茉莉酸甲酯和水杨酸甲酯诱导杨树叶片内酚酸含量的变化

用茉莉酸甲酯(MeJa)及水杨酸甲酯(MeSa)熏蒸合作杨(P.Simonii×P.Pyramibalis c.v)和黑杨(P.deltoids)植株,采用高效液相色谱技术(HPLC)检测杨树叶片内没什子酸、儿茶酸、邻苯二酚、咖啡酸、香豆酸、阿魏酸和苯甲酸的含量变化,分析MeJa与MeSa诱导植物叶片内酚酸含量的差异。结果表明:在不同的处理条件下,不同酚酸含量存在显著差异。MeJA及MeSa熏蒸后的黑杨叶片内没什子酸、香豆酸、咖啡酸、阿魏酸和苯甲酸含量均增加,且没什子酸含量在MeJa处理24h后达到最大量,在MeSa处理12天后达到最大量。MeJa及MeSa熏蒸后的合作杨叶片内没什子酸、邻苯二酚和阿魏酸含量也增加,儿茶酸和苯甲酸含量略有下降,咖啡酸和香豆酸在对照叶片和熏蒸叶片内都没有检测到。说明MeJa与MeSa可作为气体信号诱导植株产生防御反应。图4参23。     

SA及H2O2在杨树与溃疡病菌互作中的表达差异

以毛白杨和北京杨为试验材料,研究不同杨树接种溃疡病菌后信号分子水杨酸(SA)和过氧化氢(H2O2)的变化差异.结果表明:毛白杨接种后SA与H202含量显著上升,72 h时内源游离SA含量达到峰值(191.41μg·g-1 FW),并伴随H2O2含量的增加和CAT酶活性的降低;而北京杨接种后内源游离SA含量变化不显著(峰值仅为7.83μg-g-1 FW),不伴随CAT活性的下降,且H2O2含量与毛白杨相比达到峰值的时间早,峰值低(分别为737.52和306.99 nmol·g-1 FW),说明不同杨树与溃疡病菌互作体系中SA与H2O2差异显著;同时,克隆获得编码毛白杨水杨酸结合蛋白PtSABP和北京杨PbSABP蛋白的2个基因,氨基酸序列比对分析证明,PtSABP和PbSABP编码的氨基酸与烟草(NtSABP)氨基酸同一性为90％.RT-PCR分析表明:接种后毛白杨SABP基因的表达在6～24 h时受到抑制,推测此时SA与SABP结合,抑制SABP的CAT活性,从而促使24 h后H2O2含量的显著升高.本试验证明:不同杨树接种溃疡病菌后SA与H2O2变化差异显著,杨树对溃疡病的抗性与其体内SA与H2O2的积累情况有关.     

桑天牛羧酸酯酶和谷胱甘肽S—转移酶与杨树次生代谢物质相关性研究

对取食8种杨树的桑天牛幼虫羧酯酯酶和谷胱甘肽S－转移酶活力进行了测定，证实取食不同杨树的桑天牛幼虫羧酸酯酶和谷胱甘肽S－转移酶活力存在显著差异。采用高效液相色谱法对8种杨树的14种次生代谢物质含量进行了测定，经聚类分析将8种杨树分为2类：加拿大杨、I－214杨、北京杨、J－2杨、J－1杨、山海关杨为一类，毛白杨、新疆杨为另一类。对羧酸酯酶和谷胱甘肽S－转移酶活力与杨树次生代谢物质进行了逐步回归分析，逐步回归方程表明，杨树丁香酸、绿原酸含量高，苯酚、对羟基苯甲酸含量降低，则羧酸酯酶活力会较高；杨树苯酚含量增高，阿魏酸含量降低，则谷胱甘肽S－转移酶活力会较高。     

树皮内酚类物质的含量及苯丙氨酸解氨酶的活性与杨树抗溃疡病的关系

本文通过不同含水量盆栽苗的接种试验,结果表明,水分亏缺是杨树溃疡病发生发展的诱因。在树皮含水量高的植株中,苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)的活性强,邻苯二酚和对-羟基苯甲酸等酚类物质的含量高,且它们的活性(或含量)随着树皮含水量的降低而降低。室内抑菌试验及盆栽苗的注射试验证明了邻苯二酚是寄主活体内的重要抑菌物质。     

杨树树皮中化学成分与溃疡病关系的研究(Ⅲ)——几种化学成分的季节变异及与溃疡病的关系

本文对毛白杨(Populus tomentosa)树皮中的总酚、缩合单宁类、其它酚类(水解单宁类、酚苷等)、可溶性总糖含量的季节变异及与溃疡病(Dothiorella gregaria)的关系进行了初步研究。结果表明,总酚、其它酚类对溃疡病菌起着明显的抑制作用,其季节变异与毛白杨树皮生物测定液抗溃疡病能力之间的相关性显著,缩合单宁类、水溶性总糖对溃疡病菌起着一定的促进作用,但其季节变异与毛白杨树皮生物测定液抗溃疡病能力之间的相关性不十分显著。     

杨树和核桃溃疡病菌交叉接种试验

用来自北京杨、箭杆杨和核桃病株上分离的病菌对12个树种作了交叉接种及室内诱发试验。杨树溃疡病菌与核桃溃疡病菌对多种阔叶树能交互感染,但致病性差异明显。     

溃疡病菌对杨树愈伤组织细胞膜透性、可溶性糖及MDA含量的影响

采用抗性水平不同的毛白杨和北京杨愈伤组织,用生理生化分析方法研究接种溃疡病菌后细胞膜透性、可溶性糖及MDA含量的动态变化.结果表明:溃疡病菌侵染后,2种杨树愈伤组织细胞膜透性上升,相对电导率显著增加,感病种上升幅度大于抗病种;可溶性糖含量的变化在抗,感病种间随时间变化差异较大,感病种可溶性糖含量呈上升趋势,在24 h和120 h达到高峰,抗病种可溶性糖含量48 h时高于对照,但比相应对照增加幅度小,方差分析表明抗病种处理与对照间可溶性糖含量差异不显著;感病种MDA含量上升,而抗病种MDA含量变化不明显,说明感病种出现了明显的膜脂过氧化现象.     

山东杨树主要品种对溃病抗性的研究

在山东营建杨树主要品种抗溃疡病Ｄｏｔｈｉｏｒｅｌｌａ ｇｒｅｇａｉｒａ Ｓａｃｃ试验外，田间测定自然发病率和感病程度，同时室内测定杨树树皮含水量、两种同功酶活性和主要酚类化合物量，探讨上述三项指标与溃疡病发生的关系，明确主要杨树品种的抗病性量、过氧化物酶和酯酶同功酶活性、对羟基苯甲酸和邻苯二酚含量与杨树对溃疡病的抗性有着密切关系。田间表现抗病的品种，如Ｉ－６９/５５、Ｉ－７２/５８和毛白杨，其上述三     

核桃炭疽病发生相关的酚类物质代谢分析

【目的】鉴定胶孢炭疽菌侵染核桃青皮后酚类物质种类以及变化规律,筛选潜在抗炭疽病有效成分,为探究核桃抵抗炭疽病发生机制提供参考。【方法】以‘香玲’和‘泰勒’2个品种核桃为试材,对其青皮体外接种胶孢炭疽菌,通过靶向代谢组学分析侵染后核桃青皮中酚类物质含量及相关变化。【结果】随着胶孢炭疽菌侵染天数增加,‘香玲’青皮病斑逐渐增大,在第6天发生明显变化,而‘泰勒’青皮病斑基本不变。‘香玲’和‘泰勒’青皮中酚类物质总量基本一致,划分为9大类,其中以原花青素/花青素、苯甲酸及其衍生物、黄酮醇和苯丙素类为主。‘香玲’中苯甲酸类最多,占60%以上,主要以没食子酸、丁香酸、鞣花酸和香草酸等为主;‘泰勒’中黄酮醇类最多,接近30%,主要以金丝桃苷、槲皮苷、扁蓄苷和杨梅苷等为主。炭疽菌侵染第6天,与‘香玲’相比,‘泰勒’青皮差异代谢物为60个,上调差异代谢物有52个,下调为8个,其中表儿茶素没食子酸酯、对香豆酸、原花青素B1/2/3、根皮苷、丁香酸、鞣花酸和阿魏酸等差异显著。分析炭疽菌侵染4～6天‘香玲’和‘泰勒’青皮差异代谢物发现,咖啡酸、柚皮素、(S)-圣草酚、扁蓄苷、槲皮苷和没食子酸6种物质出现明显变化,这可能与青皮病斑出现明显变化有关联。【结论】鉴定抗炭疽病品种‘泰勒’和感病品种‘香玲’130种酚类物质,代谢组学分析炭疽菌侵染后物质动态变化,筛选到原花青素B1/2/3、咖啡酸、柚皮素、(S)-圣草酚、扁蓄苷、槲皮苷和没食子酸等潜在抗炭疽病有效成分,可为后期开发炭疽病相关天然药物,探究炭疽病发生机制提供参考。     

用愈伤组织测定杨树对溃疡病的抗性

用溃疡病菌接种１１个杨树品种和无性系，病菌在愈伤组织上的扩展速度、愈伤组织内过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶的活性变化幅度与各相应树种的田间抗病性有明显的相关性，可以反映出不同树种对溃疡病的抗性。     

马尾松种源对松褐天牛成虫取食、松材线虫病的抗性分析

通过反复选择试验,从40个马尾松种源中选出既抗松材线虫病又较抗松褐天牛补充营养取食的广东5号种源.接种松材线虫使抗病马尾松种源中某些萜类组分如长叶烯、酚性化合物等增多;而抗松褐天牛取食种源含有更多的单萜烯、倍半萜烯、石竹烯等,含有更少长叶烯,这可能与松材线虫和松褐天牛的取食习性不同有关.游离氨基酸含量低的马尾松种源能抗松褐天牛成虫补充营养取食和抗松材线虫病.这与游离氨基酸含量低的马尾松种源抗性强的观点一致.厚皮紧密型的树皮结构和旺盛的树木生长势也是抗性种源抗性强的原因.     

濒危植物夏蜡梅叶片酚类化合物含量的动态分析

以国家2级保护植物夏蜡梅为研究对象,对自然条件下夏蜡梅叶片不同生长时期的总黄酮、总酚酸、总鞣质等3种酚类化合物含量进行了测定与分析。结果表明:夏蜡梅叶片3种酚类化合物含量随季节的不同而有差异。3种酚类化合物含量的变化曲线均为"双峰型",其中,总黄酮的含量在5月和7月出现2个峰值;总酚酸的含量在7月和9月出现2个峰值;总鞣质的含量在6月和8月出现2个峰值。3种酚类化合物总含量的变化呈现出先升高而后降低的趋势,以7月最高,10月最低。3种酚类化合物的总含量与总酚酸含量之间存在显著的相关性,与总黄酮含量之间存在极显著的相关性。     

抗枣疯病枣树品系选育及抗病机理初探

通过野外嫁接病枝病皮和室内PCR检测的方法,测定了不同枣树品种和单株对枣疯病的抗性,历经12 a的时间,筛选出了抗病性较强的壶瓶枣和婆枣单株。建立了总面积24 hm2的6个试验示范园,观测了林间生长表现,证明选择的枣树品系抗病性稳定。通过与感病枣树品种进行对比分析,初步研究了抗病品系的抗病机理。抗病和感病品系间在酚类物质含量、绿原酸含量和蛋白质含量间都存在显著差异。在抗病品种中发现一种感病品种中没有的酚类物质,经提取测定,该物质的提取液可对过氧化物酶、吲哚乙酸氧化酶的活性产生显著影响。     

Lipid-lowering effects of standardized extracts of Ilex paraguariensis in high-fat-diet rats

Mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil) is a native species of South America used to prepare traditional beverages. Recently a possible effect of its infusion on oxidative stress found in dyslipidemias has been reported. The main compounds related to these activities are phenolic compounds derived from chlorogenic acid. This study aimed to determine the anticholesteremic effect of the hydroethanolic extract (HEIP) and its n-butanolic fraction (n-BFIP), with standardized content of phenolic compounds derived from chlorogenic acid, in rats treated with high-fat diet (HFD). The contents of these compounds in the ethanol extract and n-butanol fraction were respectively two and three times higher than in traditional infusion with predominance of dicaffeoylquinic derivatives. The extracts were able to reduce serum triglycerides and cholesterol and decrease the atherogenic index in treated animals. These results support a potential effect of the mate extract in cardiovascular disease.     

Relationship between plant hormone level excreted by ectomycorrhizal fungi and growth of poplar NL-895

To explore the effects of plant hormones levels excreted by ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi on the growth of poplars, Populus × euramericana cv. NL-895 seedlings were inoculated with nine species of ECM fungi. We investigated the status of ectomycorrhizal formation and the effects of these fungi on poplar growth, and using the HPLC method, we measured the contents of four kinds of plant hormones, indole acetic acid (IAA), zeatin (Z), gibberellin (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA) in both the culture filtrate and the mycelium of these fungi. The results showed that the effects of nine ECM fungi on the growth of poplar NL-895 varied. The inoculated seedlings, whether or not obvious mycorrhizas were developed, grew better than those non-inoculated ones. All nine ectomycorrhizal fungi excreted the four plant hormones, but at different levels. The hormone contents in culture filtrate were higher than that in mycelium, which showed a definite relationship with poplar growth. Significantly, correlation analysis suggested the height and stem diameter of the poplar were positively correlated with zeatin contents in the mycelium, and were negatively correlated with the levels of ABA or IAA in the mycelium. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2008, 44(7): 43–49 [译自:林业科学]     

6种白腐菌腐朽前后的山杨木材酚酸种类和含量变化的高效液相色谱分析

研究阔叶树上的6种木材白腐菌火木层孔菌、粗毛盖菌、偏肿拟栓菌、三色革裥菌、冬拟多孔菌和血红密孔菌对山杨材腐朽前后木材中游离酚酸种类和含量的变化情况.结果表明:受6种白腐菌腐朽后的山杨木材中酚酸的种类和含量各不相同,在山杨材被分解120 d后,偏肿拟栓菌、三色革裥菌、血红密孔菌和冬拟多孔菌的9种游离酚酸总含量远大于粗毛盖菌和火木层孔菌的9种游离酚酸总含量,表明前4种对木质素分解能力较强的菌种获得了较高含量的酚酸;但从9种游离酚酸总的含量上看,与各菌种对木材和木质素的分解百分率不尽相同,初步分析的原因表明在木质素被分解的过程中除了有这9种游离酚酸产生以外,可能还会产生其他的游离酚酸以及苯环二聚体、三聚体和各种寡聚体以及杂环的形式,所有这些苯环结构总体造成了对木质素分解百分率的差异. 对9种酚酸进行分析测试,只构成对木质素分解的一部分,不足以用来解释对木质素的全部分解能力,其他的酚酸和游离酚酸以外的苯环结构还有待进一步研究分析测试;从各种游离酚酸单个含量上看,各种白腐菌的种类和含量都各不相同,表明不同白腐菌对同一木质纤维基质的分解途径、中间降解产物各不相同.另外,未腐朽的木材中本身就含有一些微量的酚酸成分,这些酚酸在生物分解过程中会降解和转化成其他成分, 是否有可能转化成其他种类的酚酸还有待进一步证明.     

Physiological responses of Eucalyptus spp. hybrids to infection by Ceratocystis fimbriata

In Brazil, the selection and planting of eucalyptus clones resistant to Ceratocystis fimbriata is the pre‐eminent control strategy for the wilt pathogen. However, little is known about host defence responses associated with resistance of eucalyptus to C. fimbriata infection. In this work, enzymatic activity, sugars, lignin, total phenols and phenolic compounds involved in the defence response of eucalyptus clones resistant (RC) and susceptible (SC) to the Ceratocystis wilt were evaluated. Changes were detected in the sugars produced by RC clones, with higher concentrations occurring compared with SC. A similar response occurred with lignin content at 28 days after inoculation (dai) in RC plants. SC plants had an increase in polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activities at 7 dai. In contrast, RC plants demonstrated high activity of the same enzymes at 2 and 4 dai, decreasing afterwards. There was no difference in phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase activity between resistant and susceptible clones. Hydroxycinnamic acid concentration was higher in RC than in SC; however, there was no difference between RC and SC in flavonoid concentrations. RC had high concentrations catechin, chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid. Histochemical tests demonstrated the presence of phenolic compounds and lignin, at higher intensities, in xylem of RC plants. Inoculation with C. fimbriata induced defence responses in both resistant and susceptible eucalyptus clones, but both the intensity and speed of the responses were higher in RC. Alterations in the concentrations of sugars and lignin, as well as certain enzymes and phenolic compounds, could be used to predict the relative susceptibilities to Ceratocystis wilt of different phenotypes of eucalyptus clones.     

Evaluation of biological activities of extracts from 22 African tropical wood species

Heartwoods of 22 African tropical wood species were extracted with methanol and the contents of total phenolic compounds in these extracts were measured. Three bioassays were conducted to evaluate the antioxidant activity, tyrosinase inhibitory activity, and antifungal activity of the methanol extracts. The results indicated that the extracts from 13 species exhibited high antioxidant potential, and their inhibitory concentrations that caused 50% scavenging of the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical (IC₅₀) were less than 10 μg/ml. The crude extract from Cylicodiscus gabunensis showed the highest antioxidant activity, and was even higher than that of (+)-catechin, which is known as a potent antioxidant. There was a good correlation between the antioxidant activity and the content of total phenolic compounds, indicating that phenolic compounds played a predominant role in the antioxidant property of the wood extracts. Among all 22 species, only 1 species, Milicia excelsa, contained extractives that showed very high tyrosinase inhibitory activity. The extracts from 9 species showed high antifungal activity. No consistent relationship was observed between the tyrosinase inhibitory activity or antifungal activity and the content of total phenolics in the extracts. Part of this article was presented at the 56th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Akita, August 2006     

Relationship between field resistance to Phytophthora ramorum and constitutive phenolic chemistry of coast live oak

Sudden oak death, caused by Phytophthora ramorum, has resulted in high levels of coast live oak (CLO) mortality. However, some CLO survive in areas with high disease pressure and may thus be resistant. We tested the hypothesis that such field‐resistant trees contain constitutively higher levels of phenolics than susceptible trees. Phloem was sampled from the trunks of two groups of trees (one previously inoculated, one naturally infected with P. ramorum) categorized over the course of several years as putatively resistant (PR, no symptoms), in remission (IR, showed symptoms but then recovered) and symptomatic (S). Individual and total soluble phenolics from these trees were quantified. There were no significant differences in individual or total soluble phenolics between groups of naturally infected trees. However, inoculated PR and IR trees were characterized by higher constitutive levels of ellagic acid, a tyrosol derivative, and an unidentified phenolic than S trees. Ellagic acid and tyrosol‐like compounds in CLO phloem are promising resistance biomarker candidates.     

VA菌根真菌提高杨树抗溃疡病机制的研究

本文研究了ＶＡＭ真菌诱导北京杨树皮中生化指标的变化与其抗溃疡病的关系。结果表明,菌根侵染率与宿主树皮中的相对膨胀度,过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶的活性,有效磷和总酚的含量呈显著正相关,与可溶性总糖呈负相关;而杨树溃疡病菌的生长与上述各生化指标的相关性相反。