Effects of high potassium chloride supplementation on water intake and bodyweight gains in pregnant and lactating mice

Thirty‐one ICR pregnant mice were assigned to a control or a potassium chloride (KCl) diet group to clarify the effects of KCl supplementation on water intake, bodyweight gains and serum components in pregnant and lactating mice, and 5% KCl was supplemented in KCl diets from 6.5 days post coitus to 1 or 14 days after parturition. Feed intake was not affected by treatment, but supplemental KCl decreased bodyweight gains of lactating mice and their neonatal mice. Water intake and urine volume of KCl supplemented mice were significantly higher than those of control mice during pregnancy and supplemental KCl decreased serum urea N in pregnant mice. Supplemental KCl increased water intake drastically in lactating mice immediately after parturition and increased serum K at 14 days after parturition. Histological alteration using hematoxylin–eosin was not found in the kidney of each mouse at 1 or 14 days after parturition. These results indicate that high KCl supplementation accelerates water intake in lactating mice and prevents bodyweight gains of maternal and neonatal mice during lactation.     

Effects of high potassium chloride supplementation on water intake, urine volume and nitrogen balance in mice

Sixteen ICR male mice were assigned to a control diet group or a KCl diet group in metabolic cages to clarify the effects of KCl supplementation on water intake, urine volume and N balance, and 5% of KCl was supplemented in KCl diets for 4 or 8 weeks. Bodyweight of KCl supplemented mice was significantly higher than that of control mice from 24 to 28 days after treatment. Feed intake, water intake and urine volume of KCl supplemented mice were significantly higher than those of control mice, and the increased water intake and urine volume in KCl supplemented mice were 4.49 and 4.15 g, respectively. Urinary N, K and Cl excretion were significantly higher in KCl supplemented mice. Although N retention was not significantly different between control and KCl supplemented mice, N retention in KCl supplemented mice tended to be lower. Serum creatinine concentration at 8 weeks after treatment was lower in KCl supplemented mice. Histological alteration using hematoxylin-eosin and Sirius red staining was not found in the kidney of each mouse at 4 and 8 weeks after treatment. These results suggest that high KCl supplementation increases water intake, urine volume and urinary N excretion in mice.     

犬腹腔镜肝部分切除术对肝、肾功能的影响

选择8条健康杂种犬进行腹腔镜下肝部分切除,于麻醉前、术后4h及术后第1、3、5、7、9、11、13、15天采取静脉血进行肝肾功能指标监测.结果显示,天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶、丙氨酸氨基转移酶及碱性磷酸酶于术后第1天升到高峰；尿酸、尿素氮和肌酐于术后4h即达到高峰；白蛋白和总蛋白略微有所下降,于术后第1天降到最低；而r谷氨酰基转移酶术后变化不大.结果表明,犬腹腔镜肝部分切除术仅仅短期内对肝、肾功能产生影响,且肝、肾功能在术后一段时间内可恢复.     

苜蓿施用磷、钾肥效应的研究

采用过磷酸钙与氯化钾进行2因素4水平随机区组施肥试验,结果表明:过磷酸钙600kg hm2与氯化钾100kg hm2施肥处理,苜蓿鲜草产量最高,较对照增产20 0%,纯收入增988元 hm2。新复极差测验表明:不同水平施用过磷酸钙各次刈割鲜草产量及鲜草总产量间差异均达到显著水平(P<0 05),且随着过磷酸钙用量的增加鲜草产量相应地增加。不同水平施用氯化钾与不施氯化钾鲜草总产量差异均达到极显著水平(P<0 01),但施氯化钾150kg hm2与50kg hm2鲜草总产量差异不显著;随着施用氯化钾水平的提高,各次刈割鲜草产量及鲜草总产量均呈先升高后略有下降的趋势,氯化钾施用量以100kg hm2为宜。氯化钾、过磷酸钙及其互作效应均以第1次刈割显著,第2次刈割施肥效应均有所下降,其中氯化钾及氯化钾与过磷酸钙互作效应下降更为明显。增施氯化钾有利于提高苜蓿粗蛋白含量,但粗蛋白含量不随施用量的增加而增加;施过磷酸钙200kg hm2苜蓿粗蛋白含量最高,施400kg hm2苜蓿粗蛋白含量下降。     

Effects of meloxicam on renal function in dogs with hypotension during anaesthesia

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of meloxicam on renal function in dogs anaesthetized and rendered hypotensive with acepromazine-thiopental-isoflurane. ANIMALS: Eight healthy beagles, four males and four females, 25.6 +/- 19.3 months old and weighing 12.8 +/- 2.0 kg. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Either meloxicam suspension at a dose of 0.133 mL kg(-1) (0.2 mg kg(-1)) or 0.133 mL kg(-1) saline solution (control), were given by mouth (PO) in a randomized, cross-over fashion. The treatment or control was given 3 hours before anaesthesia. Dogs were sedated with intramuscular acepromazine 0.1 mg kg(-1). Anaesthesia was induced with intravenous thiopental, followed by tracheal intubation and maintenance with isoflurane in oxygen and air, delivered using a semi-closed breathing system. Renal function was quantified using serum biochemistry, urinalysis and glomerular filtration rate measured by scintigraphy. Analysis of variance or Friedman anova were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Values (mean +/- SD) for mean arterial blood pressure did not differ significantly between treatments but was low (54 +/- 7 mmHg) during anaesthesia. Glomerular filtration rate did not differ significantly between treatments or over time, and results of urine and serum analysis were within reference ranges after meloxicam treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Meloxicam caused no adverse effects on renal function when given to healthy dogs anaesthetized and rendered hypotensive with acepromazine, thiopental and isoflurane.     

高温下酶制剂对肉鸭生产性能及能量代谢的影响

选用1日龄樱桃谷肉鸭1600羽,随机分成4组,分别饲喂4种不同处理的日粮,以研究酶制剂在肉鸭日粮中应用效果。对照组饲喂基础日粮不添加酶制剂;试验1组为饲喂基础日粮并添加酶制剂250 g/t;试验2组和3组分别饲喂能量降低250.8 MJ/kg和334.4/kg基础日粮,并添加酶制剂250 g/t。结果表明:在基础日粮和降低能量的日粮中添加酶制剂,均能提高肉鸭日增重,改善饲料转化率和能量消化率。其中,基础日粮中添加酶制剂,能显著提高肉鸭日增重和饲料利用率(P<0.05),能量消化率最高,按毛利润计算,试验组肉鸭收益率分别比对照组提高了7.02%、4.45%和5.26%。     

九种中药成分对体外培养小鼠淋巴细胞功能的影响

为进一步探索黄芪多糖等9种中药成分免疫增强活性的作用机理并比较各成分之间免疫增强活性的强弱，在体内试验的基础上，用脾淋巴细胞增殖反应和抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附试验测定了它们对体外培养的小鼠淋巴细胞功能的影响。结果表明，人参皂甙、蜂胶黄酮、黄芪多糖、淫羊藿黄酮、淫羊藿多糖都能显著地直接或协同ConA刺激脾和外周血淋巴细胞增殖，也能显著增加LPS诱导的脾淋巴细胞增殖活性和显著升高体外培养的小鼠脾淋巴细胞产生的IgG水平；当归多糖能协同ConA和LPS的诱导活性，提高小鼠脾淋巴细胞体外培养系统的IgG水平；黄芪皂甙能直接和协同LPS刺激淋巴细胞增殖，板蓝根多糖则仅能促进LPS的诱导活性，蜂胶多糖的作用则均不明显。     

亚慢性铝暴露对大鼠肾脏功能的影响

选用40只4周龄清洁级Wistar大鼠预饲1周后随机均分为4组,即对照组（C组）、低剂量组（L组）、中剂量组（M组）和高剂量组（H组）。分别于饮水中添加0,64．18,128．36,256．72mg／kg的A1C13,建立亚慢性铝暴露大鼠模型。于试验120d处死大鼠,全自动生化分析仪检测血清中尿素氮（BUN）、尿酸（UA）、肌酐（Cr）以及尿液中肌酐（Cr）、尿总蛋白（TP）含量,并计算24h肌酐清除率。结果显示：染铝大鼠血清BUN和UA水平高于C组,且随染铝剂量增加呈升高趋势,但无统计学意义;24h肌酐清除率低于C组,TP含量高于C组（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）,且存在剂量-效应关系。结果说明,亚慢性铝暴露可致大鼠早期肾功能损伤。     

Effects of intrauterine growth restriction during late pregnancy on the ovine fetal renal function and antioxidant capacity

This study investigated the effects of intrauterine growth restriction during late pregnancy on the ovine fetal renal function and renal antioxidant capacity. Eighteen ewes pregnant were randomly divided into control group (CG, ad libitum, 0.67 MJ ME·BW^−0.75·day⁻¹, n = 6), restricted group 1 (RG1, 0.18 MJ ME·BW^−0.75·day⁻¹, n = 6), and restricted group 2 (RG2, 0.33 MJ ME·BW^−0.75·day⁻¹, n = 6). At 140 days, the fetal blood, allantoic fluid and kidney tissue were collected to determinate fetal renal function and renal antioxidant capacity. The results showed that the fetal weight, kidney weight, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), aquaporin-2 (AQP-2) and aquaporin-3 (AQP-3), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in RG1 group were decreased compared with the CG (P < 0.05), but the contents of β2-Microglobulin (β 2-MG), cystatin C (Cys-C), filtered sodium excretion fraction (FENa), malondialdehyde (MDA), and hydroxyl radical (OH) in RG1 group were increased (P < 0.05). The impaired ovine fetal renal growth, antioxidant imbalance and dysfunction of glomerulus ultrafiltration, and the renal tubules reabsorption were induced by maternal malnutrition during late pregnancy.     

乌腺金丝桃对小鼠生长性能及器官发育的影响

为研究乌腺金丝桃对小鼠生长性能及器官发育的影响,试验选择60只生长发育良好、体重为27~31 g的昆明小鼠随机分成2组,即正常组和乌腺金丝桃组,每组30只,公母各15只,正常组饮用自来水,乌腺金丝桃组饮用乌腺金丝桃水提液。试验结果表明:(1)小鼠饮用乌腺金丝桃水提液后,其末重略有升高,平均日增重呈降低的趋势,平均日采食量也稍有降低,但与正常组相比无显著差异(P>0.05);乌腺金丝桃组的料重比有降低的趋势,但与正常组相比未达到差异显著水平(P>0.05);(2)乌腺金丝桃组心脏指数呈上升趋势,与正常组相比未达到差异显著水平(P>0.05);肝脏指数比正常组降低8.86%,差异显著(P<0.05);脾脏指数稍有降低,与正常组相比无显著差异(P>0.05);肾脏指数呈上升的趋势,比正常组增加26.54%,差异显著(P<0.05)。综上,乌腺金丝桃有益肾、强心的作用,但长期服用能够降低肝脏指数。     

腺嘌呤不同浓度和不同干预时间对大鼠肾功能的影响及右归丸的治疗作用

研究腺嘌呤不同浓度和不同干预时间对大鼠肾功能的影响及右归丸的治疗作用。分别采用0.5%腺嘌呤、1.0%腺嘌呤和1.5%腺嘌呤进行造模,造模10 d、15 d或20 d后观察大鼠肾脏外观形态、肾脏系数和肾脏组织病理变化。结果显示,与正常对照组比较,除第10天和第15天0.5%腺嘌呤造模肾脏外观形态变化不明显外,其余各造模组的肾脏外观形态均发生改变,表面呈现不同密集程度的白色颗粒状,部分伴有水肿和肾脏颜色的改变,包膜易剥脱;肾脏系数在各造模组中均增加,并且见肾小球数目减少、萎缩,肾小管扩张,随造模腺嘌呤浓度的升高,间质伴有不同程度的炎性细胞浸润和纤维结缔组织的增生。与模型组比较,右归丸给药组和自然恢复组能在一定程度上改善肾脏外观形态、肾脏系数和肾脏组织病理变化,其中以右归丸给药组改善明显。说明1.0%腺嘌呤造模15 d,可成功复制稳定的慢性肾功能衰竭大鼠模型,并且右归丸对慢性肾功能衰竭大鼠模型具有一定的治疗作用。     

不同施钾水平对胡麻钾素营养转运分配及产量的影响

以胡麻“坝选3号”为材料,设置不施钾(K₀)、低钾(K₁,18.75 kg K₂O/hm²)、中钾(K₂,37.5 kg K₂O/hm²)和高钾(K₃,56.25 kg K₂O/hm²)4个施钾(K₂O)水平,于2011-2012年在河北省张家口市开展田间试验,研究了不同施钾量对胡麻钾素营养转运分配及其产量的影响。结果表明,胡麻根、茎、叶和籽粒等器官的钾素累积主要在生殖生长阶段,占全生育期累积量的41.28%～64.09%;与不施钾相比,施钾条件下胡麻根、茎和叶钾素转运量分别增加了35.60%,29.06%和43.75%。根、茎和叶中均有钾素转运到籽粒,转运率分别为17.78%～24.85%,14.82%～23.00%和39.40%～46.20%,对籽粒钾素的贡献率分别为6.71%～14.12%,11.24%～23.97%和17.26%～50.83%。较不施钾处理,低、中和高钾水平下籽粒产量分别增产14.90%～24.12%,29.93%～30.11%和15.65%～23.13%,且中钾处理下增产幅度最大。综合胡麻钾素积累、转运与分配规律以及籽粒产量,本试验区同等肥力土壤条件下,要实现胡麻高产高效以施钾量37.5 kg/hm²为宜。     

The effect of high dietary sodium chloride on renal function in chicks.

1. One-day-old male broiler chicks were fed on diets containing 3-8% or 2-7% added NaCl in two experiments lasting 22 and 42 d respectively. 2. Sodium clearance was increased in treated birds in both experiments. No other changes in renal function were observed but an increase in plasma urate in treated birds of the first experiment may indicate some loss of proximal tubular function. 3. Renal function, relative to body weight, diminished slowly with age in control and treated birds but these changes could not be related to the fact that at about 3 weeks of age testicular cysts no longer develop.     

Effects of coumestrol administration to maternal mice during pregnancy and lactation on renal Ca metabolism in neonatal mice

The present study was conducted to clarify the effects of coumestrol administration to maternal mice during pregnancy and lactation on serum Ca and Ca metabolism in their neonatal mice. From 6.5 to 16.5 days post coitus and from 3 to 10 days after parturition, maternal mice were administered at 200 µg/kg body weight/day of coumestrol. Coumestrol administration did not affect weight gains, serum Ca and the expression of vitamin D receptor (VDR) protein in the kidney of neonatal mice, but weight gains of maternal mice were decreased by coumestrol administration. Coumestrol administration increased the messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions of epithelial Ca channels 1 (ECaC1) and VDR in the kidney of neonatal mice, and also increased the mRNA expressions of ECaC2 in the kidney and small intestine of male neonatal mice. The mRNA expressions of ECaC1, ECaC2, calbindin‐D_9k (CaBP‐9k) and estrogen receptor (ER)α in the kidney and VDR in the small intestine of male neonatal mice were higher than those of female mice. Thus, coumestrol administration to maternal mice during pregnancy and lactation may affect renal Ca metabolism in neonatal mice, especially male neonatal mice via maternal milk.     

Effect of sodium molybdate supplementation on high concentrations of Cu in liver of yearling bulls

AIM: To determine the impact of sodium molybdate treatment, given weekly, on concentrations of Cu in liver, activity of liver enzymes, and weight gain over 4 weeks, in yearling bulls with elevated concentrations of Cu in liver.

METHODS: The study was carried on two commercial grazing farms in the Otago region of New Zealand in yearling Friesian bulls (n=150 on Farm A and n=49 on Farm B) with mean concentration of Cu in liver >3,000 µmol/kg fresh weight. On Day 0, all animals were weighed and half were systematically allocated to treatment with sodium molybdate (3?mg/kg liveweight on Farm A and 7?mg/kg liveweight on Farm B); the remainder received no treatment (Control). Sodium molybdate was given as a drench weekly for 4 weeks and all animals were weighed again on Day 28. Ten animals on each farm (five from each treatment group) were systematically selected for blood sampling and liver biopsies on Days 0 and 28. Samples were analysed for concentrations of Cu in plasma, vitamin B₁₂ in serum, activities of γ–glutamyl transferase, aspartate aminotransferase and glutamate dehydrogenase in serum, and concentrations of Cu and vitamin B₁₂ in liver. Separate multivariable linear models were used to compare the change in outcome variables between Days 0 and 28 between bulls that had been drenched with sodium molybdate or not.

RESULTS: On Farm A, mean concentrations of Cu in liver on Day 28, as a percentage of concentrations on Day 0, for the control group was 55 (95% CI=40–73)% and for the treatment group was 73 (95% CI=43–111)%. On Farm B, the equivalent mean for the control group was 75 (95% CI=42–131)% and for the treatment group was 85 (95% CI=38–134)%. The multivariable linear models indicated that the changes in concentrations of Cu in liver, activities of liver enzymes and weight gain between Days 0 and 28 did not differ between the bulls treated or not with sodium molybdate (p>0.18).

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Treatment with sodium molybdate in one bolus at weekly intervals for 4 weeks did not affect concentrations of Cu in liver, activity of liver enzymes or weight gain in animals with high concentrations of Cu liver on two farms.     

复方党参对小鼠生长性能的影响

本试验选取15味中草药组成4个方剂,方剂Ⅰ为党参、当归、山楂、茯苓、酸枣仁等五味药;方剂Ⅱ为黄芪、熟地、神曲、陈皮、酸枣仁等五味药;方剂Ⅲ为山楂、莱菔子、陈皮、茯苓、苍术等五味药;方剂Ⅳ为白术、枸杞子、麦芽、苍术、砂仁等五味药。将50只小白鼠随机分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和C组（对照组）,每组10只,分别饲养于5个鼠笼中。各试验组小白鼠灌服方剂Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ0.3 mL（/d.只）,对照组仅灌服等量生理盐水,试验周期为28 d,分别在7 d、14 d、21 d、28 d进行称重,以研究不同中药组方对小白鼠增重、平均日增重和脏器系数的影响。结果表明,方Ⅰ（复方党参）对小鼠的增重、平均日增重和脏器系数有明显的促进作用,为今后狐貉饲料添加剂的生产与应用奠定基础。     

高铜日粮对肉鸡生长性能 肾铜残留及肾功能的影响

铜是动物营养必需的微量元素之一,广泛分布于动物体内各组织器官中,在机体造血、维持生产性能、增强机体抵抗力等方面有不可替代的作用.铜、铁、锌元素之间存在一定的拮抗作用,高铜饲粮对组织中铁、锌含量有一定的影响.     

Effects of dietary sodium chloride intake on renal function and blood pressure in cats with normal and reduced renal function

OBJECTIVE: To determine effects of variations in dietary intake of sodium chloride (NaCl) on systemic arterial blood pressure (ABP) in cats with normal and reduced renal function. ANIMALS: 21 adult cats (7 with intact kidneys [control cats; group C], 7 with unilateral renal infarction with contralateral nephrectomy [remnant-kidney model; group RK], and 7 with unilateral renal infarction and contralateral renal wrapping and concurrent oral administration of amlodipine [remnant-wrap model; group WA]). PROCEDURE: All cats were sequentially fed 3 diets that differed only in NaCl content (50, 100, or 200 mg of Na/kg); each diet was fed for 7 days. The ABP was recorded continuously by radiotelemetry, and renal function (glomerular filtration rate [GFR]) was determined on the sixth day of each feeding period. RESULTS: Dietary supplementation with NaCl did not affect ABP, but it increased GFR in groups C and WA. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis was activated in groups RK and WA at the lowest NaCl intake, but supplementation with NaCl suppressed this activation in group WA. The lowest NaCl intake was associated with hypokalemia and a high fractional excretion of potassium that decreased in response to supplementation with NaCl. Arterial baroreceptor resetting was evident after chronic hypertension but was not modified by dietary supplementation with NaCl. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Low NaCl intake was associated with inappropriate kaliuresis, reduced GFR, and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis without evidence of a beneficial effect on ABP. Therefore, this common dietary maneuver could contribute to hypokalemic nephropathy and progressive renal injury in cats.     

酵母铬对围产后期奶牛抗氧化能力的影响

选用20头胎次相近和分娩期相近的中国荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为4组,对照组为基础日粮,3个处理组在基础日粮中分别添加3．0、6．0和9．0g／a的酵母铬。试验期为2周,从分娩当天持续到产后14d。结果表明,（1）与对照组相比,添加酵母铬可以提高血清中总抗氧化能力（T—AOC）,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和谷胱苷肽过氧化物酶（GSHPx）的活力（P〈0．01）,降低丙二醛的浓度;（2）酵母铬降低了皮质醇含量,提高了胰岛素活性。本试验条件下,发现基础日粮添加9．0g／d的酵母铬,使铬添加水平为0．8mgCr／kg时,效果较好。为研究在日粮中添加不同水平的酵母铬对围产后期奶牛抗氧化性能的影响提供依据。     

壮阳促孕散对雌性小鼠生殖机能的影响研究

采用常规药理学实验方法,探讨了中药壮阳促孕散对雌性小鼠子宫增重、卵巢结构和对去卵巢小鼠子宫内膜、阴道上皮结构以及阴道上皮脱落细胞角化率的影响.结果表明,壮阳促孕散能使幼年小鼠子宫显著增重,促进幼年小鼠卵巢发育,使其提早出现性成熟的形态特征;也能促进去卵巢小鼠子宫内膜和阴道上皮增生、分泌,提高阴道上皮脱落细胞角化率,从而证明中药壮阳促孕散具有雌激素样作用.