CONCENTRATIONS AND FLUXES OF DISSOLVED NUTRIENTS IN THE YANGTZE RIVER: LONG-TERM TRENDS AND ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS

• Historic trends in nutrient loading and flux in the Yangtze River were analyzed• Decreasing trends in the concentrations and fluxes of DSi were found• Significant increasing trends in DIN and DIP concentrations were observed• The frequency of and area covered by red tide outbreaks substantially increased• Atmospheric deposition become a vital factor influencing DIN loadings and fluxesIntensifying human activity in the Yangtze River basin has substantially increased nutrient concentrations in the Yangtze River Estuary, leading to degradation of the coastal environment. Analysis of nutrient determinations published over the past 50 years reveals a gradual decreasing trend in the concentrations and fluxes of dissolved silicate (DSi). However, both dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) concentrations have increased significantly since the 1970s. The frequency of and area covered by red tide outbreaks have increased greatly during this period, mainly due to changes in nutrient supply ratios [i.e., N/P (DIN/DIP), N/Si (DIN/DSi), P/Si (DIP/DSi)]. A strong correlation was found between the riverine DIN fluxes and the estimated DIN inputs from the major N sources, particularly fertilizers and atmospheric deposition. The data provide a comprehensive assessment of nutrients in the Yangtze River basin and their ecological impacts and indicate a potentially significant influence of atmospheric deposition on DIN loadings and fluxes.     

大气氮沉降的研究进展*

 大气氮沉降的增加作为全球变化的重要内容,反映了人类活动加剧导致的大气活性氮污染,已经并将继续对全球生态系统产生重大影响。本文简要介绍了大气氮素干湿沉降的研究方法,回顾了国内外大气氮沉降形态、数量等方面的研究进展及大气氮沉降对水体、森林、农田生态系统的影响,并探讨了该领域目前存在的问题及未来的研究重点和方向。     

Long-term change in the nitrogen cycle of tropical forests

Deposition of reactive nitrogen (N) from human activities has large effects on temperate forests where low natural N availability limits productivity but is not known to affect tropical forests where natural N availability is often much greater. Leaf N and the ratio of N isotopes (δ(15)N) increased substantially in a moist forest in Panama between ~1968 and 2007, as did tree-ring δ(15)N in a dry forest in Thailand over the past century. A decade of fertilization of a nearby Panamanian forest with N caused similar increases in leaf N and δ(15)N. Therefore, our results indicate regional increases in N availability due to anthropogenic N deposition. Atmospheric nitrogen dioxide measurements and increased emissions of anthropogenic reactive N over tropical land areas suggest that these changes are widespread in tropical forests.     

典型沙源区水库大气氮干、湿沉降污染特征研究

为研究典型沙源区水库大气氮干、湿沉降污染特征及其对水域氮素污染的贡献,以京蒙沙源区大河口水库库区为研究区,于2014年沿水库岸边布设12个大气氮沉降监测站点,采集干、湿沉降样本,测定干、湿沉降TN质量浓度,计算全年各月大气TN干、湿沉降通量和年入库TN污染负荷量。结果表明,研究区大气干、湿沉降季节差异显着(P<0.05):全年各月TN干沉降通量变化范围为116.31~382.02 kg·km^-2,主要集中在春季4月和秋季10月,最大TN干沉降通量出现在春季风沙最为严重的4月,其值为382.02 kg·km^-2;湿沉降通量变化范围为0.73~195.53 kg·km^-2,主要集中在夏季(6-8月),最大TN湿沉降通量出现在降水量最大的8月,其值为195.53 kg·km^-2.大气氮沉降以干沉降为主,全年月平均TN干沉降通量是湿沉降通量的2.9倍,且TN湿沉降通量与降水量变化呈显着正相关(R²=0.961 3).同入库河流径流TN污染负荷对比,2014年大气TN沉降入库污染负荷量为7.15 t,占同年滦河和吐力根河两条河流入库TN污染负荷的19.91%.     

大气N沉降的增加对森林营养和胁迫敏感性的影响

概述了大气N沉降的发展趋势 ,讨论了N沉降增加对森林营养和胁迫的影响。提出在一些地区 ,大气N沉降已超过了森林生态系统的N需求 ;N沉降的大量增加对植物生长的刺激作用和对菌根的危害 ,可造成植物体内其它养分缺乏 ,导致森林养分失调 ;植物体内的高N水平将增加森林对胁迫的敏感性。     

Impacts of atmospheric anthropogenic nitrogen on the open ocean

Increasing quantities of atmospheric anthropogenic fixed nitrogen entering the open ocean could account for up to about a third of the ocean's external (nonrecycled) nitrogen supply and up to approximately 3% of the annual new marine biological production, approximately 0.3 petagram of carbon per year. This input could account for the production of up to approximately 1.6 teragrams of nitrous oxide (N2O) per year. Although approximately 10% of the ocean's drawdown of atmospheric anthropogenic carbon dioxide may result from this atmospheric nitrogen fertilization, leading to a decrease in radiative forcing, up to about two-thirds of this amount may be offset by the increase in N2O emissions. The effects of increasing atmospheric nitrogen deposition are expected to continue to grow in the future.     

河北平原城市近郊农田大气氮沉降特征

【目的】随着人类活动引起大气活性氮排放的增加,大气氮沉降亦迅速增加,进而影响各区域生态系统。明确河北平原城市近郊农田大气氮沉降的动态变化,可以为农田氮素资源综合管理提供科学依据,也为中国氮素沉降网络提供关键基础数据。【方法】在河北省保定市河北农业大学实验教学基地进行了为期6年(2006—2011年)的湿/混合沉降监测试验以及1年(2011年)的干沉降监测试验。湿/混合沉降通过雨量器自动采集降水;干沉降中气态NH_3、HNO_3和颗粒态铵离子和硝酸根(_pNH_4~+和pNO_3~-)样品通过主动采样DELTA(DEnuder for Long-Term Atmospheric Sampling)系统采集,气态NO_2样品通过被动扩散管采集。【结果】河北保定地区多雨季节为6—9月,占全年(2006-2011年)降雨量的88.6%、81.5%、89.3%、88.9%、74.5%和83.1%;大气氮湿/混合沉降浓度冬、春季较高,夏季最低,冬春两季NH+4~+-N、NO_3~--N、TIN和TDN浓度分别占全年的74.5%、72.6%、74.1%和71.3%;氮湿/混合沉降量亦存在明显的季节性变化,夏季最大,冬季最小;各形态氮湿/混合沉降浓度高低表现为:TDNTINNH+4~+-NNO_3~--N,且与降雨量呈极显著负相关;监测区6年间平均湿/混合沉降总量为32.8 kg N·hm~(-2),其中2008年大气氮湿/混合沉降量最大,达40.4 kg N·hm~(-2),2010年大气氮湿/混合沉降量最小,为28.9 kg N·hm~(-2);大气氮湿/混合沉降中TIN占TDN沉降量75%以上,其中NH+4~+-N是TIN的主要组成部分,占其总量的56.6%—69.7%,平均为64.4%;各形态氮(NH+4~+-N、NO_3~--N、TIN和TDN)湿/混合沉降量与月降雨量、月降雨频次呈极显著正相关;大气氮干沉降中各无机氮(NH_3、NO_2、HNO_3、pNH_4~+、pNO_3~-)浓度有明显的季节性变化特征,且各形态氮的月沉降量变化趋势与氮浓度一致;总体来看,气态氮NH_3、HNO_3、NO_2及颗粒态氮pNH_4~+、pNO_3~-的年沉降量分别达到10.1、7.60、4.39、6.47及3.81 kg N·hm~(-2)。【结论】监测区大气氮沉降量受周边地区工业与当地农田施氮量共同影响,且由干湿沉降共同决定。该地区大气氮沉降量较高,2006—2011年大气湿/混合沉降总量在28.9 kg N·hm~(-2)(2010年)—40.4 kg N·hm~(-2)(2008年)之间,平均为32.8 kg N·hm~(-2);干沉降无机氮总量(2011年)为32.3 kg N·hm~(-2);干湿沉降无机氮总量(2011年)为58.6 kg N·hm~(-2)。     

模拟氮沉降对鹤山3种人工林表土碳释放的影响

为研究大气N沉降对森林表层土壤碳释放的影响,通过室内模拟大气N沉降处理土壤样品,用碱吸收法测定土壤的碳释放量,并计算土壤碳释放速率,分析大气N沉降对鹤山丘陵综合试验站湿地松(Pinus eliotii)、荷木(Schima superba)和马占相思(Acacia mangium)3种人工林土壤碳释放的影响。结果表明,模拟氮沉降对湿地松林表土碳释放过程有非常强的抑制作用,且随着氮处理浓度的升高而加强。低水平的氮沉降对荷木和马占相思林土壤碳释放过程有一定的促进作用,随着沉降水平的升高表现为抑制作用。     

N沉降下土壤动物群落的响应:1年研究结果总述2681258920

2003年7月至2004年8月,选择了苗圃、针叶林、混交林和季风林4个生态系统,采用模拟的方法,人为构建N沉降增加梯度系列,即对照、低N处理（50 kg/(hm2·a)）、中N处理（100 kg/(hm2·a)）、高N处理（150 kg/(hm2·a)）和倍高N处理（300 kg/(hm2·a)）,在14个月的时间内,对土壤动物群落在N沉降下的响应进行了持续观测研究.研究结果表明,土壤动物群落无论在时间尺度和空间尺度（垂直分布）都发生了明显的变化.生态系统类型的影响很显著,季风林和针叶林增长模式的不同,最终导致3个森林土壤动物分布格局的根本改变.苗圃样地N处理具有明显的阈值效应.虽然整体上森林样地N处理梯度未产生显著影响,但它在与不同植被、不同取样期的交互作用中可以清楚表现出来.N沉降存在明显的累积效应.在持续大量N沉降的作用下,动物向土壤深层趋避,显示N处理的负效应.N沉降的阈值效应和累积效应也都符合中度干扰理论.最后,该文还对N沉降对土壤动物群落的影响机制进行了初步探讨,认为N沉降可能通过对土壤无机环境的改变间接影响较高营养阶——土壤动物群落,而N沉降处理的阈值效应、生态系统成熟度及处理时间累积对试验效果的影响,本质上可能均反映了生态系统N饱和状态对N沉降的响应.      

Numerical Simulation of Root Growth Dynamics of CO2-Enriched Hybrid Rice Cultivar Shanyou 63 Under Fully Open-Air Field Conditions

Hybrid indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars play an important role in rice production system due to its heterosis, resistance to environmental stress, large panicle, and high yield potential. However, no attention has been given to its root growth dynamic responses to rising atmospheric CO₂ concentration ([CO₂]) in conjunction with nitrogen (N) availability. Free air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) and N have significant effects on rice root growth. In this experiment, a hybrid cultivar Shanyou 63 (Oryza sativa L.) was used to study the effects of FACE and N levels on roots growth of rice. The results showed a significant increase in both adventitious root volume (ARV) and adventitious root dry weight (ARD) under the FACE treatment. The application of nitrogen also increased ARV and ARD, but the increase was smaller than that under FACE treatment. On the basis of the FACE experiment, numerical models for rice adventitious root volume and dry weight were built with the time as the driving factor. The models illustrated the dynamic development of rice adventitious root volume and dry weight after transplanting, regulated either by the influence factor of atmospheric [CO₂] or by N application. The models were successfully used to predict ARV and ARD under FACE treatment in a different year with the predicted data being closely related to the actual experimental data. The model had guiding significance to growth regulation of rice root under the condition of atmospheric [CO₂] rising in the future.     

模拟氮沉降对温郁金叶丛期叶面积形成的影响

采用喷施硝酸铵(NH4NO3)模拟氮沉降对温郁金叶丛期叶面积形成的影响。试验设对照(CK)、低氮(T50)、中氮(T100)和高氮(T150)4个处理组,对应的氮沉降量分别为0、50、100、150 kg.hm-2.a-1。结果表明,T150、T100处理能显著提高温郁金总叶面积、主秆茎单叶面积和额外叶面积(P<0.05)。与CK相比,在T150、T100处理下,温郁金总叶面积分别提高了151.71%和112.89%;主秆茎单叶面积也分别提高了27.81%和19.71%(8月份);氮沉降对主秆茎的叶片数目无显著影响。高浓度和中浓度的氮沉降对温郁金叶丛期叶面积的形成具有促进作用,氮沉降主要通过增加温郁金主秆茎单叶面积和额外叶面积来增加总叶面积。     

A coherent signature of anthropogenic nitrogen deposition to remote watersheds of the Northern Hemisphere

Humans have more than doubled the amount of reactive nitrogen (Nr) added to the biosphere, yet most of what is known about its accumulation and ecological effects is derived from studies of heavily populated regions. Nitrogen (N) stable isotope ratios ((15)N:(14)N) in dated sediments from 25 remote Northern Hemisphere lakes show a coherent signal of an isotopically distinct source of N to ecosystems beginning in 1895 ± 10 years (±1 standard deviation). Initial shifts in N isotope composition recorded in lake sediments coincide with anthropogenic CO(2) emissions but accelerate with widespread industrial Nr production during the past half century. Although current atmospheric Nr deposition rates in remote regions are relatively low, anthropogenic N has probably influenced watershed N budgets across the Northern Hemisphere for over a century.     

RESEARCH PROGRESS ON THE IMPACT OF NITROGEN DEPOSITION ON GLOBAL GRASSLANDS

● Grasslands in many regions of the world have been impacted by atmospheric nitrogen deposition. ● Nitrogen deposition commonly leads to reductions in species richness. ● Increases in biomass production is a common response to increased N deposition. ● In some parts of the world there has been limited research into the impacts of nitrogen deposition. Grasslands are globally-important ecosystems providing critical ecosystem services. The species composition and characteristics of grasslands vary considerably across the planet with a wide variety of different grasslands found. However, in many regions grasslands have been impacted by atmospheric nitrogen deposition originating from anthropogenic activities with effects on productivity, species composition and diversity widely reported. Impacts vary across grassland habitats but many show declines in species richness and increases in biomass production related to soil eutrophication and acidification. At a continental level there is considerable variation in the research effort that has been put into understanding the impacts of nitrogen deposition. In Europe, North America and parts of Asia, although there are unanswered research questions, there is a good understanding of N deposition impacts in most grassland habitats. This is not the case in other regions with large knowledge gaps in some parts of the world. This paper reviews the impacts of N deposition on grasslands around the world, highlighting recent advances and areas where research is still needed.     

樟树叶片示踪高速路附近大气氮沉降

[目的]研究维管束植物组织监测大气氮沉降的可行性。[方法]在距高速路不同距离的地点采集不同树冠位置的樟树叶片及其下方的根际土壤,按照叶片面积大小对叶片进行分类,用元素分析仪分析叶片和土样所含氮量,统计分析叶片年龄、污染源和树冠对樟树叶片的影响。[结果]大叶片氮含量显著低于中叶片和小叶片;叶片氮含量随着离高速路距离的增大逐渐降低,而且差异显著,其与土壤氮含量变化无一致趋势;树冠不同位置氮含量也有差异：树顶叶片氮含量显著高于树底和树沿。这说明在土壤条件不同的情况下,樟树叶片也可以很好地指示大气氮沉降。[结论]维管柬植物监测大气环境具有可行性。     

长江经济带农业种植-消费系统氮流时空格局演化规律与驱动机制

针对农业农村氮过量使用产生的环境污染问题,采用物质流分析和空间分析方法,评估长江经济带农业种植-消费系统氮流时空格局演化规律及驱动机制。结果表明,1998年无机氮肥的输入量为1.088 5×10¹⁰ kg N,此后以1.14%的速度增长,2012年无机氮肥施用量开始减少,虽然2018年低于1998年水平,但无机肥施用仍是长江经济带农业种植子系统氮输入的主要来源,为其他路径氮输入总量的1.6倍。通过作物收获形式输出系统的有效氮量,并未受氮素输入波动的影响,2018年作物收获量分别比1998年和2008年高18.97%和25.71%。近几年长江经济带生猪养殖量有下降的趋势,但是受粪便及垃圾还田率下降的影响,居民及养殖区向环境排放的氮量并没有明显减少。受长江经济带城镇化进程加快以及农村人居环境整治的影响,通过污水直排的氮排放量呈现减少的趋势。无机氮肥施用、粪便和垃圾的产生、大气沉降、秸秆还田、污水直排和灌溉等氮流路径对氮径流流失的年均贡献比分别为0.53、0.28、0.11、0.04、0.02和0.01,随着时间的变化,各路径对氮流失量影响的趋势呈现差异,粪便和垃圾的产生对系统内氮流失的贡献比由1998年的0.33下降到2018年的0.26。从空间上看,四川省贯穿东北到西南的中部地区、浙江省中南部的大部分地区、重庆市东北和东南地区、云南省大部分地区都属于氮流失的高风险区,其分别占本省份面积的22.83%、22.10%、21.80%和25.14%,以上省份累积在土壤中的剩余氮素约有20%通过氮径流损失,极易造成水体的富营养化。     

酸沉降影响下春季庐山森林生态系统水溶态氮的分布及其动态

对1998 年春季庐山森林生态系统中降水、透冠水、茎流水、土壤渗漏水和沟水的水溶态氮(NH 4 -N、NO-3 -N、NO-2 -N) 进行了观测和分析研究。结果表明, 庐山酸雨pH值较1993年升高, 总氮亦有所增加; 系统中氮流通量加大, 输入量大于输出量。土壤尚能有效缓冲大气氮沉降; 氮的输出量中, 以灯台树(Cornusccontroversa)和山胡椒(L.glauca)为主的阔叶林系统多于以日本柳杉(Cryptom eria japonicum ) 为主的针叶林系统; 阔叶林较针叶林更有效地抵抗酸沉降。氮的分布及其动态表明阔叶林生态系统对酸沉降具有较强的缓冲能力。     

SOIL NITROGEN CYCLING AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS IN THE SUBTROPICAL HILLY REGION OF CHINA: EVIDENCE FROM MEASUREMENTS AND MODELING

The subtropical hilly region of China is a region with intensive crop and livestock production, which has resulted in serious N pollution in soil, water and air. This review summarizes the major soil N cycling processes and their influencing factors in rice paddies and uplands in the subtropical hilly region of China. The major N cycling processes include the N fertilizer application in croplands, atmospheric N deposition, biological N fixation, crop N uptake,ammonia volatilization, N₂     

鼎湖山主要林下层植物光合生理特性对模拟氮沉降的响应

通过模拟氮沉降试验,研究了南亚热带季风常绿阔叶林林下层3种优势树种光叶山黄皮、黄果厚壳桂和厚壳桂叶片的光合生理特性对氮沉降增加的响应.试验21个月后,氮沉降显著增加了林下层3种植物叶片的全氮含量,但对磷含量没有明显的影响.总体而言,中等强度水平的氮处理（100 kg/(hm2·a)）对光叶山黄皮和厚壳桂的最大净光合速率、光饱和点以及比叶重具有明显的促进作用,表现出一定的同步性.黄果厚壳桂最大净光合速率和光饱和点则在低氮处理下（50 kg/(hm 2·a)）达到最大值,而比叶重在中氮处理下达到最大值.这说明比叶重对氮沉降的敏感性远滞后于最大净光合速率.然而这些生理指标在高氮处理下普遍表现出了明显的抑制作用.氮沉降对黄果厚壳桂的光合色素有影响,其余两种植物色素随氮处理水平的变化不明显.氮处理对表观最大量子效率、光补偿点没有产生明显的影响.但光叶山黄皮和厚壳桂的表观最大量子效率表现出了低氮处理有利于植物利用光能而高氮处理不利于利用光能的变化趋势.研究结果表明,尽管季风常绿阔叶林已达到氮饱和状态,但是3种植物有一定的自我调节和适应能力.黄果厚壳桂的光合指标对氮沉降的响应比光叶山黄皮和厚壳桂敏感,在低氮条件下（50 kg/(hm2·a)）更能维持其生理优势;而其他两种植物则在中氮条件下（100 kg/(hm2·a)）生长最好.适量氮沉降在短期内还是有利于这3种植物的生长,但高氮处理（150 kg/(hm2·a)）可能已超出了植物可承受的程度,打乱了植物体内的生理进程,不利于植物的正常生长.      

青藏高原氮沉降研究现状及草地生态系统响应研究进展

为了解青藏高原氮沉降的时空差异特征及对高原生态系统的影响,对青藏高原不同区域大气活性氮沉降定量研究的相关结果进行总结分析,对大气活性氮沉降对草地生态系统的影响并与青藏高原现阶段相关研究进行综述与比较。研究表明:青藏高原氮沉降通量定量研究较少,且局限于短期监测或仅定量雨水活性氮含量,长期性的定点原位监测、大气活性氮的组成特征、城乡差异及变化趋势均未见报道;同时,大气氮沉降对青藏高原草地生态系统植物多样性的影响,植物化学计量特征变化趋势及物候相应等均报道较少,仅局限于现象的解释,并未对变化机理进行阐述。氮沉降作为全球变化的主要驱动因子,青藏高原氮沉降通量及其对生态环境的影响有待进一步加强。     

不同施肥管理方式下潮褐土区夏玉米N2O排放量研究

在田间试验条件下,分析了不同施肥管理方式对潮褐土区夏玉米农田N2O排放量的影响。试验结果表明,随施氮量增加,N2O排放量呈递增趋势,二者呈显著正相关;DMPP的施用对减少N2O排放较其它处理有明显效果。实验同时证明田间土壤湿度和温度变化对N2O的排放影响较大。