黄瓜黑星病及其防治措施

黄瓜黑星病是黄瓜生产上近年发生的危险性病害 ,严重地影响黄瓜的产量和质量 ,病瓜重量下降 ,味变苦 ,完全失去食用价值。黄瓜黑星病为真菌性病害 ,病菌传播主要是种子带菌 ,其次是土壤带菌。本病发生和气温与湿度关系很大。病菌生长最适宜温度为１５～２５℃ ,低于５℃或高于３０℃不生长。相对湿度９３ %以上分生孢子产生 ,有水滴时分生孢子萌发。露地黄瓜黑星病的发生发展与当年的雨量和雨日有很大关系。夏季连续冷凉多湿天气容易发病。如果黄瓜定植后 ,遇雨日多或灌水过量 ,就容易发病并迅速蔓延。１发病症状１．１苗期发病发病率高低和…     

高温高湿对黄瓜黑星病菌孢子萌发及侵染的影响

 采取温湿度相结合的方法来研究高温处理对黄瓜黑星病菌(Cladosporium cucumerinum Ell.and Arth.)侵染的影响,比较研究了35~50℃ 4个温度梯度、50%~90% 5个湿度梯度组合处理对病菌的致死作用。同一相对湿度下,随着温度的上升病菌的致死率增加,病菌致病力降低;在同一温度下随着湿度的不断升高,受处理的孢子萌发率和致病能力都逐渐下降。在RH 80%以上、温度40℃以上时,对孢子的致死率随着处理时间的延长而增高,此高温高湿处理病菌超过2 h,病菌孢子不萌发,也基本没有接种发病率。通过高温控制苗期黄瓜黑星病的研究,初步确定高温高湿防治苗期黄瓜黑星病的最佳温度区间为40℃ 2 h或45℃ 1h (RH 80%)。     

马铃薯早疫病菌分生孢子萌发条件的研究

为了明确马铃薯早疫病菌分生孢子萌发的条件,研究了温度、湿度、pH、光照、营养条件等对马铃薯早疫病菌分生孢子萌发的影响。结果表明,分生孢子在水滴中于30℃1 h即可萌发,8 h后达到萌发高峰,萌发率为98.4%;萌发的最适温度为30℃;相对湿度85%以上均可萌发,水滴中萌发率最高;pH6~10的条件利于分生孢子萌发;紫外线对分生孢子萌发有抑制作用;无机氮源中的铵态氮和尿素对孢子萌发有抑制作用,有机氮源中半胱氨酸和谷氨酸对孢子萌发有抑制作用;山梨糖不利于分生孢子萌发;光照对分生孢子萌发也有抑制作用;分生孢子致死温度是57℃。     

玉米大斑病菌越冬生态研究

1.陕西关中夏玉米栽培区玉米大斑病菌主要越冬菌态是病斑内菌丝体,其次是病残体上的分生孢子。干枯病叶中的菌丝体和病斑表面的分生孢子可存活两年以上。2.越冬病斑内菌丝体可从气孔抽生出新分生孢子梗或由营养菌丝分化出分生孢子梗产生孢子。产孢温度范围为10-35℃,适温15-28℃,并要求保持90%以上的相对湿度或叶面呈湿润状态。3.地面以上的病残体堆积物或秸垛是主要越冬基地,因病残体绝对数量多,越冬率高而稳定,其次是散布地面的病残体。越冬病源出现时期相当长,可以作为玉米大斑病初侵染及后续侵染菌源。     

梅花炭疽病菌生物学特性研究

梅炭疽病菌（Ｃｏｌｌｅｔｏｔｒｉｃｈｕｍ ｍｕｍｅ）在２０％梅叶汁培养基上菌丝生长最好,而且产孢速度快,其次为ＰＳＡ培养基,病菌分生孢子在５种营养液中均可萌发,以梅叶汁中萌发率最高,葡萄糖液次之,清水对照最差。适合菌丝生长的最适温度为２５℃,适合分生孢子萌发的最适ｐＨ值为５．４,分生孢子在相对湿度８８．５％以上才能萌发,以相对温度１００％中萌发率率最高,在水滴中萌发率较低,持续光照有利于菌丝生长和     

车前草穗枯病发生规律与综合防治研究

车前草穗枯病（Fusicoccum sp.）是江西省吉安县车前草上一种重要病害,主要为害穗部,也能侵害叶片,发病严重时,病株提前枯死,减产90%以上,甚至颗粒无收。田间系统观察的结果表明,病菌以菌丝体和分生孢子附着病株残体上,遗留在田间土表越夏、越冬,次年3～4月车前草抽穗期,气温15～30℃,病菌的分生孢子借风雨传播,落在车前草的叶片和穗部,温、湿度适宜时,萌发侵入为害,引起发病。越冬菌源多,氮肥施用过量,温度24～28℃,雨日多,田间湿度大,有利于此病发生与流行,发病最重,病情指数为42.5。车前草施用生物有机肥＋叶面肥的病情指数最低,产量最高。发病初期,喷洒爱苗3000倍液,防治效果最佳,其防效为90.8%。     

稻曲病菌分生孢子的生物学研究

 本文对稻曲病菌分生孢子的一些生物学特性进行了研究,结果表明,基质养分对分生孢子萌发影响较大,纯水不利于孢子萌发,PSA最适于孢子萌发,葡萄糖则强烈抑制孢子萌发,马铃薯煮汁既可抵消葡萄糖的抑制作用,又可刺激孢子萌发。分生孢子在琼脂面上比在液滴中萌发率高。分生孢子萌发的适宜温度为22~31℃,以28℃最好。分生孢子萌发对pH值敏感,以pH 6~7最适宜。用振荡培养法获取分生孢子,培养10 d后,孢子的萌发力开始下降。分生孢子的存活对水的依赖性强,在水中保存8 d萌发力不变,在100% RH中8 d萌发力略有降低,而在25% RH中5 h萌发力即迅速下降。根据这些特性,作者对分生孢子在田间的动态作了一些推测。     

梨黑斑病菌生物学特性研究及药效测定

经室内研究表明,梨黑斑病菌（Ａｌｔｅｒｎａｒｉａｋｉｋｕｃｈｉａｎａ）在２０％梨果汁半养基上菌丝生长最好,而且产孢速度快,其次为ＰＤＡ培养基。病菌分生孢子在４种营养液中均可萌发,以１０％梨叶汁中萌发率最高。适合菌丝生长的最适温度为２８℃,最适ＰＨ值为５．６,持续光照有利于菌丝生长,间歇光照有利于分生孢子的形成。分子孢必须在高温条件,相对湿度在９８．５％以上才能萌发尤其在水滴中萌发高室内药效测定表明     

喜旱莲子草生防真菌SF-193分生孢子萌发条件及其侵入过程

本研究测定了喜旱莲子草生防菌株SF-193分生孢子的最适萌发条件并观察了其叶面侵入过程。结果显示,在20-30℃、pH5-6、空气相对湿度100%时分生孢子能达到最大萌发率;光照对其萌发无显著影响;pH6、RH100%、28℃黑暗条件下培养4h,分生孢子萌发率接近100%。扫描电镜观察结果显示,SF-193分生孢子在接种4h后萌发形成芽管,6h后在叶片表皮细胞表面形成附着胞侵入叶片组织,24h后次生菌丝转由气孔侵入。     

15种植物病原真菌培养滤液除草活性初步筛选

通过15种植物病原真菌的培养滤液对草坪杂草稗草、反枝苋、蒲公英、车前、苘麻进行种子萌发抑制试验,对其除草活性进行了初步研究。结果表明:玉米小斑病菌、黄瓜黑星病菌的培养滤液对稗草、蒲公英、车前都表现出显著的除草活性;玉米大斑病菌的培养滤液仅对稗草和蒲公英表现显著的除草活性;烟草赤星病菌的培养滤液仅对车前和苘麻表现了显著的除草活性。安全试验表明:烟草赤星病菌的培养滤液对黑麦草和早熟禾种子的萌发、芽和根的生长表现安全;黄瓜黑星病菌的培养滤液仅对黑麦草种子的萌发、芽和根的生长表现安全。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.