典型红壤丘陵区土壤氮素含量及其分布的演变规律

通过对湖南省桃源县典型区域高密度采样分析和历史资料调研,探明了红壤丘陵区不同土地利用类型13年来(19902～2003)土壤氮素含量及其分布的变化:1)典型区域2003年的稻田氮素含量为1.94±0.02.g/kg,比1990年提高4.9%,主要分布区间由1990年的1.25～2.00.g/kg(分布频率为59.1%,下同)上升到2003年的1.50～2.25g/kg(77.1%),曲线图上呈近似正态分布向右偏态分布的演变趋势;2)旱土2003年的氮素含量为1.57±0.14.g/kg,比1990年提高18.0%,1990和2003年主要分布区间都为0.75～1.50.g/kg(58.2%～58.8%),但2003年分布在1.50～2.00.g/kg区间的频率为33.6%,比1990年的高出12.7个百分点,曲线图上由呈现左偏态分布向正态分布的演变趋势;3)以坡地橘园为主的林果地,2003年的氮素含量为1.15±0.02.g/kg,比1990年提高9.5%,两者的主要分布区间虽然均在0.75～1.50.g/kg之间,但2003年在此区间的分布频率为88.0%,比1990年的高出10.2个百分点,其演变趋势与稻田的基本一致;4)整个采样调研区域农业用地的土壤氮素含量,2003年的为1.58±0.03g/kg,比1990年提高3.3%。这表明在当前的施肥方式与经营管理条件下,红壤丘陵区农业用地的土壤氮素含量稳定并有增加的趋势。     

东北3 个典型黑土区土壤无机硫的形态分布

采用田间取样、室内分步浸提的方法, 系统研究了我国东北3 个典型黑土地区土壤无机硫的含量分布和形态特征。结果表明: 耕层(0~20 cm)黑土中无机硫含量占全硫的百分比为22%, 其中水溶性硫占6%, 吸附性硫占3%, 盐酸可溶性硫占13%。水溶性硫和吸附性硫含量表现为海伦>北安>公主岭, 盐酸可溶性硫含量为公主岭>海伦>北安。水溶性硫、吸附性硫含量随剖面的加深变化不大, 盐酸可溶性硫在115 cm 深度以下有一个积累的过程。土壤水溶性硫、吸附性硫与土壤有机质含量、阳离子交换量和<0.002 mm 黏粒含量呈显著或极显著正相关, 与pH 呈显著和极显著负相关; 盐酸可溶性硫含量和土壤电导率之间呈显著正相关。海伦地区黑土无机硫总量和盐酸可溶性硫含量随开垦年限增加明显下降, 呈显著负相关。     

土地利用方式影响黄棕壤有机质周转和分配

土地利用方式影响土壤有机质平衡和周转。选取南京信息工程大学农业气象实验站长期定位试验的3种利用方式即水稻小麦(稻麦)轮作、大豆小麦(豆麦)轮作和自然植被(休闲)土壤作为研究对象。将土壤筛分团聚体和进行密度分组,测定全土有机质含量和13C丰度、各组分有机质含量,计算全土有机质周转率和半衰期,以揭示土地利用方式对土壤有机质含量及稳定性的影响。结果表明:与休闲处理相比,稻麦轮作对全土有机质含量无明显影响,而豆麦轮作降低了全土有机质含量。稻麦轮作促进了微团聚体黏结形成大团聚体,增加了土壤团聚体的平均重量直径。密度组分的结果表明,稻麦轮作中土壤游离态轻组和闭蓄态轻组有机质含量均未见明显变化,这是保持全土有机质含量无明显增加的主控因素。稻麦轮作处理土壤有机质的高周转率和较短半衰期有利于土壤有机质的更新和养分的释放。豆麦轮作破坏了大团聚体,且有机质源输入较少,土壤有机质的周转率相对较低,不利于有机质的周转和保持其含量稳定。相关分析的结果证实,粒径大于1 mm团聚体、游离态轻组和闭蓄态轻组中有机质含量都与全土有机质含量显著正相关。上述结果表明,在黄棕壤区,稻麦轮作不仅可以保持土壤有机质的含量,还会促进土壤有机质的更新周转,从而提高土壤肥力水平,是未来农业可持续发展需要的科学有效耕作方式。     

银川平原土壤盐分及盐渍土的空间分布格局

系统认识和掌握盐渍土的空间分布特征,是治理改良盐渍土的基础。在总面积约6 184.9 km2的银川平原引黄灌区布设101个采样点,分层（0～180 cm）测定了土壤全盐量,应用地统计学方法结合GIS技术对其空间分布特征进行了研究。结果表明,银川平原各层土壤盐分的分布类型均比较复杂,呈高度的偏态分布。土壤盐分的变异属于中等变异强度。0～120 cm土层盐分的空间相关距离一般在20～28 km;而深层（＞120 cm）土壤的空间相关距离较大,约34 km。银川平原表层土壤属于非盐化土、轻度、中度、重度盐渍土和盐土的土地面积分别为0、1 508.8、3 614.9、982.6和78.6 km2,总体属于中度和轻度盐化土类型,且呈现一定的盐分表聚趋势。重度盐渍土和盐土主要分布在银北的石嘴山市、平罗县、惠农县一带和银南的部分地区。总体来说,银川平原的土壤盐渍化现象依然严重,应加强研究与治理改良。     

玛纳斯河流域土壤类型空间分布格局分析

以玛纳斯河流域为例,运用G IS技术和景观生态学原理,对土壤类型空间分布格局进行了定量分析,得出以下结论:(1)玛纳斯河流域各土壤类型的分离度指数大多集中在0~3之间,各土壤类型的分布相对比较集中;(2)玛纳斯河流域土壤空间分形结构特征客观存在;(3)玛纳斯河流域各土壤类型的斑块形状复杂性差距较大。分维数最大的是草甸盐土,为1.709,土壤斑块的镶嵌结构最复杂。平均形状指数最大的是新积土,为3.684,土壤斑块的长短轴之比较大,斑块形状偏离正方形或圆形的程度较大;(4)玛纳斯河流域土壤类型多样性指数为3.037,均匀度指数为0.803,表明研究区内各土壤类型的异质性和多样性较高;(5)土壤类型的优势度指数为2.465,斑块密度指数为0.027,表明流域内的土壤是由半固定风沙土等少数几种土壤类型所控制。     

Co-incorporation of rice straw and leguminous green manure can increase soil available nitrogen (N) and reduce carbon and N losses: An incubation study

Returning rice straw and leguminous green manure alone or in combination to soil is effective in improving soil fertility in South China.Despite the popularity of this practice,our understanding of the underlying processes for straw and manure combined application is relatively poor.In this study,rice straw(carbon(C)/nitrogen(N) ratio of 63),green manure(hairy vetch,C/N ratio of 14),and their mixtures(C/N ratio of 25 and 35) were added into a paddy soil,and their effects on soil N availability a...     

Natural N abundances of inorganic nitrogen in soil treated with fertilizer and compost under changing soil moisture regimes

This study was conducted to examine whether the applications of N-inputs (compost and fertilizer) having different N isotopic compositions (δ¹⁵N) produce isotopically different inorganic-N and to investigate the effect of soil moisture regimes on the temporal variations in the δ¹⁵N of inorganic-N in soils. To do so, the temporal variations in the concentrations and the δ¹⁵N of NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ in soils treated with two levels (0 and 150 mg N kg⁻¹) of ammonium sulfate (δ¹⁵N=−2.3‰) and compost (+13.9‰) during a 10-week incubation were compared by changing soil moisture regime after 6 weeks either from saturated to unsaturated conditions or vice versa. Another incubation study using ¹⁵N-labeled ammonium sulfate (3.05 ¹⁵N atom%) was conducted to estimate the rates of nitrification and denitrification with a numerical model FLUAZ. The δ¹⁵N values of NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ were greatly affected by the availability of substrate for each of the nitrification and denitrification processes and the soil moisture status that affects the relative predominance between the two processes. Under saturated conditions for 6 weeks, the δ¹⁵N of NH₄⁺ in soils treated with fertilizer progressively increased from +2.9‰ at 0.5 week to +18.9‰ at 6 weeks due to nitrification. During the same period, NO₃⁻ concentrations were consistently low and the corresponding δ¹⁵N increased from +16.3 to +39.2‰ through denitrification. Under subsequent water-unsaturated conditions, the NO₃⁻ concentrations increased through nitrification, which resulted in the decrease in the δ¹⁵N of NO₃⁻. In soils, which were unsaturated for the first 6-weeks incubation, the δ¹⁵N of NH₄⁺ increased sharply at 0.5 week due to fast nitrification. On the other hand, the δ¹⁵N of NO₃⁻ showed the lowest value at 0.5 week due to incomplete nitrification, but after a subsequence increase, they remained stable while nitrification and denitrification were negligible between 1 and 6 weeks. Changing to saturated conditions after the initial 6-weeks incubation, however, increased the δ¹⁵N of NO₃⁻ progressively with a concurrent decrease in NO₃⁻ concentration through denitrification. The differences in δ¹⁵N of NO⁻₃ between compost and fertilizer treatments were consistent throughout the incubation period. The δ¹⁵N of NO₃⁻ increased with the addition of compost (range: +13.0 to +35.4‰), but decreased with the addition of fertilizer (−10.8 to +11.4‰), thus resulting in intermediate values in soils receiving both fertilizer and compost (−3.5 to +20.3‰). Therefore, such differences in δ¹⁵N of NO₃⁻ observed in this study suggest a possibility that the δ¹⁵N of upland-grown plants receiving compost would be higher than those treated with fertilizer because NO₃⁻ is the most abundant N for plant uptake in upland soils.     

环渤海沿海区域土壤养分空间变异及分布格局

大尺度研究土壤养分空间变异和分布,是实现区域平衡施肥和精准化农业的重要前提,大批量土壤养分的实验室分析比较费时费力且耗资较大,地统计及GIS插值技术可以有效解决这一问题。利用432个采样点,进行环渤海沿海区域0~30 cm和30~60 cm土层土壤养分空间变异和空间分布格局研究。土壤养分指标包括土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、有机质及全氮。对各土壤养分指标进行传统统计和地统计分析并采用kriging进行空间插值成图。结果表明:同一养分指标变异程度在0~30 cm和30~60 cm土层均相近;各养分指标在两土层均具有良好的空间结构性;研究区土壤有效磷和速效钾含量相对丰富,碱解氮、有机质和全氮含量较缺乏,总体而言本研究区域土壤养分较缺乏,30~60 cm土层各养分含量较0~30 cm土层更加缺乏。     

Methane oxidation in a temperate coniferous forest soil: effects of inorganic N

Methane oxidation rates were measured in soils obtained from a coniferous forest in northern England. The effects of depth and added K⁺ (K₂SO₄), NH₄⁺ ((NH₄)₂SO₄) and NO₃⁻ (KNO₃) on potential CH₄ oxidation were investigated in a series of laboratory incubations. The humus (H) layer soil showed much greater CH₄ oxidation rates than the other soil layers, with maximal rates of 53 and 226 ng CH₄ gdw⁻¹ h⁻¹ when incubated with initial 10 and 1000 μl CH₄ l⁻¹, respectively. Additions of the solutes K⁺, NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ showed differing degrees of inhibition on CH₄ oxidation, which varied with the initial CH₄ concentration, the ion added, and the ion concentration. In general, inhibition by the ions was slightly greater for incubations with an initial concentration of 1000 μl CH₄ l⁻¹ than for 10 μl CH₄ l⁻¹ under otherwise identical conditions. For K⁺ and NH₄⁺ treatments, inhibitory rates were usually less than 15%, but at high K⁺ and NH₄⁺ concentrations inhibition could reach 50%, the inhibitory effects of NH₄⁺ were consistently slightly greater than those of K⁺ at the same concentration. In marked contrast to NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻ showed a very strong inhibitory effect. Added NO₃⁻ and NO₂⁻ produced via added NO₃⁻ reduction in anaerobic ‘microsites’ are probably toxic to CH₄-oxidizing bacteria. These results, together with those from other reports, suggest that NO₃⁻ may have a greater importance in the inhibition of CH₄ oxidation in forest soils than that attributed to NH₄⁺ and needs to be investigated in a wide range of soil types from various forests.     

Content and distribution pattern of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in soils of Moscow

The content and distribution pattern of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites (DDE and DDD) in the surface layers of soils in Moscow are studied. The residual content of these substances in the soils varies within 2.22–1440 µg/kg (at a mean value of 158.9 ± 314.1 µg/kg and median 42.53 µg/kg). The correlation between the contents of DDT and its metabolites and DDD and organic matter is revealed. The highest contents of the pollutants are seen in the residential–transport and industrial zones of Moscow, while their lowest contents are revealed in the soils of the yards of preschool facilities and schools. With respect to the residual contents of the pesticide, most of the soils of Moscow can be considered uncontaminated (80.0%) and acceptably contaminated (7.5%).     

等氮条件下长期有机无机配施对春玉米的氮素吸收利用和土壤无机氮的影响

【目的】研究等氮量投入条件下,长期使用不同有机物料替代无机肥的适宜比例对玉米氮养分累积、运移和氮肥利用效率和产量的影响,可以为吉林黑土区春玉米高效施肥,维持并提高土壤肥力提供理论依据。【方法】以国家(公主岭)黑土肥力与肥料效益长期定位试验为研究平台,玉米品种郑单958为供试作物,设5个不同处理,即:不施肥(CK)、氮肥(N)、氮磷钾化肥(NPK)、粪肥+NPK(MNPK)、秸秆还田+NPK(SNPK)。在玉米苗期、拔节期、大喇叭口期、抽丝期、灌浆期和成熟期采集地上部植株样品,分析玉米植株不同部位的氮含量和累积量以及运移比例,计算氮肥利用效率。【结果】在玉米各生育时期,MNPK处理氮素累积量均高于NPK和SNPK处理;拔节期至大喇叭口期氮素累积量为19.67~86.44 kg/hm2,其中MNPK氮素累积量达到86.44 kg/hm2,为氮素累积量增加最多、吸收速率最快的时期;在成熟期,MNPK、NPK、SNPK、N和CK处理植株氮素总累积量分别达到286.2、276.2、249.4、151.7和63.6 kg/hm2,SNPK处理氮素累积量略低于NPK处理,MNPK显著高于NPK和SNPK(P0.05)。MNPK、SNPK、NPK和N处理中,叶和茎鞘总氮素转移量分别为99.0、79.7、87.2和41.8 kg/hm2,总的转移氮素对籽粒的贡献率分别为51.0%、47.7%、47.2%和43.4%,以MNPK处理的总氮素转移量和转移氮素对籽粒贡献率最高,与其他处理差异显著。在各处理中,MNPK、NPK和SNPK三个处理的氮肥偏生产力(PFP)均大于60kg/kg,以MNPK最高,达到65.4 kg/kg。与化肥NPK处理比较,SNPK氮素偏生产力和收获指数差异不显著。MNPK处理土壤无机氮的含量在玉米整个生育期一直高于化肥NPK处理,并在玉米大喇叭口期达到最高,达到60.83 mg/kg,并与其他处理差异显著。【结论】长期有机无机配合施用,不仅能有效调节氮素积累和转运,还能提高氮肥利用效率。在适宜氮用量为165 kg/hm2时,以农家肥氮替代70%,或秸秆氮替代30%化肥氮素,既减少化肥氮投入,又增加了土壤供氮能力,因此,有机肥氮替代部分化肥氮是吉林省黑土区春玉米氮素管理的有效途径之一。     

Rapid determination of inorganic and methyl mercury in fish

A method has been developed that uses a mixed solution of NaOH, NaCl and cysteine to digest fish. Inorganic Hg and MgHg were determined by cold vapor atomic absorption (CVAAS) using a selective reduction step with SnCl₂ and SnCL₂-solutions. Ethyl alcohol was satisfactorily used to prevent excessive foaming. Two optimum digestion procedures were established: (1) using a dry block heater at 90 °C for 1 hr and (2) overnight digestion at 25 to 30 °C. Differences between both were not significant (95%) in the range of 30 to 500 ng g^?1 Hg (II) and MeHg in fish. Reduction of the Hg signal due to matrix effects in different fish species was evaluated (95 to 60%). Oily fish, shrimp and lobsters gave the highest reduction. Internal calibration by addition of Hg standards are strongly recommended when exact determinations are needed. The detection limit obtained was near 10 ng g^?1. Signals were linear in the concentration range studied (30 to 500 ng g^?1). Accuracy of analyses was in the order of 5% or better, with a relative standard deviation of 5%. The method could be applied to other environmental matrices: hair, urine and blood, with some modifications.     

Earthworm excreta (mucus and urine) affect the distribution of springtails in forest soils

The collembolan species Heteromurus nitidus, exclusively located in soils at pH>5, can be cultured in acidic humus. As this species is attracted to the excreta of earthworms from calcic mull, its distribution is supposed to be determined only indirectly by soil pH through the distribution of earthworms. Higher densities and biomasses of Lumbricidae were observed in a calcic mull (pH 7.8) than in an acidic mull (pH 4.8) and a moder humus (pH 4.2). Choice experiments were performed to compare the attraction of H. nitidus to the mucus-urine mix of five earthworm species from the calcic mull and the acidic mull. H. nitidus was attracted to the excreta of the five species, whatever their ecological category and the humus form from which they originated. The collembolan Heteromurus major, which was indifferent to soil pH, was not attracted to earthworm excreta, which emphasizes the significance of this phenomenon for the distribution of H. nitidus over a pH range. The attraction of H. nitidus to earthworm excreta tended to be weaker and more variable when earthworms originated from acidic mull compared to calcic mull, particularly in the case of Lumbricus terrestris. Increased earthworm density reinforced by better mucus quality and quantity could determine the distribution of H. nitidus according to soil acidity. The only urine compound capable of attracting H. nitidus was NH₃ at a low concentration (0.03 g l^-1). The NH₃ content of the mucus-urine mix which attracted H. nitidus was 0.037 g l^-1, and was therefore responsible, at least partly, for the attraction.     

Nutrient release pattern of organic and inorganic resources used in cassava production (Manihot esculenta Crantz)

The major constraint in the promotion of organic farming, a safe and sustainable alternative, is lack of availability of quality organic resources in sufficient quantities. The quality of resources can be ascertained by monitoring its nutrient release pattern, which has not yet been attempted. A controlled condition pot experiment was conducted at ICAR-Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram, India, in completely randomized design to study the nutrient dynamics of various organic and inorganic resources, commonly used in cassava production, at monthly intervals up to six months. The release of almost all nutrients and activity of soil enzymes were higher at the middle (3 or 4?months) of the incubation period. The pH showed an increasing trend and electrical conductivity, organic C and Fe content declined from initial. Averaging over stages, organic practice favored the activity of soil enzymes and release of almost all nutrients over conventional system significantly, except N.     

有机物料及无机氮对耕地黑土团聚体水稳性的影响

用室内模拟试验研究了有机C、无机N添加对耕地黑土不同粒级团聚体水稳性的影响。结果表明 ,在不添加任何物料的湿培养条件下 ,随团聚体粒径增大抵抗浸水分散能力减弱 ;添加葡萄糖和玉米根干粉对 1mm水稳团聚体有良好保护作用 ,但不能保护小粒径的团聚体。单纯添加无机N会引起耕地黑土团聚体水稳性下降。     

Comparison of phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and total soil fatty acid methyl esters (TSFAME) for characterizing soil microbial communities

Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and total soil fatty acid methyl esters (TSFAME), both lipid-based approaches used to characterize microbial communities, were compared with respect to their reliable detection limits, extraction precision, and ability to differentiate agricultural soils. Two sets of soil samples, representing seven crop types from California's Central Valley, were extracted using PLFA and TSFAME procedures. PLFA analysis required 10 times more soil than TSFAME analysis to obtain a reliable microbial community fingerprint and total fatty acid content measurement. Although less soil initially was extracted with TSFAME, total fatty acid (FA) content g⁻¹ soil (DW) was more than 7-fold higher in TSFAME- versus PLFA-extracted samples. Sample extraction precision was much lower with TSFAME analysis than PLFA analysis, with the coefficient of variation between replicates being as much as 4-fold higher with TSFAME extraction. There were significant differences between PLFA- and TSFAME-extracted samples when biomarker pool sizes (mol% values) for bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi were compared. Correspondence analysis (CA) of PLFA and TSFAME samples indicated that extraction method had the greatest influence on sample FA composition. Soil type also influenced FA composition, with samples grouping by soil type with both extraction methods. However, separate CAs of PLFA- and TSFAME extracted samples depicted strong differences in underlying sample groupings. Recommendations for the selection of extraction method are presented and discussed.     

Temporal variation in pools of amino acids, inorganic and microbial N in a temperate grassland soil

Plants can take up intact amino acids, even in competition with soil microbes, yet we lack detailed information on which amino acids dominate the soil and whether amino acid composition varies seasonally. This study tested the hypotheses that 1) the pool of amino acid N is generally larger than inorganic N; 2) temporal changes in the concentration of amino acid N is related to changes in the size of the microbial N pool; and 3) amino acid N is dominated by simple, neutral amino acids during warm months, whereas during cold months the amino acid N is dominated by more complex aromatic and basic amino acids. Approximately every month for two years we collected soil from a temperate, sub-alpine grassland in the Snowy Mountains of Australia. We quantified exchangeable pools of amino acids, nitrate and ammonium in 1 M KCl extracts. Microbial N was quantified by chloroform fumigation. Averaged across the 21 monthly samples, nitrate was 13% of the quantified pool of soluble non-protein N, ammonium was 34% and amino acid N was 53%. These data are consistent with our hypothesis that the pool of amino acid N is larger than inorganic N. There was substantial variation between months in concentrations of amino acids and inorganic N, but no clear temporal pattern. Microbial N did not vary between months, and thus changes in amino acid N were unrelated to microbial N. Principal components analysis indicated multivariate groupings of the different pools of N that were broadly indicative of function and/or biosynthetic relationships. Thus PCA identified a grouping of aromatic amino acids (Phe and Try) with amino acids derived from oxaloacetate (Asp, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile), and a second group comprising microbial N, nitrate and glycine. The pool of exchangeable amino acid N was dominated by Arg (26% of amino N) Val (20%) Gln (18%), Try (8%) and Asn (8%). Contrary to our hypothesis, the composition of the amino acid pool did not vary in a consistent way between months, and there was no evidence simple amino acids were relatively more abundant in warm months and complex amino acids in cool months.     

Influence of inorganic soil N,yield potential,and market class on irrigated spring wheat response to N

Abstract

Fertilizer N recommendations for small grains are frequently based on soil test N but data is limited for irrigated spring wheat. The relative grain yield response of irrigated spring wheat to N as affected by inorganic soil N (NO₃‐N and NH₄‐N), yield potential and market class was evaluated in thirteen Southern Idaho field experiments involving N rates. Experiments were conducted on silt loam soils from 1978 to 1986. Preplant soil NO₃‐N and NH₄‐N to a depth of 60 cm and ranging from 27 to 142 kg/ha accounted for approximately 73% of the relative yield variability. NO₃‐N and NH₄‐N were significantly correlated (r=.72). NH₄‐N with NO₃‐N did not account for more of the relative yield variability than using NO₃‐N alone.

Inorganic N in the first 30 cm and the second 30 cm were significantly correlated (r=.69) but N in the first depth increment accounted for more of the relative yield variability. The linear regression coefficient relating inorganic N in the first 30 cm to relative yield of unfertilized spring wheat was almost twice as high as the coefficient for the second 30 cm increment (.50 vs .27). Results indicate that inorganic N below 30 cm should be weighted differently than N in the first 30 cm when determining the N requirements of irrigated spring wheat.

Yield potential significantly affected the relative yield response to N. The response to N was not significantly affected by spring wheat market class (hard red vs soft white).

For estimating fertilizer N requirements, the results provide little justification for the current widespread practices of (1) using the combined NH₄‐N and NO₃‐N inorganic soil test N values when NO₃‐N alone has as much predictive value and (2) assigning equal weight to inorganic soil N at all sampling depths.     

Land use affects the distribution of soil inorganic nitrogen in smallholder production systems in Kenya

 We hypothesized that the integration of trees and shrubs in agricultural landscapes can reduce NO₃ ^– leaching and increase utilization of subsoil N. A field survey was conducted on 14 farms on acid soils in the subhumid highlands of Kenya, where there is little use of fertilizers, to determine the effect of vegetation types (VT) on soil NH₄ ⁺ and NO₃ ^– to 4 m depth. The VT included maize (Zea mays) with poor growth and good growth, Markhamia lutea trees scattered in maize, natural weed fallow, banana (Musa spp.), hedgerow, and eucalyptus woodlot. The effect of VT on NH₄ ⁺ was small (<1 mg N kg^–1). NO₃ ^– within a VT was about constant with depth below 0.25 m, but subsoil NO₃ ^– varied greatly among VT. Mean NO₃ ^–-N concentrations at 0.5–4 m depth were low beneath hedgerow and woodlot (<0.2 mg kg^–1), intermediate beneath weed fallow (0.2–0.7 mg kg^–1), banana (0.5–1.0 mg kg^–1) and markhamia (0.5–1.6 mg kg^–1), and high beneath both poor (1.0–2.1 mg kg^–1) and good (1.9–3.1 mg kg^–1) maize. Subsoil NO₃ ^– (0.5–4 m) was agronomically significant after maize harvest with 37 kg N ha^–1 m^–1 depth of subsoil beneath good maize and 27 kg N ha^–1 m^–1 depth beneath poor maize. In contrast, subsoil NO₃ ^– was only 2 kg N ha^–1 m^–1 depth beneath woodlot and hedgerow. These results demonstrate that the integration of perennial vegetation and the rotation of annual and perennial crops can tighten N cycling in agricultural landscapes. Received: 8 July 1999     

客土造林后滨海盐碱地土壤盐分分布及影响因素分析

土壤盐碱化问题严重制约着盐碱地生态绿化环境和农业可持续发展。为研究客土造林后滨海盐碱地土壤盐碱化状况的空间分布格局及影响因素,该研究开展实地调查采样,结合地统计学、经典统计学和Kriging插值等方法分析徐圩新区滨海盐碱地0～10、>10～20、>20～40、>40～60、>60～100 cm土层土壤盐分分布格局及其影响因素。结果表明：1）研究区5个土层土壤电导率均为中等强度变异,pH值是弱变异。大多数土层土壤电导率和pH表现为弱空间相关性,由随机因素引起的空间变异性较弱,自相关引起的空间变异性较强。水平方向上看,研究区从西向东盐碱程度逐步加深,垂直方向上,土壤电导率随着土层深度增加而不断变大;2）研究区客土0～100cm土层土壤电导率均值为2.91 dS/m,属于轻度盐渍化土;原土0～100cm土层土壤电导率均值为31.00 dS/m,属于极重度盐渍化土,原土上只有极少数耐盐作物能自然正常生长。客土土壤电导率明显低于原土,但pH值与原土差异不大,客土土壤盐分表聚和底聚现象明显,存在返盐返碱的问题,长期来看,客土造林并不是该地区绿化最好的方式。3）影响研究区土壤电导率的因素有河流湖泊水体电导率和pH值、土壤pH值、海拔、植被、气候等。研究对于提高重度盐碱土的开发利用率和改善景观绿地建设,指导制定精准盐碱地综合改良措施、管理制度等提供参考依据。