4种农药对枸杞蓟马的毒力及其复配剂增毒效果

通过0.9%阿维菌素乳油、40%毒死蜱乳油、10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂、0.3%印楝素乳油4种药剂单剂及3种复配剂对枸杞蓟马的毒力测定。结果表明:4种药剂均有较高毒力,3种复配剂较单剂毒力大幅提高,增效作用显著。     

6HW-50车载高射程喷雾机防治杨扇舟蛾

杨扇舟蛾又名杨天社蛾,属鳞翅目舟蛾科,是危害杨树的一种主要食叶害虫。2005年在开鲁县发生并局部成灾。7月,开鲁县清河林场用6HW-50车载高射程喷雾机超低量喷洒1!2%苦·烟乳油和1!2%苦·烟乳油 Bt防治杨扇舟蛾,取得了较好的效果和经验,现将结果报道如下。1"试验区概况试验区设     

华北落叶松鞘蛾防治技术的研究

笔者研究了黑光灯、苦参素杀虫剂、药剂(1.8%阿维菌素乳油、1.2%烟参碱、25%灭幼脲)喷雾、0.9%阿维菌素喷烟4种华北落叶松鞘蛾的防治技术。结果认为,黑光灯诱捕对落叶松鞘蛾有一定的防治效果,但作用较为局限。1%苦参素植物杀虫剂对华北落叶松鞘蛾幼虫具有较好的防治效果,1∶1 000的效果最佳。1.8%阿维菌素乳油、1.2%烟参碱和25%灭幼脲喷雾均对华北落叶松鞘蛾具有较好的防治效果,1.8%的阿维菌素乳油效果最明显。0.9%阿维菌素地面喷烟对防治华北落叶松鞘蛾成虫效果较好,选择1.0∶25的配比较经济。     

三种生物农药防治灰斑古毒蛾林间试验

利用生绿Bt杀虫剂、1.8%阿维菌素、1.2%苦.烟乳油3种生物农药对灰斑古毒蛾OrgyiaericaeGermar 2~4龄幼虫进行了林间防治试验。结果表明,生绿Bt杀虫剂525 g/hm2对灰斑古毒蛾的防治效果为82.46%,最为经济有效;1.8%阿维菌素450 mL/hm2~150 mL/hm2对灰斑古毒蛾的防治效果在80.04%~100%之间,其中1.8%阿维菌素300 mL/hm2的防治效果最好。1.2%苦.烟乳油3种浓度的防治效果均为100%。     

甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐水分散粒剂防治杨扇舟蛾试验初报

摘要：为控制杨扇舟蛾的爆发危害,保护杨树健康生长,利用重庆中邦药业（集团）有限公司生产的5%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐水分散粒剂进行了杨树杨扇舟蛾的防治试验。试验结果表明：采用5%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐水分散粒剂在杨扇舟蛾2-3龄低龄期进行施药,对害虫击倒率高,速效性较好,对杨树生长安全。     

甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐防治杨扇舟蛾试验初报

为控制杨扇舟蛾的爆发危害,保护杨树健康生长,利用重庆中邦药业(集团)有限公司生产的5%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐水分散粒剂进行了杨树杨扇舟蛾的防治试验.试验结果表明:采用5%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐水分散粒剂在杨扇舟蛾2～3龄低龄期进行施药,对害虫击倒率高,速效性较好,对杨树生长安全.     

辣木瑙螟防治试验初报

采用6%艾绿士悬浮液、1.8%阿维菌素乳油、3%印楝素乳油、1%甲维盐乳油4种药剂对辣木瑙螟进行田间防治试验。结果表明:4种药剂对辣木瑙螟均有一定的防治效果,其中6%艾绿士悬浮液对辣木瑙螟的防治效果最好,处理后第7 d防效达90.66%,可推广应用。     

印楝素乳油对蜀柏毒蛾的生物活性及林间防效

在室内测定0.3%印楝素乳油对蜀柏毒蛾Parocneria orienta Chao的生物活性,并进行了林间防治试验.室内试验结果表明,0.3%印楝素乳油对蜀柏毒蛾具有很强的毒杀活性和一定生长发育抑制作用.林间试验结果表明,0.3%印楝素乳油对蜀柏毒蛾具有良好的防治效果.     

几种生物制剂对黄褐天幕毛虫的生物测定

为了有效、持续地控制黄褐天幕毛虫对林木的危害,同时还要尽量避免在对害虫进行化学防治时破坏生态环境,选用了苦参碱、蛇麻子、白屈菜、走马芹等植物的提取液,Bt生物杀虫剂以及黄褐天幕毛虫病毒对黄褐天幕毛虫幼虫进行杀虫试验。结果表明,上述药剂的不同浓度溶液对黄褐天幕毛虫幼虫均有不同程度的杀虫效果,其中蛇麻子500倍效果最好,第1d就达到100%的死亡率;蛇麻子1000倍、1500倍、2000倍、2500倍,25%灭幼脲500倍、1000倍在第2d也达到了100%的杀虫率,而其他杀虫剂中苦烟乳油,阿维菌素.灭幼脲,0.3%印楝素乳油,白屈菜,走马芹效果也较好,到第4d累计死亡率达到了98%以上。黄褐天幕毛虫病毒在7d后达到了60%以上。     

复合生物杀虫剂防治马尾松毛虫研究

用白僵菌、千胜Bt、25%灭幼脲Ⅲ号和1.8%阿维菌素等4种生物杀虫剂的单一药剂和复合生物杀虫剂对马尾松毛虫进行室内毒力测定.结果表明,单一药剂以阿维菌素的毒力效果最佳,而复合生物杀虫剂以阿维菌素4000倍液+千胜Bt2 000倍液+灭幼脲Ⅲ号8 000倍液+白僵菌1.3×105n/ml为最佳组合,毒力效果达90%以上.应用该复合剂防治不同世代的松毛虫,以第1代的效果最佳,迭93.3%,而越冬代仅为73.5%,用其防治越冬代松毛虫幼虫应选择11月之前.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.