3个树种苗期耐盐性综合评价及指标筛选

采用盆栽方法,以卫矛、沙枣和美国白蜡实生苗为材料,用不同浓度的NaCl溶液进行处理,对盐胁迫下各树种的形态表现、生理指标响应和矿质元素的变化进行研究.结果表明:在盐胁迫下植物的相对株高生长量和生物量都受到抑制;叶绿素含量随盐浓度的增加而减少;膜透性、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量均随盐浓度增加而增加;盐胁迫后,Na+含量在根茎叶中逐渐升高,而K+在不同部位变化规律有所不同,在根中逐渐减少,在茎中无明显的变化;在叶片中,3个树种的变化规律不完全相同.利用相关分析、主成分分析和隶属函数法,对3个树种的耐盐性进行综合评价:卫矛＞沙枣＞美国白蜡,这与根据盐害症状表现的排序结果相一致.通过灰色关联分析,对14个耐盐评价指标进行筛选,最终筛选出株高相对生长量、膜透性、脯氨酸、根茎叶中的Na+和K+含量是与耐盐性评价有重要相关的指标.     

盐胁迫对深山含笑苗木生长及生理指标的影响

对深山含笑幼苗在盐胁迫下生长与生理指标进行测定的结果表明,苗高和地径的增长率随盐浓度增大而减小;叶片膜透性、MDA含量、游离脯氨酸含量、POD含量、SOD含量随着盐浓度增大而增大;可溶性糖含量以及叶绿素含量随盐质量分数的增大呈先增加后减少的趋势,低浓度的盐能对叶片中可溶性糖和叶绿素的产生起到促进作用,说明深山含笑具有一定的耐盐性.     

盐胁迫对沙滩黄芩生长及其生理特性的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了不同梯度盐(NaCl)胁迫对沙滩黄芩生长及其生理特性的影响,以确定沙滩黄芩的耐盐性。结果表明,盐浓度0.5%及以上处理沙滩黄芩均表现为整株枯黄、营养不良,花或是果实未成熟就全部枯萎在植株上。与对照相比,在一定盐浓度范围内,随盐浓度的增加,叶绿素含量、SOD、POD活性、根茎叶中的K+含量均逐渐降低;脯氨酸含量、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖、MDA含量及根茎叶中的Na+含量均逐渐升高。当盐浓度过高时,除了POD活性转为增加,可溶性蛋白含量转为降低外,其他上述指标变化趋势不变。说明沙滩黄芩能够适应适度的盐胁迫,但是盐浓度过高时则会影响沙滩黄芩的正常生长。本试验表明沙滩黄芩能够忍耐0.4%及以下的盐溶液。     

唐古特白刺悬浮细胞对盐胁迫的生长与生理响应

以唐古特白刺悬浮细胞为研究对象,对比分析了不同盐(Na Cl)浓度(0、100、150、200、250 mmol·L-1)胁迫下细胞生长状态和可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、脯氨酸、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)等生理生化指标随培养时间的动态变化及其相关性。结果表明:(1)盐胁迫对白刺悬浮细胞生长状态影响明显,细胞生长符合Logistic生长曲线模型,其中,盐浓度100 mmol·L-1胁迫下白刺悬浮细胞生长速度最快,之后随着盐浓度的增加细胞生长逐渐受抑。(2)盐胁迫对白刺细胞生理生化指标影响明显,在培养初期,各指标随盐浓度的增加而增加,但随着培养时间的延长这种趋势逐渐减弱,其中,脯氨酸、SOD、MDA含量在培养过程中逐渐表现为随盐浓度的增加呈先增高后降低的趋势;在相同盐浓度胁迫下,渗透调节指标中,可溶性糖含量随培养时间的延长最先达到最大值,抗氧化酶中的SOD较POD更早达到最大值,分别是渗透调节和抗氧化酶调节的第一道防线。(3)白刺细胞鲜质量分别与可溶性糖、丙二醛含量呈极显著和显著负相关,各生理指标之间的相关性均达极显著正相关,表明盐胁迫下白刺细胞内生理生化的平衡是通过多种物质的协同作用来调节的。     

盐胁迫下4种耐盐植物渗透调节物质积累的比较

为探索不同类型耐盐植物在盐胁迫下体内渗透调节机制,以沙柳、沙枣、柽柳和西伯利亚白刺为研究材料,研究了不同盐浓度(0、100、200、300 mmol·L^-1NaCl)处理下4种耐盐植物体内无机离子和有机溶质含量的变化,比较了其在植物渗透调节中的作用。结果表明:(1)盐处理后4种植物体内Na⁺、Cl^-含量均上升,K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺离子含量呈下降趋势;(2)稀盐型盐生植物白刺与泌盐型盐生植物柽柳以Na⁺为主要无机渗透调节物质,拒盐型耐盐植物沙枣与沙柳以K⁺为主要无机渗透调节物质;(3)可溶性糖是4种植物盐胁迫下共同的有机渗透调节物质,对沙柳和沙枣尤为重要;在高盐浓度(≥ 200 mmol·L^-1NaCl)下,脯氨酸是沙枣叶片中重要的有机渗透调节剂;白刺叶片中甜菜碱含量随盐浓度升高明显增加,对提高白刺耐盐能力具有重要作用。4种不同类型耐盐植物在盐渍环境胁迫下所积累的渗透调节物质种类与数量差异明显,渗透调节方式与耐盐机制不同。     

3种白刺耐盐性的对比分析

以2年生西伯利亚白刺、齿叶白刺和唐古特白刺苗为材料,设置0、100、200、300、400 mmol.L-1NaCl 5种盐浓度开展胁迫试验,测定并对比分析其对盐胁迫的生长及生理生化响应。结果表明:低盐浓度处理促使白刺生长速度和生物量增加、叶绿素含量增高,高盐浓度处理下这种促进作用降低;在100 mmol.L-1的盐处理下,唐古特白刺、西伯利亚白刺、齿叶白刺叶绿素含量均达最高,分别为0.72、0.78、0.61 mg.g-1;在400 mmol.L-1的盐处理下,唐古特白刺、西伯利亚白刺、齿叶白刺生物量为最低,分别为10.49、12.42、10.19 g.株-1,仅为对照的75%79%;3种白刺中,唐古特白刺的Na+/K+最高,施盐处理下西伯利亚白刺的Na+/K+均高于对照,而齿叶白刺则低于对照;随着盐浓度的增加,3种白刺叶片中可溶性蛋白的含量递增,可溶性糖含量则先增后减;低盐浓度处理的唐古特和西伯利亚白刺叶片中MDA含量比对照低,齿叶白刺却比对照高;3种白刺的POD和SOD活性在盐处理下高于对照,其中唐古特白刺叶片中POD活性最低,齿叶白刺中SOD活性最高;3种白刺在盐胁迫下均能正常生长。     

盐胁迫下11个树种生理特性及其耐盐性研究

以11个树种实生幼苗为材料,用不同浓度(0、3、5、8、10 g·kg-1)NaCl溶液进行浇灌处理,研究了盐胁迫下各树种的生理特性,并运用隶属函数法对其耐盐性进行综合评定,结果表明:(1)随着盐胁迫浓度的增加,各树种的叶绿素含量下降,脯氨酸含量增加,可溶性糖含量和质膜透性在树种间差异较大;(2)盐处理后,不同部位(根、茎和叶)Na 含量明显增加,K 含量随树种不同表现各异,K /Na 比值均呈下降趋势,且根中Na 含量明显比叶中的高;(3)日本丁香、银水牛果、榆桔和三裂叶漆的耐盐碱能力较强,豆梨、欧洲荚蒾、沃氏金链花及鹰爪豆具有中高度耐盐碱能力,而金雀儿、甜桦和光叶漆稍差,具有中度耐盐性.本研究为11个树种耐盐性标准的制订及其推广应用提供了理论依据.     

花灌木在西宁市的抗寒性综合评价

以青海省农林科学院引进的2a生香茶藨子、新疆忍冬以及乡土树种黄刺玫、水蜡、紫丁香、连翘、珍珠梅、榆叶梅为试验材料,对其进行低温处理,设置4个温度梯度:5、-15、-20、-25℃,低温处理24h,研究8个树种的枝条生理生化指标的变化,主要包括:丙二醛(MDA)含量、叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量4个指标,并采用隶属函数法对8个树种的抗寒性进行综合评价。结果表明:随着胁迫程度的加剧,研究树种体内的丙二醛含量、脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量均呈现增加趋势,叶绿素含量呈现下降趋势。综合评价8个树种的抗寒性强弱,表现为水蜡>香茶藨子>黄刺玫>新疆忍冬>珍珠梅>榆叶梅>紫丁香>连翘。评价结果中水蜡的抗寒性最强,香茶藨子位于第二,由此可见:香茶藨子在该地区表现出较好的抗寒性,可为西宁市城市绿化树种的引进和推广提供理论依据。     

Na2SO4胁迫对金露梅生理特性的影响

以不同浓度Na2SO4溶液分别处理2年生金露梅扦插苗,测定盐胁迫后金露梅叶片的各项生理生化指标.结果表明:随盐胁迫强度的增加,金露梅的高生长量以及叶片的肉质化程度、膜透性、丙二醛(MDA)、游离脯氨酸含量均呈上升趋势;可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量呈先升后降趋势.研究证实膜透性、丙二醛及游离脯氨酸含量是金露梅3个重要的耐盐生理指标;可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白对轻度盐害具有调节作用,可作为金露梅耐盐性鉴定的参考指标.     

荒漠河岸林2种典型植物的耐盐性比较

在新疆尉犁县的天然荒漠河岸林里,选择了3个土壤盐度不同的样地,测定了胡杨和柽柳叶片的脯氨酸含量、K+/Na+、氯离子(Cl-)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量等5个生理指标,并利用模糊数学隶属函数法对二者的耐盐性进行了综合评价.结果表明:随着土壤盐胁迫的增强,胡杨叶片的脯氨酸含量总体上呈增加趋势...     

Cytochemical localization of H+-ATPase and sub-cellular variation in mesophyll cells of salt-treated Cyclocarya paliurus seedlings

Cyclocarya paliurus seedlings of three provenances were treated with three levels of salt (0, 51.0 and 85.0 mmol/L NaCl) in a hydroponic system of a phytotron. The ultrastructural distribution of H⁺-ATPase activity and ultrastructural variation were investigated in mesophyll cells of C. paliurus seedlings after 12 or 20 days of salt treatment. The results showed that under normal growing conditions, H⁺-ATPase activity was low and localized mainly in the nucleus. After 12 days of salt treatment and an increase in salinity, we found that the greater the H⁺-ATPase activity, the lighter the damage suffered by mesophyll subcells after 20 days of salt treatment and the stronger the salt-adaptation ability of seedlings. The location of H⁺-ATPase, largely in the nucleus, indicated that salt-damage suffered by the seedlings was light, whereas its presence, mainly in the vacuoles, showed that salt-damage was more serious. Our preliminary conclusion is that the salt-tolerance level of C. paliurus seedlings for the three kinds of provenances was in the following order, from high to low: Huangshan seedlings from Anhui Province > Kunming seedlings from Yunnan Province > Jiujiang seedlings from Jiangxi Province.     

NaCl胁迫下沙枣幼苗的离子代谢特性

[Objective]To further understand the ion metabolism characteristics of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. under NaCl stress.[Method]The seedlings of two E. angustifolia L. provenances, which were Alaer (salt tolerance provenance) and Yinchuan (salt sensitive provenance), were treated by three NaCl concentrations (0,150,300 mmol·L^-1) and sampled at the 7th day and the 30th day to measure the Na⁺ , K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ contents, K⁺/Na⁺ ratio and selective absorption and transportation of K⁺ in tissues (roots, stems and leaves). [Result]The results showed that the Na⁺ content in the organizations of E. angustifolia L. sharply increased with the increase of NaCl concentration. With prolonging of stress time, the Na⁺ content increased in roots, and decreased in stems and leaves. After seedlings of the two provenances were treated with 150 mmol·L^-1 NaCl for 7 days, the Na⁺ content was 2.10 times and 2.23 times in leaves, respectively, compared with the control groups, and was 1.79 times and 1.57 times in root. Meanwhile, the difference between two provenances showed a expanding trend with the increase of NaCl concentration and stress time. With the increase of NaCl concentration and extension of stress time, the K⁺ content, Ca²⁺ content and K⁺/Na⁺ ratio in organizations decreased gradually. Meanwhile, the Alaer provenance seedlings accumulated more Na⁺ in roots and less Na⁺ in leaves than that of Yinchuan provenance, and the K⁺ content, Ca²⁺ content and K⁺/Na⁺ ratio decreased less in the Alaer provenance seedlings than those of Yinchuan provenance. With the increase of NaCl concentration, the Mg²⁺ content in leaf gradually decrease, but the Mg²⁺ content in root increased 22.8~64.4% after salt stress for 7 days, and Alaer provenance seedlings increased more than Yinchuan provenance. After 30 days, there was non-significant difference with the control group on the Mg²⁺ content of root. K⁺ selective absorption of E. angustifolia L. seedlings significantly increased with increasing salt concentration of the media at the 7th days, whereas not obvious at the 30th days. When the concentration of NaCl in the media increased, the change of K⁺ selective transportation was not significant. [Conclusion]E. angustifolia L. seedlings increase Mg²⁺ content and K⁺ selective absorption in the roots at the early stage of salt stress to adapt saline environment. The salt-tolerance E. angustifolia L. provenance can cut off more Na⁺ in roots and reduce Na⁺ content in leaves, which cause less K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ contents loss, especially the roots and leaves, so as to ensure that all kinds of metabolisms can go well.     

Response of five tree species to salinity and waterlogging: shoot and root biomass and relationships with leaf and root ion concentrations

Unproductive saline and waterlogged (WT) wastelands could be beneficially transformed into agroforestry systems using trees tolerant to these stresses. We studied the salinity and waterlogging tolerance of five Australian tree species (Acacia salicina, Casuarina glauca, Casuarina obesa, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Eucalyptus occidentalis) during seedling stage and their relationships with root and leaf ion concentrations. 8-month old plants were exposed for 5 months to five irrigation water salinity treatments (EC values between 2 and 22 dS m^?1) and two waterlogging treatments (drained or WT). The salinity tolerance of the five species was high, although decreased in WT conditions. Irrespective of salinity, the two Casuarina species were more tolerant and the other three species were less tolerant to WT than drained conditions. In all species, salinity and waterlogging increased leaf Cl^? and Na⁺ and decreased leaf Ca²⁺, but not leaf K⁺. Root Cl^? and Na⁺ increased with salinity but not with waterlogging. Salinity tolerance was negatively correlated with Cl^? and Na⁺ leaf accumulation rates per unit increase in salinity. Waterlogging reduced the ability of the seedlings to exclude Cl^? and Na⁺ from the leaves. The two most salt tolerant Casuarina species under both drained and WT conditions showed the highest leaf Cl^? and Na⁺ exclusion and the highest root Cl^? and Na⁺ accumulation, suggesting that sequestration of these toxic ions in their roots was a significant salt-tolerant mechanism. Revegetation of saline and WT wastelands with these tolerant Casuarina species could be profitably used for biomass, biofuel and renewable energy production.     

Effect of NaCl stress on ion distribution in roots and growth of Cyclocarya paliurus seedlings

We studied ion distribution in roots and the growth of Cyclocarya paliurus seedlings of three provenances, Huangshan in Anhui, Jiujiang in Jiangxi and Kunming in Yunnan, under conditions of 0, 1, 3 and 5 g/L NaCl stress using X-ray microanalysis. Results show that under NaCl stress of 3 and 5 g/L, the relative contents of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ in root tissues increased, while the relative contents of K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ decreased. With an increase in salinity, the relative content of Na⁺ in the epidermis and cortex of the root increased, while the relative content of Cl⁻ in the stele and cortex of the root increased markedly. Thus, ions in the root tissues were unbalanced and the ratios K⁺/Na⁺ and Ca²⁺/Na⁺ decreased, while Na⁺/(K⁺+ Na⁺+Ca²⁺+Mg²⁺) increased. The decrease of the K⁺/Na⁺ ratio and the substantial increase of Cl⁻ in root tissues contributed to a decline in seedlings survival and reduced the increments for seedling leaf area, height, basal diameter as well biomass. Our preliminary conclusion is that the level of salt tolerance for the tested provenance seedlings was in the order of Huangshan > Kunming > Jiujiang, and the threshold of salt tolerance for C. paliurus seedlings was about 1 g/L. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinica, 2008, 44(6): 66–72 [틫自: 쇖튵뿆톧]     

盐胁迫对红楠幼苗生长及Na+、K+吸收和分布的影响

In order to explore the salt tolerance mechanism of Machilus thunbergii, the effects of salt stress on seedling biomass, root morphology, sodium and potassium absorption and distribution were studied. The results showed that the above-ground biomass increased slightly under lower salt stress conditions, while the below-ground biomass, root length and root surface area showed a downtrend. The above-ground growth was limited under high concentration salt stress, while the under-ground growth was not subject to significant restrictions. The absorption of Na⁺ in root increased under salt stress, but that of K⁺ decreased. The ability of Na⁺ transporting from root to leaf and stem was weakened. The accumulation of Na⁺ in stem and leaves was less. With the decreased absorption of K⁺, the ratio of Na⁺/K⁺ also continuously increased. With the increased concentration of salt stress, the ability of K⁺ absorption in roots increased. The ability of K⁺ transporting from root to leaf and stem was enhanced, which resulted in significant increase of K⁺ in the leaves and stem. The accumulation of Na⁺ in the under-ground was significantly greater than that in above-ground, while the K⁺ content in above-ground increased significantly, which played a key role in maintaining normal growth and metabolism of M. thunbergii.     

Effect of NaCl on growth and ion relations in two salt-tolerant strains of Paxillus involutus

The effect of NaCl on growth, biomass and ion relations of two salt-tolerant isolates of Paxillus involutus, MAJ and NAU were investigated. The two Paxillus strains were exposed to the following concentrations of NaCl： 0, 100, 200 and 500 mmol·L^-1. Growth of MAJ and NAU was enhanced by 100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl but severely inhibited at the concentration of 500 mmol·L^-1. NAU exhibited a greater capacity to exclude Na^＋ and Cl^- under all salinity levels, whereas the salt-includer MAJ had a higher capacity in nutrient uptake under salt stress. The ratios Na^＋/K^＋, Na^＋/Ca^2＋ and Na^＋/Mg^2＋ in NaCl-treated MAJ and NAU did not increase at levels of 100 and 200 mmol·L^-1 NaCl but markedly increased at 500 mmol·L^-1. This suggests that the two strains, especially MAJ, enhanced nutrient uptake corresponding to the increased Na^＋ influx at moderate salinity. We conclude that both MAJ and NAU are able to tolerate 500 mmol·L^-1 NaCl but there are species-specific differences in retaining ionic homeostasis in the two Paxillus strains. NAU is a salt-excluder, MAJ is a salt-includer but retains a high capacity in nutrient selectivity under saline conditions. Their definite mechanisms to enhance salt tolerance of mycorrhizal hosts need further study.     

半红树植物杨叶肖槿幼苗耐盐性研究

温室内对半红树植物杨叶肖槿幼苗进行7个盐度(5、8、11、14、17、20、23 g·kg-1)的胁迫处理,并对各处理下杨叶肖槿的生长量、生物量、生理指标和光合速率进行测定,结合生理指标进行适应度分析.结果表明:杨叶肖槿的苗高、地径、叶片数、根、茎、叶干质量及总生物量随着盐度的上升均呈下降趋势,在盐度为5、8 g·kg...     

Effect of silicon on growth and salinity stress of soybean plant grown under hydroponic system

Silicon (Si) is abundant in the soil, yet its role in plant biology has been poorly understood. The role of Si in soybean growth and its effectiveness in salt stress alleviation was investigated. Sodium metasilicate (Na₂SiO₃) was given as Si source to hydroponically grown soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). The plant growth attributes, i.e. plant height, plant fresh and dry biomass, chlorophyll contents and endogenous gibberellins (GAs) level improved with 2.5 mM Si, while endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and free proline contents were not affected as compared to control. Sodium chloride (NaCl) significantly decreased growth attributes and endogenous gibberellins levels but markedly enhanced ABA and proline contents of soybean leaves. An addition of Si to salt stressed plants substantially alleviated the adverse effects of NaCl on growth, as it enhanced endogenous gibberellins, while reduced the levels of ABA and proline. GAs analysis of soybean leaves also showed that both early C13 hydroxylation and non C13 hydroxylation pathways of gibberellin biosynthesis were operating in soybean. The major GA biosynthesis pathway was identified as non C13 hydroxylation, which led to the formation of bioactive GA₄. Current study suggests that Si application alleviates the detrimental effect of salinity stress on growth and development of soybean.