警惕植原体病害--板栗黄化皱缩病

近日,《京郊日报》刊出一篇文章《密云金丝小枣40年后回“娘家”》,文中写到：时隔40年之后．在密云大地已经绝迹的密云“三宝”之一——金丝小枣,如今重回“娘家”。40年前．在密云县原本颇具规模的金丝小枣产业缘何全军覆没．绝迹多年呢？原因就是植原体病害——枣疯病。     

羽脉山黄麻丛枝植原体的分子鉴定及病害调查

【目的】了解羽脉山黄麻丛枝病在云南省玉溪市新平县的发生情况和危害程度,通过分子生物学方法确定病原物及其分类地位,为本地区植原体防控提供参考。【方法】利用普查法获得病害发病率,评估病害危害程度。利用植原体通用引物P1/P7及R16F2n/R16R2对感病植株总DNA进行巢式PCR扩增、克隆和测序,得到16S r DNA序列。再用植原体在线分类鉴定工具i PhyClassifier以及MegaX软件分别进行序列分析和构建基于16S r DNA序列的系统进化树,确定病害病原物及其分类地位,通过在线分析软件MUSCLE比较相关序列的同源性。【结果】根据调查发现羽脉山黄麻丛枝病发生于大约101°35'—101°53'E和23°56'—24°20'N之间,主要是在低海拔400～600 m温度相对较高的干热河谷地区,说明高温有利于植原体病害的发生。该处连续3年发生此病害,2018年7月调查得知其平均发病率为38.9%,属中度危害。PCR扩增获得约1 246 bp的羽脉山黄麻丛枝病植原体16S r DNA序列(株系:TLWBYN01,登录号:MN513329)。分析表明TLWBYN01与翠菊黄化植原体(Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris)的参考菌株(M30790)相似度为99.8%,因此该植原体为‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’相关菌株,属于16S r I组成员。TLWBYN01的F2nR2片段虚拟RFLP模型与16S r I-X亚组的参考模型番木瓜束顶植原体(登录号:JF781308)最为相似,相似系数为0.98,17种限制性内切酶的酶切图谱显示与16S r I-X参考株只有MseI不同,因此该植原体属于16S r I-X亚组的变种。比较得出TLWBYN01与16S r I-X亚组成员番木瓜束顶植原体(JF781308)和印度葫芦植原体(LT594117、LT594118)同源性分别为99.2%和99.6%。【结论】玉溪市新平县发现的羽脉山黄麻丛枝病属局部常发病害,中度危害,但一旦感染,就会严重影响植物生长。羽脉山黄麻丛枝植原体属16 Sr I组成员,也是报道较少的植原体16S r I-X亚组的一个变种,且羽脉山黄麻为新发现的植原体新寄主。     

昆明市禄劝县樱桃癌肿病病害调查及病原鉴定

近年来昆明市禄劝县的甜樱桃（C. pseudocerasus(Lindl.)G. Don）癌肿病普遍发生,并日趋严重,极大地影响其产量和质量。该文对昆明市禄劝县的甜樱桃进行普查和专题调查,并从樱桃癌肿病发病树体取样,通过对发病部位镜检、病原菌分离纯化、革兰氏染色反应及16S r DNA分子鉴定,结果表明：对樱桃枝条上的幼嫩瘿瘤分离纯化出的6株细菌16S r DNA序列在NCBI上进行BLAST比对,与致瘤农杆菌（Agrobacterium tumefaciens）的同源性达到99%,由此确定昆明市禄劝县樱桃癌肿病的病原种类,为昆明市禄劝县樱桃的合理种植与病害的治理提供了科学合理的依据。     

绣线菊丛枝病病原的分子鉴定

用植原体16S rRNA基因的通用引物,对表现黄化、丛枝、顶枯等症状的绣线菊DNA进行PCR扩增,得到了约1.2kb的特异性片段.测序结果证明其病原为植原体.RFLP和序列分析表明:该分离物属于翠菊黄化组的16SrⅠ -B亚组.与GenBank中其他植原体分离物序列比较,发现该分离物与16SrⅠ -B亚组中的西方翠菊黄化植原体(SAY)同源性高达99.6%.     

荆条丛枝病植原体的分子检测及鉴定

植原体(Phytoplasma)是一类无细胞壁,迄今不能人工培养,存在于植物筛管细胞中的类似植物病原细菌的原核生物.据估计,植原体可在98个科,几百种植物上引起病害(Lee et al.,2000),主要症状包括丛枝、黄化、花变叶、花器退化等,严重时使植株提早衰老,直至整株枯死.     

Molecular identification and characterization of a new phytoplasma strain associated with Chinese chestnut yellow crinkle disease in China

Chinese chestnut trees (Castanea mollissima BL.) planted in a suburb of Beijing, China developed symptoms including yellowing, leaf crinkling, little leaf, shortened internodes, and empty burrs. Transmission electron microscopy revealed presence of phytoplasma cells in phloem sieve elements of the symptomatic chestnut trees. Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of PCR‐amplified near‐full length 16S rRNA gene indicated that the phytoplasma associated with the Chinese chestnut yellow crinkle disease is closely related to Japanese chestnut witches’‐broom phytoplasma. This is the first report of a phytoplasmal disease in Chinese chestnut trees.     

北京市丰台区主栽枣品种对枣疯病抗性试验

采用以感染枣疯病的枣树作砧木嫁接健康休眠接穗的方式,对丰台区8个主栽枣品种进行了抗病性鉴定,并应用DAPI荧光显微方法和PCR方法对接穗进行了枣疯病植原体检测.结果表明,8个供试品种均能被感染,并表现丛枝症状,对枣疯病植原体均无免疫性,其中金芒果枣和冬枣为易感痛品种,尜尜枣和京枣39为相对抗性品种.     

First report of 16Sr II‐C subgroup phytoplasma association with Acacia mangium in Tripura,India

Leaf yellowing symptoms were observed on Acacia mangium in the Sipahijala district of Tripura, India, during June 2017. Symptomatic and asymptomatic leaf samples (three of each) were collected from roadside trees of A. mangium for DNA extraction using the CTAB method. Amplicons of ~1.25 kb and ~480 bp were detected in all the symptomatic samples using the phytoplasma‐specific universal 16S rRNA and secA gene primers. Pair wise sequence analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences, virtual RFLP and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the phytoplasma strain associated with A. mangium belonged to phytoplasma subgroup 16SrII‐C. This is the first report of an association between the 16SrII‐C subgroup and A. mangium leaf yellowing.     

Rapid detection and identification of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pini’‐related strains based on genomic markers present in 16S rRNA and tuf genes

In order to devise a method for rapid detection of ‘Candidatus (Ca.) Phytoplasma pini’ and for distinguishing it rapidly from other phytoplasmas, we carried out preliminary sequencing of Lithuanian ‘Ca. Phytoplasma pini’ strain PineBL2 using Illumina (NGS) technology and targeted sequencing employing universal phytoplasma primers. We focused on two resulting chromosomal segments that contained a 16S rRNA gene and a translation elongation factor EF‐TU gene (tuf), respectively. Based on alignments of the ‘Ca. Phytoplasma pini’ gene sequences with the corresponding sequences of other phytoplasmas, we designed new primer pairs for PCR‐based detection of ‘Ca. Phytoplasma pini’. Because ‘Ca. Phytoplasma pini’ strains are expected to reside in the pine phloem in a very low titre, one might expect that they could be detected only by nested PCR. By contrast, the primers and PCR protocols designed in the current work enabled rapid direct PCR detection and identification of ‘Ca. Phytoplasma pini ’ by amplifying a 484 bp 16S rDNA segment and a 513 bp tuf gene fragment that contain regions unique to this phytoplasma .