The RAD9 gene controls the cell cycle response to DNA damage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Cell division is arrested in many organisms in response to DNA damage. Examinations of the genetic basis for this response in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae indicate that the RAD9 gene product is essential for arrest of cell division induced by DNA damage. Wild-type haploid cells irradiated with x-rays either arrest or delay cell division in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. Irradiated G1 and M phase haploid cells arrest irreversibly in G2 and die, whereas irradiated G2 phase haploid cells delay in G2 for a time proportional to the extent of damage before resuming cell division. In contrast, irradiated rad9 cells in any phase of the cycle do not delay cell division in G2, but continue to divide for several generations and die. However, efficient DNA repair can occur in irradiated rad9 cells if irradiated cells are blocked for several hours in G2 by treatment with a microtubule poison. The RAD9-dependent response detects potentially lethal DNA damage and causes arrest of cells in G2 until such damage is repaired.     

玉米幼芽提取物对小鼠皮肤UVA照射损伤的保护作用

研究了玉米幼芽提取物(extract of maize plumule,EMP)对长波紫外线(UVA)损伤的小鼠皮肤超微结构、抗氧化酶活性及脂质过氧化作用的影响。结果表明,UVA模型小鼠真皮细胞内出现空泡变性,线粒体肿胀、嵴减少,粗面内质网和核周间隙扩张;表皮细胞微绒毛减少,细胞固缩,细胞核染色质边集。EMP保护的小鼠皮肤细胞损伤程度明显减轻,结构基本正常。EMP可显著提高UVA辐射小鼠皮肤组织中的SOD活性(P<0.01)及CAT活性(P<0.05),降低MDA含量(P<0.05),与VC的抗氧化作用一致。表明EMP能够抵抗UVA对皮肤组织的氧化损伤。     

Purification and characterization of mouse hematopoietic stem cells

Mouse bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells were isolated with the use of a variety of phenotypic markers. These cells can proliferate and differentiate with approximately unit efficiency into myelomonocytic cells, B cells, or T cells. Thirty of these cells are sufficient to save 50 percent of lethally irradiated mice, and to reconstitute all blood cell types in the survivors.     

SOD对紫外辐射受损的苏云金芽孢杆菌作用的研究

探讨了超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)等自由基清除剂对苏云金芽孢杆菌紫外辐射的影响。结果表明 ,SOD、绞股蓝皂甙等自由基清除剂能够明显地提高紫外辐射损伤细胞的存活率 ,并且SOD的保护作用表现为防护与恢复两种不同的作用。又通过细胞电泳与琼脂糖凝胶电泳发现紫外辐射后其细胞膜及质粒DNA均受到了明显的损伤 ;SOD对细胞膜损伤有一定的恢复作用 ,而对DNA不表现恢复效应。由此认为 :紫外线对细胞膜及DNA均有损伤 ,SOD恢复作用的主要部位在细胞膜而不是DNA分子。为进一步确定SOD的作用以及利用自由基清除剂制备高效的Bt农药提供了理论基础。     

Low-level x-ray damage to amphibian erythrocytes

In vitro x-irradiation of frog and Amphiuma erythrocytes caused cytophysiological damage to part of the cell population. There was a significant decrease in the percentage of normal cells and some hemolysis. Changes were also observed in the electrical capacitance and potassium-42 uptake of irradiated erythrocytes.     

Focal antibody production by transferred spleen cells in irradiated mice

Lethally irradiated mice were injected with small numbers of normal spleen cells and then immunized with sheep erythrocytes. Antibody activity was found in their spleens in localized areas whose number corresponded to the number of spleen cells injected. When sheep and pig erythrocytes were injected together, antibody against each was found in separate areas. Each area may consist of the progeny of a single precursor cell, restricted to forming a single antibody.     

Bone marrow colonies: stimulation in vitro by supernatant from incubated human blood cells

A substance which stimulates growth of granulocytic and mononuclear cell colonies from mouse and human bone marrow was produced by incubated human blood cells. It is resistant to heat and freezing and is not dialyzable. Intact irradiated and unirradiated cells had very little activity, and sonically disrupted cells had no activity. The addition of plasma or sonically disrupted cells to the cell supernatant decreased its activity.     

假寄生对菜粉蝶蛹血细胞总数和包囊能力的影响

采用假寄生(pseudoparasitism)方法评价了蝶蛹金小蜂雌蜂携带因子的生理活性。雌蜂经辐射处理后，其假寄生能象未处理正常蜂的寄生一样，明显地抑制寄主（菜粉蝶蛹）的血细胞免疫；所引起寄主血细胞总数、死亡率及浆血细胞延展率变化的生理效应与未处理正常蜂寄生时基本一致；而人为针刺则不能引起上述生理效应。说明菜粉蝶蛹被寄生后其血细胞免疫受抑制，主要是由雌蜂携带的免疫抑制因子所引起。     

低剂量中子对庭院菊花(Chrysanthemum morifolium Ram.)生长的作用

通过实验，以庭院菊花的Ｓｐｒａｙ菊花品种作母系，对其进行低剂量核分裂中子照射，发现照射组与非照射组生根率有明显差异。基于实验结果，提出促进生长及抑制生长的原因都在于细胞的死亡，得出了低剂量核分裂中子对庭院菊花生长产生毒物兴奋效应的结论，并阐述了产生机理。     

Clonogenic neoblasts are pluripotent adult stem cells that underlie planarian regeneration

Pluripotent cells in the embryo can generate all cell types, but lineage-restricted cells are generally thought to replenish adult tissues. Planarians are flatworms and regenerate from tiny body fragments, a process requiring a population of proliferating cells (neoblasts). Whether regeneration is accomplished by pluripotent cells or by the collective activity of multiple lineage-restricted cell types is unknown. We used ionizing radiation and single-cell transplantation to identify neoblasts that can form large descendant-cell colonies in vivo. These clonogenic neoblasts (cNeoblasts) produce cells that differentiate into neuronal, intestinal, and other known postmitotic cell types and are distributed throughout the body. Single transplanted cNeoblasts restored regeneration in lethally irradiated hosts. We conclude that broadly distributed, adult pluripotent stem cells underlie the remarkable regenerative abilities of planarians.     

桔小实蝇不育技术及应用研究

以钴(60Co)的不同剂量,对桔小实蝇(Bactrocera dorsalis)蛹进行不育辐照对比测定,结果显示,桔小实蝇有效不育的剂量为95Gy。雄性不育成虫可导致野外处女雌性成虫终生不育以及在果园扩散的距离多集中在140 m的范围,为制定应用不育蝇防治野生蝇的策略提供科学依据。     

Cloning of rat kangaroo (PTK2) cells following laser microirradiation of selected mitotic chromosomes

Mitotic chromosomes of rat kangaroo cells were irradiated with a green argon laser microbeam without prior dye sensitization. Deoxyribonucleic acid-negative chromosome paling was observed. The irradiated cells were isolated and cloned into viable populations.     

Leukotactic factor elaborated by mixtures of genetically dissimilar cells

Mixtures of immunologically competent cells, from genetically dissimilar donors from inbred strains of mice, rats, or Syrian hamsters, cultivated in vitro elaborate into the medium a factor capable of attracting polymorphonuclear cells when it is injected into the skin of irradiated hamsters. Supernatant medium of cultured node cells from genetically identical donors contains no leukotactic activity. The degree of the cell accumulation seemed to parallel closely the degree of histoincompatibility.     

Cysteamine: differential x-ray protective effect on Chinese hamster cells during the cell cycle

Cysteamine present during x-irradiation protects synchronized Chinese hamster cells in culture against lethal damage at all stages of the cell cycle. The effect is greatest for cells irradiated at sensitive stages such as G(1) and least for resistant cells; for example, late S (dose-modifying factors 4.2 and 2.7, respectively). The effect of 50 millimolar cysteamine is to render almost invariant the normally variant x-ray age response for lethality. This suggests that there are two components of x-ray damage, only one of which is age dependent, and it is against this component that cysteamine protects the cell. Cystamine, however, has no protective effect upon these cells at any stage of the cell cycle.     

梅山猪胎儿成纤维细胞的分离培养及SRY-PCR法快速性别鉴定

对梅山猪胎儿成纤维细胞的分离培养及性别快速鉴定进行研究,为开展猪体细胞克隆、诱导多能干细胞获取及转基因等提供素材。通过取组织块培养法和胰蛋白酶消化培养法均成功得到梅山猪的胎儿(胎龄35 d)成纤维细胞,取其中7个梅山猪(msz4、msz5、msz6、msz9、msz11、msz14和msz15)胎儿的原代成纤维细胞,在传代培养至第5代时收集贴壁生长的细胞,提取基因组DNA。再利用根据SRY及ZFY/X设计的共2对引物进行PCR反应,扩增后进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳,出现166 bp和445/447 bp两条带的为雄性,只有445/447 bp一条带的为雌性。结果表明梅山猪的细胞系msz6、msz9和msz14为雌性细胞系,而msz4、msz5、msz11及msz15为雄性细胞系。试验结果证明了该方法可应用于鉴定不同培养方法获得猪成纤维细胞的性别,可为试验后期的转基因细胞制备提供性别依据。     

Protein-specific helper T-lymphocyte formation initiated by dendritic cells

Antibody responses to hapten-polypeptide conjugates require peptide-specific helper T cells. The latter can be primed in tissue culture by providing small numbers of dendritic cells. Primed, irradiated helper T cells then induce B-cell growth and differentiation in the apparent absence of dendritic cells. Both stages of the antibody response--the induction of helper T lymphoblasts by dendritic cells and the delivery of help from T to B cell--occur in discrete cell aggregates that can be isolated by velocity sedimentation. If helper T blasts revert to smaller "memory" lymphocytes, dendritic cells again are needed to initiate the antibody response.     

Cholesterol hydroperoxide formation in red cell membranes and photohemolysis in erythropoietic protoporphyria

3beta-Hydroxy-5alpha-hydroperoxy-Delta(6)-cholestene is produced in protoporphyrin-containing red blood cell ghosts irradiated with approximately 400-nanometer light in the presence of oxygen. Incorporation of this cholesterol photooxidation product into normal red blood cells leads to increased osmotic fragility and eventual hemolysis. These results may be relevant to photohemolysis associated with erythropoietic protoporphyria.     

樟科檫木的大孢子发生和雌配子体发育

采用常规石蜡切片技术对檫木的大孢子发生和雌配子体的发育过程进行了观察。结果表明:檫木单子房,子房卵形,光滑无毛;具1枚胚珠,双珠被,厚珠心;大孢子母细胞由1个雌性孢原细胞直接发育而成,大孢子四分体呈线型;蓼型胚囊,成熟胚囊为8核,包括1个卵细胞、2个助细胞、一个含2核的中央极核和3个反足细胞。檫木的雌配子体很少出现数目齐全的胚囊核,且珠心组织有解离现象,推测这影响了雌配子体的正常发育,导致胚囊败育和结实率低。     

离子束照射甘薯胚性细胞团获得突变体

用0~100Gy12C5+和0~200Gy4He2+分别照射甘薯品种栗子香的胚性悬浮细胞,用0~100Gy4He2+照射甘薯品种玉丰的胚性细胞团,以研究甘薯细胞水平离子束辐射的诱变效应。确定了甘薯胚性悬浮细胞适宜的12C5+和4He2+辐射剂量,分别为30~50Gy和70~100Gy;甘薯胚性细胞团适宜的4He2+辐射剂量为50~70Gy。得到大量再生植株,辐射后代的顶叶形、叶形、顶叶色、叶脉色、脉基色、顶端茸毛等性状出现了广泛的变异。     

油松胚珠绒毡层组织形成的观察

采用石蜡切片法,对油松胚珠绒毡层的形成过程进行了解剖观察。结果表明:在雌球果第1次休眠解除后,油松的珠心深处为形态相似的一团幼嫩细胞。当大孢子母细胞出现时,其周围的珠心组织内存在形状不规则且染色较深的1~2层细胞,为初始绒毡层。在大孢子母细胞进行减数分裂时,绒毡层细胞层数增加到5~6层,细胞形态明显不同于其周围的珠心细胞,近珠心组织的部分绒毡层细胞径向伸长。在二核雌配子体时期,靠近雌配子体的2层绒毡层细胞降解消失,围绕雌配子体的绒毡层细胞减少到3~4层。随着雌配子体内游离核数目的增多,雌配子体中央大液泡体积增大,绒毡层细胞层数增至5~6层。此时,靠近珠心侧3~4层绒毡层细胞明显径向伸长,部分细胞出现降解现象;靠近雌配子体侧的2层绒毡层细胞也趋于伸长。直到油松雌球果进入第2次休眠,绒毡层细胞的层数不再增多。由于油松紧邻雌配子的绒毡层组织是由珠心组织发育而来,因此应称其为珠心绒毡层。