黄芪多糖在仔猪生产中的应用研究

黄芪多糖为中药黄芪主要的活性成分,具有广泛的生物学功能,在仔猪生产中可以用来增强免疫力、防治疾病和提高生产性能。本文就黄芪多糖的提取以及在仔猪生产中的应用作一综述。     

Ontogenetic Scaling of the Hindlimb Muscles of the Greater Rhea (Rhea americana)

The greater rhea (Rhea americana) is the largest South American bird. It is a cursorial, flightless species with long powerful legs and reduced forelimbs. The goal of this study was to explore how hindlimb muscles scale with body mass during postnatal growth and to analyze whether the specialized locomotion of this species affects the growth of muscle masses. The mass of 19 muscles and body mass were weighed in 21 specimens ranging from 1‐month‐old individuals to adults. Seventeen muscles scaled with positive allometry with respect to body mass, whereas two muscles scaled isometrically . The predominance of positive allometric growth in hindlimb muscles results in a limb with massive and powerful muscles specialized to support a large body mass and to attain relatively high running speeds. Analysis of muscle mass scaling is a simple and useful way to compare possible differences between locomotor styles, and it is valuable in studies that reconstruct the paleobiology of extinct taxa.     

Histological analysis of ovine compact bone tissue

Histological sections of femoral diaphysis from adult sheep were investigated in this study. The qualitative characteristics in microstructure of the compact bone were examined in anterior, posterior, medial and lateral views; the quantitative ones were assessed using the software Scion Image. Areas, perimeters, minimum and maximum diameters of the Haversian canals, the Haversian systems and the primary osteons' vascular canals were measured. Our results indicate that ovine diaphysis of the femur is occupied mainly with primary vascular plexiform (laminar, fibrolamellar) tissue. In addition, irregular and dense Haversian bone tissues were observed. All measured variables disposed lower values in comparison with other artiodactyls (cattle and pig).     

不同提取工艺对黄芪总皂苷提取效果的研究

为了研究黄芪经发酵后对黄芪总皂苷释放量的影响。采用水浸法、水煎法提取黄芪与发酵黄芪中总皂苷,利用紫外分光光度法测定黄芪总皂苷的提取量。结果显示,发酵黄芪经水浸法、水煎法提取的总皂苷量分别为6.568、4.843 mg/g,显著高于对照黄芪的提取量5.356、4.007 mg/g。黄芪经产纤维素酶解淀粉芽孢杆菌发酵后,可有效提高黄芪总皂苷的释放量,长时间水煎会致皂苷受损,致使含量降低。     

Molecular detection of Mycoplasma ovis in an outbreak of hemolytic anemia in sheep from Veracruz,Mexico

Tropical Animal Health and Production - Mycoplasma ovis is a small, pleiotropic bacterium, which parasitizes the external surface of erythrocytes of several species of artiodactyl mammals,...     

Arteriographical and pathological changes in chronic laminitis in dairy cattle

The arteriographic appearance of 76 bovine hind digits, obtained from a slaughterhouse, was related to the macroscopic signs of chronic laminitis in the digits. There were statistically significant correlations between the macroscopic and the arteriographic appearance of the claws. Subsequent histological examination of the radiographically abnormal arteries revealed features indicative of arteriosclerosis. The results of this study indicate that chronic laminitis develops following a subclinical attack of laminitis due to a continous hypoperfusion of the digit.     

Arteriographical and pathological changes in chronic laminitis in dairy cattle

Summary

The arteriographic appearance of 76 bovine hind digits, obtained from a slaughterhouse, was related to the macroscopic signs of chronic laminitis in the digits. There were statistically significant correlations between the macroscopic and the arteriographic appearance of the claws. Subsequent histological examination of the radiographically abnormal arteries revealed features indicative of arteriosclerosis. The results of this study indicate that chronic laminitis develops following a subclinical attack of laminitis due to a continous hypoperfusion of the digit.     

黄芪多糖注射液中非法添加地塞米松磷酸钠的检查方法研究

为了建立黄芪多糖注射液中非法添加地塞米松磷酸钠的高效液相检查方法,对其专属性、准确性、检测限、柱温、流动相比例、流动相pH值和色谱柱变化进行考察。结果表明,黄芪多糖注射液对地塞米松磷酸钠的检查无干扰,峰纯度指示、光谱相似度能够满足要求;拟定黄芪多糖注射液中地塞米松磷酸钠的检测限为0．1mg／mL,对应黄芪多糖注射液中含量0．01％;平均回收率为98．9％;改变试验条件后对分离度、峰纯度指示、光谱相似度进行考察,仍能满足要求。     

扶正解毒颗粒对人工感染鸡传染性法氏囊病的疗效观察

为评价扶正解毒颗粒的临床治疗效果,试验设扶正解毒颗粒低、中和高剂量组、扶正解毒散对照组、黄芪多糖对照组(黄芪多糖口服液)、阳性对照组(攻毒不给药)、阴性对照组(不攻毒不给药)。结果显示,扶正解毒颗粒低、高剂量组鸡成活率显著高于阳性对照组(P0.05);扶正解毒颗粒中、高剂量组相对增重率显著高于阳性对照组(P0.05);扶正解毒颗粒各剂量组免疫器官指数均显著高于阳性对照组(P0.05);扶正解毒颗粒各剂量组病变指数均极显著低于阳性对照组(P0.01);扶正解毒颗粒各剂量组法氏囊病毒含量均低于扶正解毒散对照组和黄芪多糖对照组。结果表明,扶正解毒颗粒对治疗鸡传染性法氏囊病有效,为其临床应用提供科学依据。     

Surgical treatment of simple syndactylism with secondary deep digital flexor tendon contracture in a Basset Hound.

A five-month-old, female Basset Hound was presented for lameness associated with a fused 3rd and 4th digital pad on the left hind limb (simple incomplete syndactyly), and secondary contracture of the deep digital flexure tendon of the 3rd and 4th digit. An onychectomy of the third phalanx of the third and fourth digits was performed. Following the operation, the dog gained good use of the affected limb for one month until intermittent non-weight bearing lameness developed. A second surgery was performed six months later, partially removing the second phalanx of digits three and four. Follow-up reports indicate that the dog is doing well and is without lameness. This is the first report of deep digital flexor tendon contracture and surgical treatment of this complication in canine simple syndactylism.     

Effects of formalin footbathing on foot disease and claw quality in dairy cows

Two experiments on the effect of routine footbathing in 5 per cent formalin in preventing foot diseases and improving claw horn quality of dairy cows are described. Treatment four times a week significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced the incidence of interdigital lesions but had no significant effect on the incidence of the individual interdigital lesions or on the incidence of individual or overall diseases of the claw horn. A two year study using a divided footbath demonstrated significant improvements in some aspects of claw quality in digits footbathed in formalin. Formalin treated digits had a lower incidence and severity of erosio ungulae (P less than 0.001) a lower moisture content (P less than 0.001) and a reduced severity of haemorrhage of the sole at some sites in the claw compared with untreated digits. Formalin treatment, however, had no significant effect on the incidence of either clinical or subclinical lesions of the claw horn. The improvement in the horn quality of claws treated with formalin for six months did not increase with a further year of treatment.     

Early exercise in the horse

Across all equestrian disciplines, the single largest reason for wastage is musculoskeletal injury. It is, therefore, of importance that management and competition structures are in place to optimize the development of the equine musculoskeletal system to minimize wastage.Data from other species and, in particular, humans have demonstrated the benefit of early exercise and the dire consequences of inactivity. The horse has evolved as a cursorial animal capable of covering up to 10 km/d within 9 days of birth. Yet, modern equine management systems restrict, rather than promote, early exercise. Foals were shown to have a positive response to early preweaning paddock exercise (greater cartilage health), and more recent work has demonstrated that exercise over and above that normally occurring with pasture-reared foals, introduced as early as 3 weeks old, had positive effects on the equine musculoskeletal system. The response of juvenile horses to additional exercise is because of the tissue being responsive to priming. Epidemiological data indicate that the window for tissue modification may still be open when the horse is a yearling and even as a 2 year old.However, the method in which the exercise is applied may be of as much importance as the timing of the stimuli. A recent prospective study of both Thoroughbred and Standardbred horses demonstrated that the horses that entered training as 2 year olds had longer and more successful racing careers than those that entered training later in life. It would appear that even the initial stages of training are enough to provide a positive stimulus, as horses first registered with a trainer at 2 years old had the same advantages as those that raced as 2 year olds.The physiological, clinical, and epidemiological data indicate that, rather than restrict exercise and the use of horses at a young age, we should realign expectations with the capability of the horses’ musculoskeletal system and evolutionary template to maximize orthopedic health.     

几种免疫增强剂对仔猪的增重效果研究

为找出能促使仔猪快速增长的免疫增强剂,将来自7窝的42头体重相当的25日龄约克仔猪随机分成A、B、C、D、E、F6组,每组7头。在25日龄、40日龄、47日龄时分别向A、B、C、D、E各组注射2mL转移因子、2mL黄芪多糖、2mL干扰素、2mL左旋咪唑及3mL黄芪多糖,F组注射2mL生理盐水作为对照。在28日龄、40日龄及63日龄分别对每头猪只称量体重。结果显示,B和E组增重在40日龄及63日龄时均极显著高于对照F组(P0.01);A组和D组增重与对照组F组相比差异不显著(P0.05);C组与对照组F组相比少增重2.05%,差异显著(P0.05)。表明黄芪多糖对仔猪增重有显著的促进作用,转移因子、左旋咪唑对仔猪增重无明显作用,干扰素能显著抑制仔猪生长。     

黄芪浸膏粉在奶牛养殖中的应用研究进展

黄芪浸膏粉在奶牛养殖中的应用越来越得到青睐,特别是在限制抗生素使用的情况下,黄芪浸膏粉作为一种中成药制剂,具有消炎杀菌、抗病毒、抗应激、抗氧化作用,可以增强奶牛机体免疫力,在奶牛养殖中得到广泛应用。黄芪浸膏粉应用于奶牛饲养,可提高母牛的产奶量,对预防奶牛乳房炎起到良好的效果。本文旨在探讨黄芪浸膏粉在奶牛生长、泌乳、消炎和抗应激等方面的应用,供同行参考。     

中药成分对传染性法氏囊病毒感染细胞的影响

将黄芪多糖、当归多糖、蜂胶多糖、淫羊藿多糖、板蓝根多糖、黄芪黄酮、蜂胶黄酮、淫羊藿黄酮、黄芪皂甙、人参皂甙等 1 0种中药成分与鸡传染性法氏囊病毒 (IBDV)以 3种顺序加入到培养 2 4h的鸡胚成纤维细胞 (CEF)中。即先加中药后接种病毒、先接种病毒后加中药、中药和病毒同时加入 ,观察细胞病变的程度 ,以评价它们对IBDV感染细胞的影响。结果表明 ,先加中药后接种病毒和中药与病毒同时加入时 ,多数中药成分处理组在病毒接种后 72h的细胞病变程度明显减轻 ,表明多数中药能抑制病毒感染细胞 ,且有一定的量效和时效关系。     

沙打旺与鹰咀紫云英种间杂交不亲和性研究

沙打旺抗逆性强,而鹰咀紫云英品质较好,是黄芪属中优良性状互补的草种。针对二者种间杂交不亲和性现象,从不同方面研究杂交不亲和的原因。结果表明,亲本花粉活力和育性均非杂交不亲和的主要原因,其主要障碍在于,父本花粉不能伸入母本柱头,表现出不亲和异常现象,如花粉管萌发后盘绕在柱头表面,花粉管尖端膨大等。即使父本花粉管进入母本柱头,因生长缓慢,沉积胼胝质,在花柱中受抑制而停止生长。沙打旺和鹰咀紫云英杂交不亲和的表达部位与亲本自交不亲和的表达部位相似。在此基础上提出克服二者杂交不亲和的措施,为沙打旺和鹰咀紫云英杂交育种提供理论基础和依据。     

黄芪对半滑舌鳎非特异免疫活性的影响

试验使用单因素3重复试验方法,第1组为对照组,其余3组为试验组,每试验组设3个重复,每个重复15尾鱼。依据半滑舌鳎的营养需求配制适合其生长发育的基础饵料,同时将20、40、60 g黄芪分别熬制药液,分别添加至一定量的基础饵料中配制成免疫饵料。半滑舌鳎暂养为15 d,期间投喂基础饵料;免疫试验时间为30 d,期间对照组投喂基础饵料,试验组投喂免疫饵料。通过对半滑舌鳎血清溶菌酶活性、白细胞吞噬百分比、吞噬指数和免疫器官(脾脏)指数的研究,来探讨黄芪作为饲料添加剂的可行性及适宜用量。结果表明,在试验时间内,添加中草药黄芪对半滑舌鳎的非特异免疫活性有明显的提高作用,用60 g黄芪熬制浓缩液与基础饵料制成的免疫饵料对半滑舌鳎非特异免疫活性的提高效果最好。     

用PEG“引发”沙打旺种子活力及抗逆性的研究

应用ＰＥＧ“引发”沙打旺种子，能提高发芽率，增强发芽势，缩短发芽成苗时间。可以在北方半干旱地区充分有效地利用早春降雨。还可以提高幼苗的抗逆性，增强对早春寒的低卸能力，并探讨了ＰＥＧ渗透调控的机理和不同时间处理增强发芽势的效果。     

益生菌-中草药复方制剂对海兰褐蛋鸡输卵管组织、生产性能及蛋品质的影响

试验旨在研究益生菌-中草药复方制剂对蛋鸡输卵管组织、生产性能及蛋品质的影响。选取体质优良的45周龄的海兰褐蛋鸡720只,随机分成4组,每组3个重复,每个重复60只。对照组饲喂不含抗生素的基础日粮,Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组为试验组,分别在基础日粮中添加1.0‰中草药组方一(败酱草、蒲公英、板蓝根、连翘等)、1.0‰中草药组方二(金银花、黄芪、淫羊藿、益母草等)和1.0‰中草药组方三(大青叶、黄柏、黄芩、栀子等),且各试验组均添加1.5‰复合益生菌。预试期7 d,正试期28 d。结果表明:①益生菌-中草药复方制剂能修复蛋鸡受损的输卵管组织,减少输卵管与周围组织的黏连,使输卵管保持通畅性,降低蛋鸡输卵管组织中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)含量,尤以Ⅱ组效果最好,分别较对照组降低40.85%和17.79%,差异显著(P<0.05);②与对照组相比,Ⅱ组可显著提高蛋鸡产蛋率(P<0.05),显著降低料蛋比和软破蛋率(P<0.05);③与对照组相比,Ⅱ组可显著提高48和50周龄蛋鸡的蛋形指数和蛋黄比率(P<0.05)。由此可知,日粮中添加益生菌-中草药复方制剂能在一定程度上减轻蛋鸡输卵管炎症反应,提高产蛋率,改善蛋品质,其中以Ⅱ组益生菌和金银花、黄芪、淫羊藿、益母草等中草药联合使用效果最好。     

黄芪多糖的免疫药理作用概述

黄芪多糖具有多种生物活性,作为免疫增强剂和抗病毒药物在动物生产中已开始应用,在临床上也已经用于治疗肝炎、肿瘤等疾病。作者对黄芪多糖免疫药理作用及应用进行了概述,为更好地开发利用黄芪多糖提供参考。