Essential cytoplasmic translocation of a cytokine receptor-assembled signaling complex

Cytokine signaling is thought to require assembly of multicomponent signaling complexes at cytoplasmic segments of membrane-embedded receptors, in which receptor-proximal protein kinases are activated. Indeed, CD40, a tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family member, forms a complex containing adaptor molecules TRAF2 and TRAF3, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Ubc13, cellular inhibitor of apoptosis proteins 1 and 2 (c-IAP1/2), IkappaB kinase regulatory subunit IKKgamma (also called NEMO), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase kinase MEKK1 upon ligation. TRAF2, Ubc13, and IKKgamma were required for complex assembly and activation of MEKK1 and MAPK cascades. However, these kinases were not activated unless the multicomponent signaling complex translocated from CD40 to the cytosol upon c-IAP1/2-induced degradation of TRAF3. This two-stage signaling mechanism may apply to other innate immune receptors, accounting for spatial and temporal separation of MAPK and IKK signaling.     

应用重组抗原建立检测牛传染性胸膜肺炎的间接ELISA方法

 【目的】丝状支原体丝状亚种SC（Mycoplasma mycoides subsp mycoides SC，MmmSC）是引起牛传染性胸膜肺炎（contagious bovine pleuropneumonia，CBPP）的病原体。成熟的脂蛋白LppQ N端是亲水性的，在自然感染和人工感染时，特异性免疫反应产生早，持续时间长，抗体滴度高，因此有理由相信脂蛋白LppQ N端片段将有可能成为一种理想的CBPP诊断抗原。【方法】由于TGA密码子在支原体中编码色氨酸（Trp），而在细菌中则为终止密码子，故利用一步重叠延伸PCR突变方法体外诱变中国生产抗原用毒株HVRI Ⅹ的lppQ基因进行原核表达，利用重组抗原建立间接ELISA方法。【结果】序列分析表明，将lppQ基因第198位的A成功突变为G， 并将突变后的脂蛋白LppQ N端基因片段插入原核表达载体pET32a的多克隆位点，构建了原核表达载体。重组菌经诱导后，表达出了分子量约为42 kD、带有6个组氨酸标签的重组融合蛋白，纯化后蛋白质纯度高达95%，Western blot结果显示，重组蛋白具有很好的免疫活性。将纯化的蛋白质稀释至0.35 ?g·ml-1，包被酶标反应板，优化反应条件，P/N为4.8（0.934/0.193）。应用TG-ROC统计软件分析确定阴阳性血清临界OD值为0.376，敏感性为95.8%（46/48）， 特异性为98.9%（161/163）。应用间接ELISA和补体结合试验（CFT）对来自3个省自治区3 817头份牛血清进行了检测。【结论】Kappa值为0.63，两种方法存在中、高度一致性。     

水稻GS3蛋白及其与Gβ蛋白复合物的表达及结晶初筛

【目的】阐明GS3蛋白在水稻中的调控机制,为解析植物G蛋白的结构及完善G蛋白的调控网络打下基础。【方法】分别采用表达载体pGEX-6p-1和pET-28b-sumo诱导表达GS3蛋白N端结构域OSR和GS3蛋白C端结构域,再使用凝胶过滤柱Superdex 200/7510/300和阴例子交换层析柱Mono Q 5/50纯化表达蛋白,通过筛选优化晶体和X射线衍射的方法对GS3及GS3与Gβ共表达复合物的结构进行研究。【结果】将构建的重组蛋白OSR-pGEX-6p-1与GβN- pET-28b-sumo转入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中共表达,经GST beads亲和层析可获得2条条带,分别为OSR-GST(31 kD)和GβN-sumo(26 kD),再过Ni2+ beads亲和层析同样有2条条带,而SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳结果显示有4条条带,分别为GST(26 kD)、sumo(17 kD)、GβN(9 kD)和OSR(5 kD)。经阴例子交换层析柱Mono Q 5/50分离纯化可获得GβN(9 kD)和OSR(5 kD)二者的复合物。将纯化后的复合物浓缩至12 mg/mL进行晶体初筛,但未获得结晶。【结论】GS3和Gβ互作是通过GS3蛋白N端结构域OSR与Gβ N端结构域的结合而实现,其结果符合经典的G蛋白异源三聚体模型。     

Biochemistry. All in the ubiquitin family

The job of a protein can be altered by addition of molecules such as ubiquitin or the related ubiquitin-like modifiers, which bring about changes in the protein's localization, conformation, or its interactions with other proteins. In a comprehensive Perspective, Hochstrasser brings us up to date with the many new members of the ubiquitin modifier family and their multitudinous and diverse protein targets.     

氮磷化肥用量与配比对冬小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响

本文运用条区设计设置的试验结果,分析了氮磷化肥对籽粒产量、蛋白质含量和蛋白质产量的主效和互作。氮对三个指标的影响都极显著;磷对籽粒产量和蛋白质产量影响极显著,而对蛋白质含量无显著影响;氮磷对蛋白质含量的影响无显著交互作用,而对籽粒和蛋白质产量的影响都有显著互作效应。对籽粒产量和蛋白质产量进行综合分析,最优氮磷组合为N_(12)∶P_(12)或N_(16)_∶P_8(公斤/亩),就此还分析了氮、磷取不同水平时氮磷的最优组合问题。籽粒产量、蛋白质含量和蛋白质产量间两两呈极显著正相关;但蛋白质产量与籽粒产量的相关系数高于蛋白质产量与蛋白质含量的相关系数。说明通过提高籽粒产量比通过提高蛋白质含量来提高蛋白质产量较为容易。但也存在通过栽培措施使籽粒产量和蛋白质含量同时提高的可能性。     

Cytoskeletal regulation by the Nedd8 ubiquitin-like protein modification pathway

The Nedd8 ubiquitin-like protein modification pathway regulates cell-cycle progression. Our analysis of Nedd8 requirements during Caenorhabditis elegans embryogenesis indicates that the cytoskeleton is another target. Nedd8 conjugation negatively regulated contractility of the microfilament-rich cell cortex during pronuclear migration and again during cytokinesis. The Nedd8 pathway also was required after meiosis to negatively regulate katanin, a microtubule-severing complex, permitting the assembly of a large mitotic spindle. We propose that Nedd8-modified cullin, as part of an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, targets katanin for degradation during the transition from meiosis to mitosis.     

SARS-CoV核衣壳蛋白的体外表达及单克隆抗体功能鉴定

为对SARS N蛋白的功能进行研究,并建立快速、方便的诊断方法,将已克隆、构建成功的重组质粒PGEX-4T/N转化至E.coli BL21中,IPTG诱导表达,表达产物与兔源GST多抗在66 kD处有很强的反应性,融合蛋白GST-N分别通过GSTrap FF 1 mL纯化柱和割胶纯化两种方法获得了具有生物活性和变性的融合蛋白.其蛋白浓度分别为0.85 mg/mL和0.433 mg/mL.利用纯化的GST-N蛋白免疫SPF BALB/c小鼠,获得4株能稳定传代并分泌抗SARS N单克隆抗体(mAb)的杂交瘤细胞,分别命名为3E5、6B9、4C2、4B7,经Western blot分析表明,所获得的4株抗SARS N单克隆抗体与纯化的N蛋白均具有特异反应性,且不与禽冠状病毒的N蛋白发生反应.     

Function and molecular mechanism of acetylation in autophagy regulation

Protein acetylation emerged as a key regulatory mechanism for many cellular processes. We used genetic analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to identify Esa1 as a histone acetyltransferase required for autophagy. We further identified the autophagy signaling component Atg3 as a substrate for Esa1. Specifically, acetylation of K19 and K48 of Atg3 regulated autophagy by controlling Atg3 and Atg8 interaction and lipidation of Atg8. Starvation induced transient K19-K48 acetylation through spatial and temporal regulation of the localization of acetylase Esa1 and the deacetylase Rpd3 on pre-autophagosomal structures (PASs) and their interaction with Atg3. Attenuation of K19-K48 acetylation was associated with attenuation of autophagy. Increased K19-K48 acetylation after deletion of the deacetylase Rpd3 caused increased autophagy. Thus, protein acetylation contributes to control of autophagy.     

不同H9N2亚型鸭流感病毒NS1基因克隆和功能进化分析

禽流感病毒（AIV）在高免疫压力情况下会发生变异而逃避免疫系统的监视。其NS1蛋白共有230个氨基酸,其中前73个氨基酸残基以二聚体形式存在,包含了所有RNA的结合活性。NS1的氨基端1—73位是mRNA的结合区,氨基端1—100位是双股RNA依赖性蛋白激酶（PKR）的结合区。PKR抗病毒作用机制如下：病毒侵染宿主细胞时,在宿主干扰素的诱导下,双股RNA与PKR结合,同时真核翻译启动子α亚单位发生磷酸化,导致PKR的激活。激活的PKR能同时抑制宿主细胞和病毒mRNA的翻译,从而最终抑制入侵病毒在细胞中的有效繁殖和扩散。     

蛋白质磷酸化对肌动球蛋白解离及其乙酰化水平的影响

[目的]研究肌球蛋白重链和肌动蛋白磷酸化对其乙酰化水平、肌动球蛋白解离及ATP酶活性的影响,为通过调控磷酸化水平改善肉品嫩度提供理论依据.[方法]以羊背最长肌为材料制备肌肉匀浆液,采用碱性磷酸酶抑制剂(抑制去磷酸化)和蛋白激酶抑制剂(抑制磷酸化)调控其磷酸化水平,在4℃分别孵育0、0.5、4、12、24、48和72 h...     

抗猪流行性腹泻病毒N蛋白单克隆抗体制备及部分特性鉴定

以原核表达系统pGEX-6p-1-N/BL21经IPTG诱导表达的重组PEDV N-GST融合蛋白作为免疫抗原,免疫BALB/c小鼠,运用淋巴细胞杂交瘤技术,制备单克隆抗体,用原核表达系统T12-pPROHTa/BL21经IPTG诱导表达的PEDV N蛋白做筛选抗原,通过间接ELISA进行筛选,获得两株抗PEDV N蛋白杂交瘤细胞,命名为2E3、4C6。亚类鉴定为IgG1和IgG2a型,均为к链抗体,染色体数平均为(91±7)对。用制备的单抗与pGEX-6p-1-N/BL21、T12-pPROHTa/BL21诱导表达后的菌体裂解物做Western Blot试验,在不同载体表达的N蛋白处出现明显的特异性条带;通过间接ELISA做病原检测,这两株单抗不与TGEV、PRV和PrV发生交叉反应,而与PEDV显示良好的特异性反应。     

棉铃虫不同地理种群滞育诱导的光敏感性的比较

为探明棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera)滞育诱导的)光敏感性的地理变异,本文系统调查了棉铃虫江西永修种群、山东泰安种群和辽宁喀佐种群幼虫在20℃,交替接受长光周期(L16:D8)和短光周期(L12:D12)下的滞育诱导的光敏感阶段.当用5d长光周期干扰生长在短光周期(L12:D12)背景条件下的幼虫时,最高光敏感期:永修种群出现在4龄第4天至5龄第3天(77.5％～ 93.7％个体发育),泰安种群出现在3龄第5天至5龄第1天(64.06％～ 89.55％个体发育),喀佐种群出现在第6龄(57.69％～60.78％个体发育).当泰安和喀佐种群幼虫分别饲养在交替的短光周期(L12:D12)和长光周期(L16:D8)时,泰安种群幼虫光敏感龄期主要出现在5龄前,而喀佐种群幼虫光敏感龄期主要出现在4龄后.这些结果揭示了棉铃虫滞育诱导的光敏感性存在地理变异.     

狂犬病病毒核蛋白的原核表达及纯化

采用RT-PCR方法扩增出狂犬病病毒(RV)CVS株核蛋白(N)基因,并将目的基因亚克隆入原表达载体pET-28 a(+)中,经PCR、双酶切以及序列分析,结果表明:已成功构建了重组质粒.将重组质粒转化至大肠埃希氏菌Rossetta(DE3),在37℃,1 mmol/L IPTG条件下进行诱导表达.诱导产物经SDS-PAGE分析,在分子量约为54 KD附近出现较粗的目的带,与预期的目的蛋白分子量相符合.经表达条件优化,用1 mmol/LIPTG在37℃诱导表达5 h,表达量达到最高,Western-Blotting鉴定目的蛋白有较强的免疫原性.为狂犬病毒的N蛋白的新型疫苗的制备奠定了基础.     

Phosphorylation of the autophagy receptor optineurin restricts Salmonella growth

Selective autophagy can be mediated via receptor molecules that link specific cargoes to the autophagosomal membranes decorated by ubiquitin-like microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) modifiers. Although several autophagy receptors have been identified, little is known about mechanisms controlling their functions in vivo. In this work, we found that phosphorylation of an autophagy receptor, optineurin, promoted selective autophagy of ubiquitin-coated cytosolic Salmonella enterica. The protein kinase TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1) phosphorylated optineurin on serine-177, enhancing LC3 binding affinity and autophagic clearance of cytosolic Salmonella. Conversely, ubiquitin- or LC3-binding optineurin mutants and silencing of optineurin or TBK1 impaired Salmonella autophagy, resulting in increased intracellular bacterial proliferation. We propose that phosphorylation of autophagy receptors might be a general mechanism for regulation of cargo-selective autophagy.