE were small. Approximately 20% of the basin area was expected to experience mild or greater soil moisture stress (K_s < 0.80) during the monsoon cropping season 1 year in every 2 years, while 70% of the basin experienced mild or greater stress 1 year in 10. The maps of soil moisture stress provide the basis for estimating the probability of drought and the benefits of supplemental irrigation.     

Soil temperature regimes in Cameroon as defined in soil taxonomy

Soil temperature regimes of Cameroon were estimated from the relationships between mean annual air temperature (MAAT) and mean annual soil temperature (MAST) and their seasonal fluctuations. In the normal range of MAAT in Cameroon (20–30°C), the MAST is 2.3° to 2.6°C higher than the MAAT. The difference between mean summer (MSST) and mean winter soil temperatures (MWST) being always less than 5°C, only isotemperature regimes occur in Cameroon. We estimated that MAST decreases by 0.46°C per 100 m increase in altitude.A provisional soil temperature regime map has been prepared from the estimates, which indicates isohyperthermic temperature regimes as predominant in Cameroon. Isothermic regimes are believed to occur above 1,600 m altitude and isomesic regimes probably above 3,100 m altitude on Mount Cameroon.     

Natural N abundances of inorganic nitrogen in soil treated with fertilizer and compost under changing soil moisture regimes

This study was conducted to examine whether the applications of N-inputs (compost and fertilizer) having different N isotopic compositions (δ¹⁵N) produce isotopically different inorganic-N and to investigate the effect of soil moisture regimes on the temporal variations in the δ¹⁵N of inorganic-N in soils. To do so, the temporal variations in the concentrations and the δ¹⁵N of NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ in soils treated with two levels (0 and 150 mg N kg⁻¹) of ammonium sulfate (δ¹⁵N=−2.3‰) and compost (+13.9‰) during a 10-week incubation were compared by changing soil moisture regime after 6 weeks either from saturated to unsaturated conditions or vice versa. Another incubation study using ¹⁵N-labeled ammonium sulfate (3.05 ¹⁵N atom%) was conducted to estimate the rates of nitrification and denitrification with a numerical model FLUAZ. The δ¹⁵N values of NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ were greatly affected by the availability of substrate for each of the nitrification and denitrification processes and the soil moisture status that affects the relative predominance between the two processes. Under saturated conditions for 6 weeks, the δ¹⁵N of NH₄⁺ in soils treated with fertilizer progressively increased from +2.9‰ at 0.5 week to +18.9‰ at 6 weeks due to nitrification. During the same period, NO₃⁻ concentrations were consistently low and the corresponding δ¹⁵N increased from +16.3 to +39.2‰ through denitrification. Under subsequent water-unsaturated conditions, the NO₃⁻ concentrations increased through nitrification, which resulted in the decrease in the δ¹⁵N of NO₃⁻. In soils, which were unsaturated for the first 6-weeks incubation, the δ¹⁵N of NH₄⁺ increased sharply at 0.5 week due to fast nitrification. On the other hand, the δ¹⁵N of NO₃⁻ showed the lowest value at 0.5 week due to incomplete nitrification, but after a subsequence increase, they remained stable while nitrification and denitrification were negligible between 1 and 6 weeks. Changing to saturated conditions after the initial 6-weeks incubation, however, increased the δ¹⁵N of NO₃⁻ progressively with a concurrent decrease in NO₃⁻ concentration through denitrification. The differences in δ¹⁵N of NO⁻₃ between compost and fertilizer treatments were consistent throughout the incubation period. The δ¹⁵N of NO₃⁻ increased with the addition of compost (range: +13.0 to +35.4‰), but decreased with the addition of fertilizer (−10.8 to +11.4‰), thus resulting in intermediate values in soils receiving both fertilizer and compost (−3.5 to +20.3‰). Therefore, such differences in δ¹⁵N of NO₃⁻ observed in this study suggest a possibility that the δ¹⁵N of upland-grown plants receiving compost would be higher than those treated with fertilizer because NO₃⁻ is the most abundant N for plant uptake in upland soils.     

Soil moisture affects survival of microorganisms in heated chaparral soil

Prescribed burning, the planned application of fire to reduce the hazards of wildland fuels, is coming into wider use in southern California chaparral. Soil was heated to various temperatures in factorial combination with various soil moistures to determine the direct effects of fire and soil moisture on the survival of microorganisms in chaparral soil. For fungi, mild heating increased germination of dormant forms yielding significantly higher counts than those in unheated soil. With increasing temperatures, microbe populations showed an exponential decrease. For heterotrophic soil bacteria, this decrease was summarized as a function of soil moisture and temperature. Microbial groups differed significantly in sensitivity to temperature: fungi > nitrite oxidizers > heterotrophic bacteria. Physiologically-active populations in moist soil were significantly more sensitive than were dormant populations in dry soil. The mathematical model presented shows qualitatively that more of the microbial biomass will be killed when the soil is moderately moist—as during prescribed burning—than when it is dry. Mineralization of killed microbial biomass in soil and release of plant nutrients may partially explain the increased plant growth and reduced response to fertilizer at burned sites.     

红壤干旱过程中剖面水分特征与土层干旱指标

农田水分管理以及产量评估都需要对土壤作物受旱状况定量化和指标化。干旱强度和干旱程度结合才能完整地描述土壤作物干旱状况,土壤干旱强度I是土壤剖面失水速率的函数,干旱影响逐渐累积并增强就构成干旱程度D,据此提出了包含I和D二个指数的土层干旱指标表达模式。通过红壤小区种植玉米并在抽穗期开始设置连续干旱12～36 d等6个不同的处理,研究了红壤干旱过程中剖面水分特征和干旱指标。结果表明：供试红壤干旱过程中剖面40 cm以下含水率下降幅度很小,玉米主要利用了0～40 cm土层的水分,监测30～40 cm土层含水率的变化情况可以指示玉米受到干旱胁迫的程度。连续干旱25 d后40 cm以下土层含水率明显降低,玉米产量也显著下降,此时0～60 cm土层和30～40 cm土层的干旱程度D均为0.55,可用此指标作为灌溉的依据。     

不同土壤水分供应与施锌对玉米水分代谢的影响

采用盆栽试验研究不同土壤水分状况下及施锌对玉米植株水分状况、水分生理特征的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫下,玉米叶片含水量和水势降低,植株体内自由水分的含量减少,而束缚水含量略有增加,离体叶片失水速率小;叶片气孔阻力增加,导度下降,蒸腾作用和光合速率受到抑制。施锌后玉米叶片的水势和鲜重含水量没有明显变化,但玉米叶片气孔阻力降低,气孔导度增加,叶片蒸腾速率和光合作用速率加大。干旱胁迫下,施锌对玉米植株体内水分生理代谢有一定的调节作用,但是在土壤水分供应充足时,施锌更能增强玉米水分生理代谢,提高水分利用效率。     

Land suitability assessment for perennial crops using remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems: A case study in northwestern Egypt

Abstract

The main objective of this study was to develop a Geographic Information Systems-based model for land suitability assessment for guava, olive and date palm in the North-western coast of Egypt. Soil, climatic and landscape database as well as satellite image have been integrated through Geographic Information Systems (GIS). A Landsat ETM+ image dated 2001, was classified using maximum likelihood classifier to produce land use/land cover map. Physical and chemical analyses of 57 soil profiles were interpolated to produce continuous land characteristic maps that are relevant to the requirement of the considered crops. These maps with climate and land cover map were integrated using GIS to produce land suitability maps for guava, olive and date palm. Two types of land suitability maps were produced in this study namely: Continuous land suitability maps and conventional land suitability classified maps. For each of them six land suitability maps were produced for the three crops in which three are for actual land suitability and the other three for potential land suitability. It was found that the suitability was higher for date palm followed by olive and the lowest suitability was assigned for guava.     

耕作方式对东北春玉米农田土壤水热特征的影响

针对东北春玉米农田春季低温冷害和季节性干旱发生频率高的问题,于2009年-2010年设置3种耕作处理,即传统垄作(LL)、平作播种中耕起垄(PL)和全生育期平作(PP),研究大田条件下耕作方式对土壤水分、土壤温度和玉米产量的影响。2a试验结果表明,耕作方式对0～40cm土层储水量有显著影响,其中PL和PP处理播种时的初始储水量比LL处理高8.7和6.0mm,而苗期则分别高4.1和3.4mm;玉米生育中后期PL和LL处理储水量则呈高于PP处理的趋势。3种耕作方式下土壤温度的差异以苗期为主,即5cm土层的平均温度PL和PP处理显著低于LL处理,但最低温度则以PL和PP处理显著高于LL处理,分别高1.6和1.2℃。总体来看,PL处理不仅可提高玉米苗期土壤的最低温度和耕层土壤储水量,而且可增加中后期土壤积蓄雨水量,促进作物生长发育,因而籽粒产量比LL和PP处理分别高7.6%和6.4%。     

不同植被覆盖类型黑土水分动态变化特征

采用中子水分仪定位监测方法,研究黑土区平水年大豆地、草地和裸地3种覆盖类型土壤水分变化特征.结果表明:土壤水分空间垂直动态变化随深度增加而降低,基于变异系数(CV)将土壤水分垂直变化分为4层,即水分速变层、活跃层、次活跃层和相对稳定层.不同覆盖类型下,土壤水循环深度依次为大豆地>草地>裸地,土壤水循环强度依次为草地>大豆地>裸地;3种覆盖类型的土壤剖面含水量在作物生长季节内呈增长型变化特征,裸地0～20 cm土层各时段土壤含水量均高于草地和大豆地;30 cm土层以下土壤水分含量依次为草地>裸地>大豆地.该区土壤储水量主要受降雨调控,3种植被覆盖类型下,土壤水分的总蒸散量依次为草地>大豆地>裸地.     

不同绿肥和覆膜措施对渭北旱塬冬小麦产量和土壤水分动态的影响

[目的]冬小麦一绿肥轮作在干旱贫水年份易导致冬小麦减产,我们研究了平水年和干旱年旱地绿肥和覆膜措施相结合对小麦产量及水分利用率的影响,为建立科学高效的小麦-绿肥轮作体系奠定基础.[方法]田间试验于2017-2019年布设在陕西省永寿县御驾宫乡御中村,试验采用裂区试验设计,以轮作不同绿肥品种(黑麦豆、油菜,夏休闲为对照)...     

Soil aggregate size mediates the impacts of cropping regimes on soil carbon and microbial communities

Understanding the influence of long-term crop management practices on the soil microbial community is critical for linking soil microbial flora with ecosystem processes such as those involved in soil carbon cycling. In this study, pyrosequencing and a functional gene array (GeoChip 4.0) were used to investigate the shifts in microbial composition and functional gene structure in a medium clay soil subjected to various cropping regimes. Pyrosequencing analysis showed that the community structure (β-diversity) for bacteria and fungi was significantly impacted among different cropping treatments. Functional gene array-based analysis revealed that crop rotation practices changed the structure and abundance of genes involved in C degradation. Significant correlations were observed between the activities of four enzymes involved in soil C degradation and the abundance of genes responsible for the production of respective enzymes, suggesting that a shift in the microbial community may influence soil C dynamics. We further integrated physical, chemical, and molecular techniques (qPCR) to assess relationships between soil C, microbial derived enzymes and soil bacterial community structure at the soil micro-environmental scale (e.g. within different aggregate-size fractions). We observed a dominance of different bacterial phyla within soil microenvironments which was correlated with the amount of C in the soil aggregates suggesting that each aggregate represents a different ecological niche for microbial colonization. Significant effects of aggregate size were found for the activity of enzymes involved in C degradation suggesting that aggregate size distribution influenced C availability. The influence of cropping regimes on microbial and soil C responses declined with decreasing size of soil aggregates and especially with silt and clay micro-aggregates. Our results suggest that long term crop management practices influence the structural and functional potential of soil microbial communities and the impact of crop rotations on soil C turnover varies between different sized soil aggregates. These findings provide a strong framework to determine the impact of management practices on soil C and soil health.     

黑土土壤水分反射光谱特征定量分析与预测

选择单一土类黑土作为研究对象, 并准确调配其不同含水量,实验室测定土壤高光谱反射率,利用光谱分析与统计方法,定量描述了不同含水量黑土反射光谱特征,并建立了黑土含水量反射光谱预测模型,结果表明,随土壤含水量的增加,达到一定阈值（300 g kg-1）,反射率存在过饱和现象,但其倒数对数微分可以有效去除饱和问题;土壤反射率倒数对数微分对土壤含水量的响应表现出三个变化阶段,导致1 870 nm波段的倒数对数微分也表现为非线性变化,需要利用分段函数进行土壤含水量的光谱精确速测。     

橡胶林土壤呼吸速率及其与土壤温湿度的关系

利用Li-6400光合仪研究4 a、12 a和19 a橡胶林的土壤呼吸及其各组分(微生物呼吸、根系呼吸、凋落物呼吸)呼吸速率的日变化和年变化特征,探索土壤温度和湿度对土壤呼吸速率的影响。结果表明: 不同树龄橡胶林土壤呼吸速率在全天观测期间,出现最大值和最小值的时刻有很大差异,但在9:00~11:00时刻的测定值均接近日均值;在不同树龄橡胶林中各组分呼吸速率日变化大小虽不一致,但均表现为凋落物呼吸速率最小。4 a、12 a和19 a橡胶林土壤呼吸速率均有明显的月变化,月均值分别是2.45、2.63和2.96 μmol m-2 s-1;最大值出现在7月和8月,最小值出现在2月和3月;不同树龄橡胶林土壤呼吸速率月变化相互间差异不显著;土壤微生物呼吸占土壤呼吸的比例最高(为43.6%),根系呼吸次之(为36.1%),凋落物呼吸较小(为20.4%)。土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度之间具有显著的指数函数关系,但与土壤湿度的相关性不显著,从而得知海南橡胶林土壤温度与土壤呼吸速率有着密切的关系,土壤水分与土壤呼吸速率可能没有直接的关系。     

土壤水分状况对14C标记秸秆的腐解及腐殖质中碳素分布的影响

¹⁴C-tracer technique and closed incubation method were used to study straw ¹⁴C decomposition and distribution in different fractions of newly formed humus under different moisture regimes. Decomposition of straw ¹⁴C was faster during the initial days, and slower thereafter. Decay rate constants of straw ¹⁴C varied from 3.29 × 10^-3 d^-1 to 7.06 × 10^-3 d^-1. After 112 d incubation, the amount of straw ¹⁴C mineralized was 1.17~1.46 times greater in submerged soils than in upland soils. Of the soil residual ¹⁴C, 9.08%~15.73% was present in humic acid (HA) and 31.01%~37.62% in fulvic acid (FA). Submerged condition favored the formation of HA, and HA/FA ratio of newly formed humus (labelled) was greater in submerged soils than in upland soils. Clay minerals affected the distribution of straw ¹⁴C in different humus fractions. Proportion of ¹⁴C present in HA to ¹⁴C remaining in soil was greater in Vertisol than in Ultisol.     

基于GIS和改进型土地生态适宜性评价模型的茶叶适宜性综合评价

Tea(Camellia sinensis) is one of the most valuable cash crops in southern China;however,the planting distribution of tea crops is not optimal and the production and cultivation regions of tea crops are restricted by law and custom.In order to evaluate the suitability of tea crops in Zhejiang Province,the annual mean temperature,the annual accumulated temperature above 10 C,the frequency of extremely low temperature below 13 C,the mean humidity from April to October,slope,aspect,altitude,soil type,and soil texture were selected from climate,topography,and soil factors as factors for land ecological evaluation by the Delphi method based on the ecological characteristics of tea crops.These nine factors were quantitatively analyzed using a geographic information system(GIS).The grey relational analysis(GRA) was combined with the analytic hierarchy process(AHP) to address the uncertainties during the process of evaluating the traditional land ecological suitability,and a modified land ecological suitability evaluation(LESE) model was built.Based on the land-use map of Zhejiang Province,the regions that were completely unsuitable for tea cultivation in the province were eliminated and then the spatial distribution of the ecological suitability of tea crops was generated using the modified LESE model and GIS.The results demonstrated that the highly,moderately,and non-suitable regions for the cultivation of tea crops in Zhejiang Province were 27 552.66,42 724.64,and 26 507.97 km 2,and accounted for 28.47%,44.14%,and 27.39% of the total evaluation area,respectively.Validation of the method showed a high degree of coincidence with the current planting distribution of tea crops in Zhejiang Province.The modified LESE model combined with GIS could be useful in quickly and accurately evaluating the land ecological suitability of tea crops,providing a scientific basis for the rational distribution of tea crops and acting as a reference to land policy makers and land use planners.