伴侣动物用细胞毒类抗肿瘤药临床试验设计及评价要点

肿瘤已经逐渐发展成为老年伴侣动物最为常见的疾病，而目前国内并无伴侣动物专用的抗肿瘤药。细胞毒类抗肿瘤药是治疗恶性肿瘤的主要手段之一，目前有许多兽药企业致力于此类抗肿瘤药的研发。本文以EMA和FDA发布的伴侣动物抗肿瘤药指导原则为依据，结合国家药品监督管理局药品审评中心(CDE)发布的抗肿瘤药物临床试验技术指导原则对比分析，对伴侣动物使用的细胞毒类抗肿瘤药研发过程中的临床试验设计关键技术要点进行了分析，旨在为伴侣动物用细胞毒类抗肿瘤药临床评价提供参考。     

Modern veterinary vaccines and the Shaman's apprentice

This paper is an overview and assessment of new, commercially available veterinary vaccines placed in a historical context. The authors critically evaluate the current state of the field of veterinary vaccines in both food and companion animals and the promises for future vaccine development. The authors maintain that there is considerable variability in safety and sustained efficacy among veterinary vaccines, especially those developed for companion animals. It is proposed that establishment of an international vaccine advisory committee be supported which would function to apprise the veterinary profession of the current status of vaccines and their use.     

Effectiveness of a therapeutic drug monitoring service as an aid to the control of canine seizures

The results presented were derived from an anticonvulsant monitoring service, provided for two years to practising veterinary surgeons, in which samples of serum were taken from dogs treated with either primidone or phenobarbitone. Of the 19 patients assessed, 13 were controlled after the recommended changes in dose had been made. Of the six patients not completely controlled after changes in dose, four had a much lower incidence of seizures but two did not respond to treatment in spite of having high serum phenobarbitone levels. There were large variations between the doses of anticonvulsant drugs required to reach therapeutic serum levels; these variations underlined the value of routine monitoring for improving the control of canine seizures.     

An analysis of the demand for and revenue from companion animal veterinary services in Australia between 1996 and 2026 using industry revenue data and household census and pet ownership data and forecasts

OBJECTIVE To examine the potential impact of household demographic and pet ownership trends on the demand for and revenue from companion animal veterinary services in Australia. DESIGN The size of the market for companion animal veterinary services was estimated by creating a model using assumptions derived from the revenue equation. The model was verified and validated through sensitivity analyses and comparisons between model outputs and available industry data. RESULTS The model provided outputs similar to alternative industry estimates and suggested that revenue growth in recent years has been much stronger than demand growth. Under the assumptions used in this model, forecast changes to household numbers and types are less important than pet ownership trends in determining the potential demand for and revenue from companion animal veterinary services. Forecast trends in household types and relatively stable pet ownership in the future will lead to growth in demand for companion animal veterinary services in real terms of approximately 1.2% per annum to 2026. CONCLUSION The market for companion animal veterinary services in Australia is mature and growth in demand is expected to remain low over the forecast period. For most veterinary practices within this environment, growth in revenue will be a function of growth in average client fees.     

Response evaluation criteria for solid tumours in dogs (v1.0): a Veterinary Cooperative Oncology Group (VCOG) consensus document

In veterinary medical oncology, there is currently no standardized protocol for assessing response to therapy in solid tumours. The lack of such a formalized guideline makes it challenging to critically compare outcome measures across various treatment protocols. The Veterinary Cooperative Oncology Group (VCOG) membership consensus document presented here is based on the recommendations of a subcommittee of American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) board‐certified veterinary oncologists. This consensus paper has used the human response evaluation criteria in solid tumours (RECIST v1.1) as a framework to establish standard procedures for response assessment in canine solid tumours that is meant to be easy to use, repeatable and applicable across a variety of clinical trial structures in veterinary oncology. It is hoped that this new canine RECIST (cRECIST v1.0) will be adopted within the veterinary oncology community and thereby facilitate the comparison of current and future treatment protocols used for companion animals with cancer.     

犬猫用抗肿瘤药指导原则要点分析

宠物用抗肿瘤药正在成为研发热点,美国FDA于2009年发布了伴侣动物用抗肿瘤药指导原则,EMA发布了犬猫用抗肿瘤药指导原则并于2022年1月28日开始实施。本文采用EMA的框架维度对两个指导原则安全性和有效性评价的关键技术要点进行分析,为研发者提供参考。     

Descriptive epidemiological study of the use of antimicrobial drugs by companion animal veterinarians in New Zealand

Abstract

AIM: To describe the patterns of use of antimicrobial drugs by veterinary surgeons treating commonly presented bacterial infections in companion animals in New Zealand.

METHODS: A postal survey of 800 randomly selected companion animal veterinarians practicing in New Zealand was conducted between August and December 2008. Data were collected regarding the antimicrobials prescribed for recent cases of skin, ear and urinary tract infections; the use of culture and susceptibility testing; and veterinarian characteristics such as proportion of time spent treating companion animals and recent attendance at continuing professional development (CPD) events. Potential associations within the data were explored using extended mosaic plots and multivariable regression models.

RESULTS:Completed surveys from 393 respondents were available for analysis, providing data on systemic antimicrobial drug use for 1,799 cases of presumptive bacterial infections. The most frequently prescribed drugs were amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (864 cases, 48%), cephalexin (558, 31%), and fluoroquinolones (198, 11%). Of 359 cases of canine superficial pyoderma, 157 (44%) were treated with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and 155 (43%) were treated with cephalexin with median reported treatment durations of 7 and 10 days, for these two drugs respectively. Culture and susceptibility tests had been used in 376 of 1,984 (19%) of all reported cases and 160 (43%) of these were suspected urinary tract infections. Practitioners that spent 100% of their time treating companion animals and who had attended a CPD course related to companion animals within the 12 months prior to completing the survey were more likely to submit a sample for culture and susceptibility testing and to prescribe longer courses of antimicrobials for the treatment of canine pyoderma than practitioners who spent less than 100% of their time treating companion animals and had not attended a CPD course in the last 12 months.

CONCLUSIONS: Broad-spectrum drugs considered by the World Health Organisation to be critically important for human health, such as fluoroquinolones and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, are amongst the most frequently prescribed antimicrobials in companion animal medicine, and these drugs are often prescribed without submitting a sample for culture and susceptibility testing.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Many cases of superficial pyoderma were treated for less than the recommended duration of 21 days, which may contribute to a higher rate of recurrent pyoderma and the development of drug resistance within the causal bacteria. Veterinarians should be aware that the use of fluoroquinolones, in particular, should be based upon the results of a culture and susceptibility test.     

Neuroradiology

Neuroradiographs are an invaluable part of the diagnostic plan in most cases involving nervous system dysfunction in companion animals. High MAS, low KvP techniques used on standard radiographic equipment available in most veterinary practices will provide good-quality neuroradiographs of the skull and spine. Proper positioning of the animal, which necessitates use of general anesthesia, is required to obtain neuroradiographs of good diagnostic quality. A working knowledge of the normal anatomy of the skull and spine is required to make correct interpretations of the neuroradiographs.     

The current state of veterinary vaccines: is there hope for the future?

This article is an overview and assessment of available veterinary vaccines, placed in a historical context. A more complete presentation of the main tenets of the symposium talk at Agenda for Action: Veterinary Medicine's Role in Biodefense and Public Health is published elsewhere.' The symposium presentation contained a critical evaluation of the current state of the field of veterinary vaccines for both food and companion animals and of promises for future vaccine development. There is considerable variability in safety and sustained efficacy among veterinary vaccines, especially those developed for companion animals. Standardization of vaccines and vaccinal strains and detailed knowledge of their safety, efficacy, and potency and of the duration of immunity are needed before rational recommendations can truly be made. It is proposed that the establishment of an international vaccine advisory committee be supported, which would function to apprise the veterinary profession of the current status of vaccines and their use, and that a system for reporting vaccine adverse events, similar to that for humans, should be established.     

Pathology of traumatic brain injury

Although traumatic brain injury (TBI) is frequently encountered in veterinary practice in companion animals, livestock and horses, inflicted head injury is a common method of euthanasia in domestic livestock, and malicious head trauma can lead to forensic investigation, the pathology of TBI has generally received little attention in the veterinary literature. This review highlights the pathology and pathogenesis of cerebral lesions produced by blunt, non-missile and penetrating, missile head injuries as an aid to the more accurate diagnosis of neurotrauma cases. If more cases of TBI in animals that result in fatality or euthanasia are subjected to rigorous neuropathological examination, this will lead to a better understanding of the nature and development of brain lesions in these species, rather than extrapolating data from human studies.     

INVITED REVIEW—COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ANGIOGRAPHY (CTA) OF THE THORACIC CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM IN COMPANION ANIMALS

Computed tomographic angiography (CTA) of the thoracic cardiovascular system is offering new diagnostic opportunities in companion animal patients with the increasing availability of multidetector‐row computed tomographic (MDCT) units in veterinary facilities. Optimal investigation of the systemic, pulmonary, and coronary circulation provides unique challenges due to the constant movement of the heart, the small size of several of the structures of interest, and the dependence of angiographic quality on various contrast bolus design and patient factors. Technical and practical aspects of thoracic cardiovascular CTA are reviewed in light of the currently available veterinary literature and future opportunities given utilizing MDCT in companion animal patients with suspected thoracic cardiovascular disease.     

Development of antiparasitic drugs in the 21st century

Prospects for discovering new antiparasitic drugs for veterinary medicine in the coming century will be determined by economic, social and scientific factors. Consolidation in the pharmaceutical industry in general, and the animal health industry in particular, changes the business conditions in which drug discovery for veterinary medicine occurs. Social pressures on traditional animal agriculture and companion animal ownership have shifted the interest of animal companies primarily to pet medicine. Antiparasitic drug discovery is more than ever targeted to the most lucrative market segments, but the excellence of available drugs, and the apparent lack of resistance in important parasites, reduces industrial motivation to invest in parasitology. Veterinary parasitologists in academia will still have the chance to interact with their industrial counterparts in the traditional ways of supporting drug discovery and development. Nonetheless, there are many new opportunities to expand the research horizons of veterinary parasitology to strengthen the case for retaining a significant presence in the animal health industry.     

Absence of temporal lobe epilepsy pathology in dogs with medically intractable epilepsy

Epilepsy is a common neurological problem in dogs. In some dogs, seizures cannot be controlled adequately with anticonvulsant medication. Temporal lobe epilepsy is the most common type of epilepsy in adult humans, it is frequently resistant to anticonvulsant therapy, and it is commonly associated with characteristic neuropathological abnormalities in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. We sought to test the hypothesis that dogs with medically intractable epilepsy have temporal lobe epilepsy. The hippocampi of 6 dogs that were euthanized because of chronic, recurrent seizures were compared with those of 8 nonepileptic controls. In control and epileptic dogs, stereological cell counting showed similar numbers of neurons in the hilus of the dentate gyrus, somatostatin immunoreactivity identified numerous immunopositive neurons in the hilus, and Timm staining showed the normal pattern of granule cell axon projections. These findings demonstrate a lack of hilar neuron loss and granule cell axon reorganization, suggesting that temporal lobe epilepsy is not a common cause of medically intractable epilepsy in dogs.     

Common diagnostic and clinical techniques for fish.

Fish medicine has common diagnostic and clinical procedures that are essential for disease diagnosis and patient management. With a few modifications for handling of the fish patient, these resemble procedures performed in most veterinary hospitals and clinics in our other companion species. The predictive value of these diagnostic methods is improving with the ever-increasing number of publications in fish medicine. Training in aquatic clinical procedures is offered at most large continuing education conferences and as specialty courses. These basic procedures are the important first steps toward improving the health of our aquatic companion animals.     

Veterinary dental care: effective, efficient, and patient/client focused

The treatment of dental problems in animals and humans requires a different approach. While a basic knowledge of medicine is sufficient for dentists, a degree in veterinary medicine is a prerequisite for performing dental procedures in animals. Concepts such as oral-health veterinarian and dental care technician will be part of animal dental care in the future. When deciding on the plan of treatment, veterinarians should pay attention to the symptomatology, oral examination, and pain response. A number of treatments that are self-evident in human dentistry are often not recommended in veterinary medicine. Dental treatments for companion animals should be characterized by minimal interventions with maximum results: effective, efficient, and most of all patient/client focused.     

兽药环境风险评估研究进展

随着畜禽集约化养殖数量增加,兽药被广泛用于治疗疾病或作为促生长剂添加到动物饲料中,中国2010-2017年兽用抗菌药的销售量从31 500 t增长到56 800 t。兽药的不合理使用、畜禽养殖过程中废弃物处理不当以及药物经过动物机体代谢后以原形药或代谢物随粪尿排出体外是兽药造成环境污染的主要原因。兽药进入环境后发生迁移转化造成了严重危害,包括抗生素耐药菌或耐药基因的产生、兽药在动植物源性食品和饮用水中的暴露间接影响人类健康、对非靶标动物的生态毒性等。作者就兽药在环境中的暴露、转归及对生态环境的主要影响进行了论述,并对药物的环境风险评估的重要性进行了阐述,针对降低兽药环境风险的措施提出了建议,以引起人们对兽药环境风险评估的关注和重视。     

Food animal veterinary medicine: leading a changing profession

The veterinary profession has gone through periods of profound change in response to economic and social changes. We are currently in another such period: profound change is required in order for the profession to remain relevant in a marketplace where a rapidly expanding knowledge base and new technologies demand an ever-increasing level of expertise in a greater variety of areas. However, the veterinary profession is perceived both internally and by the public as possessing a narrow set of skills that supports a narrow group of careers focused on salvaging ill or injured companion animals. It will be necessary to dramatically change the way veterinary students are recruited and trained, as well as how graduate veterinarians are licensed and provided continuing education, in order for the veterinary profession to capitalize on our historical strengths and provide service and leadership in a greater diversity of career paths. Even though the number of veterinarians needed to provide primary care for livestock is decreasing, both the level of expertise demanded by livestock owners and the value of veterinary involvement on livestock farms are increasing. Colleges of veterinary medicine appear challenged to meet the changing needs for veterinary services in animal agriculture because of the declining percentage of veterinary students interested in food animal careers. Fortunately for animal agriculture, the skill set needed by food animal veterinarians is also needed by several emerging segments of the veterinary profession that have tremendous potential for rapid growth, including employment in all segments of food production systems, environmental monitoring and management, bio-security and disease eradication, laboratory diagnostics, and federal regulatory and bio-defense roles. Like previous periods of profound change, this moment in history will require creative thought, open discussion, and a willingness to step into the unknown.     

Swiss veterinary drug compendium as a tool for reconversions

The new Swiss ordinance on veterinary drugs poses a new challenge to the veterinarians, specially those working with farm animals. A complete overview about the registered veterinary drugs and immunobiologicals is absolutely necessary to cope with these new tasks: the internet version of the Swiss Veterinary Drug Compendium is a versatile tool to satisfy this needs (http://www.tierarzneimittel.ch). Due to the frequent updates and powerful search possibilities, this database is a reliable and comprehensive information system regarding Swiss veterinary drugs. We will demonstrate how this system can be used as a valuable help in the case of reconversions of drugs (e.g. use of small animal drugs in farm animals).