饲喂发酵初乳犊牛的胃肠道微生物区系

引言发酵初乳是一种受欢迎的犊牛饲料。已经证明饲喂发酵初乳犊牛的体重增加比词喂全乳的犊牛大或相似。在一些试验中,词喂发酵初乳犊牛的腹泻发生率比词喂全乳或代乳品的犊牛低,而在另外一些试验中,腹泻的发生率则相似。本报告的目的是研究饲喂发酵初乳和饲喂全乳对幼年犊牛肠道中不同种细菌数量的影响。     

浅谈新生犊牛的饲养管理

<正>1饲喂培育哺乳犊牛应注意从单胃消化转为复胃消化,从奶的营养到饲草营养的过渡。1.1及时喂初乳母牛产后5~7d分泌的乳汁称为初乳。初乳中含有多种抵抗疾病的免疫物质和维生素。犊牛出生后1h内必须吃到初乳,没有吃到初乳的犊牛很难得到正常的生长发育。1.2哺喂常乳犊牛饲喂初乳5~7d后,即可开始哺喂常乳。因初乳、常乳、混合乳的营养成分差异很大,犊牛最好吃其母亲常乳10~15d后,再饲喂混合常乳,以免造     

初乳喂量对犊牛消化不良的影响

获得健壮犊牛及提高其在以后培育过程中的存活率,不仅取决于妊娠母牛的日粮营养价值和全价性,还取决于犊牛出生后发育期的许多条件。初乳喂量对新生犊牛的健康有很大影响。有关犊牛初乳喂量的意见不一致:不限制初乳喂量;严格定量饲喂,每昼夜5—6升;犊牛应经常喂以初乳,但喂量要小。作者在下列条件下研究了初乳喂量对犊牛健康的影响:出生后头几天喂给2.5—3升/日初乳的犊牛,初乳喂量不按犊牛体重计算。分析犊牛对不同初乳喂量的反应所得的结     

断奶前犊牛的饲养要点

正断奶前犊牛饲养的日劳动力成本和单位增重成本均高于其他阶段;此阶段的重要目标是在不影响犊牛健康的前提下降低生产成本。早期断奶(21~35日龄)可降低饲料和劳动成本。因此,在喂足初乳的前提条件下,需要给断奶前犊牛饲喂代乳料。合格的代乳料可保证犊牛健康生长和发育,为早期断乳做好准备。本文还将介绍代乳料的成分和应达到的质量标准。1哺喂初乳初乳富有营养,但对犊牛的免疫效应(抗体保护)仅限于     

犊牛初乳喂量与生长发育的关系

为了探讨犊牛初乳期饲养水平与生长发育的关系,进一步提出合理饲养方案,我们于1961年进行了犊牛初乳期不同饲养定额对生长发育影响的研究。试验用北京黑白花牛共14头分二组试验期7天,每组各7头,第一组3头公犊4头母犊,平均初生重41.6公斤,7天内共喂初乳251.5公斤,每头喂量35.9公斤。第二组2头公犊5头母犊平均初生重39.7公斤,7天内共喂初乳196.5公斤,平均每头为28.05公斤。     

犊牛饲喂经巴氏消毒的初乳对其体内乳铁转运蛋白和嗜中性细胞过氧化物代谢的影响

试验用8头荷斯坦牛公犊,确定饲喂经巴氏消毒的初乳对其血清IgG、乳铁转运蛋白和嗜中性细胞过氧化物浓度的影响。给初生4小时的犊牛饲喂新鲜冷冻的初乳或巴氏消毒处理(76℃,15分钟)的初乳,喂初乳前和喂初乳24小时后采血,分离血清IgG、乳铁转运蛋白和嗜中性细胞过氧化物,用免疫印迹分析、快速免疫测定确定血清中IgG、乳铁转运蛋白、嗜中性细胞过氧化物的浓度。结果表明:饲喂新鲜冷冻初乳的犊牛24小时后血清中IgG、乳铁转运蛋白和嗜中性细胞过氧化物浓度,均高于饲喂经巴氏消毒初乳的犊牛在24小时后血清中IgG、乳铁转运蛋白和嗜中性细胞过氧化物浓度。因此表明:经76℃,15分钟巴氏消毒的初乳影响了蛋白的持续转运与嗜中性细胞过氧化物的功能。     

犊牛饲养误区

<正>1)初乳饲喂不当。初乳尤其是产犊第1天的初乳对犊牛生长最为重要。有的养殖户在饲喂犊牛时缺乏合理的初乳饲喂计划,不重视对初乳的储存,大量初乳被废弃掉。2)常乳喂量不足。15日龄后正常犊牛体重达55 kg以上,犊牛将开始尝试咀嚼干草或青贮料和舔食精饲料,出现反刍行为。但此时犊牛前胃的发育还不完全,主要依靠皱胃进行消化。一些奶农只顾眼前利益,误认为犊牛也会吃草和饲料了,便减少奶的喂量或在     

牛初乳对犊牛生长性能的影响

为了测定牛初乳对奶用雌性犊牛生长性能的影响,笔者将奶牛产仔后1 h内挤得的牛初乳饲喂初生雌性犊牛。试验选取出生状况良好,身体健康的犊牛24头,按出生顺序分为A组、B组和C组,每个试验组8头犊牛。A组犊牛在出生24 h内饲喂1餐初乳,B组犊牛在出生后24 h内饲喂2餐初乳,C组犊牛在出生后24 h内饲喂3餐初乳。饲养20 d观测犊牛的生长性能。结果显示,C组犊牛的日增重显著高于A组(P<0.05),C组的乳重比显著低于A组(P<0.05);C组,B组,A组对应的健康率为87.5%、75.0%和37.5%。试验表明,雌性犊牛出生24 h内投喂初乳量与次数适当增加,能显著提高犊牛的日增重和降低乳重比,同时还能改善犊牛的抗病能力。     

饲养奶牛犊存在的问题及改进措施

初乳是指奶牛生产后7天内所分泌的乳汁，其成分和lO天以后母牛分泌的常乳存在着很大差别，尤其是产犊第一天的初乳最为重要，其中富含大量免疫球蛋白，它对初生牛犊的正常生长发育和从中获得抗体、增强抵抗力十分重要，是其他食物所无法代替的。初生犊牛食量小，而奶牛产后初乳丰富。农户在饲喂犊牛时缺乏合理的初乳饲喂计划．不重视对初乳的储存，大量初乳被废弃掉．或用于饲喂其他大犊牛，而所产犊牛只能得到7天的初乳，7天后母牛转为常奶生产期，小犊牛也只能用常奶饲喂了。有的奶农用初乳饲喂犊牛，喂量时多时少，奶温时高时低。易造成犊牛消化不良．引起腹泻．导致体况柔弱。     

低奶量培育奶牛犊实施方案

<正>1犊牛的选购与饲喂选购体质健壮、四肢发达、体重在40千克左右的奶公犊牛10~20头,必须在原养殖母牛户家喂3~5天初乳,然后买到家来。初乳日喂量6千克,第6日龄开始喂常乳。并训练采食精料和干草。先将精料往牛嘴抹,知道味道后,小牛就自由采食放在补料     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -