大豆TPS基因家族全基因组鉴定、分类与表达分析

本研究利用大豆基因组数据库,通过生物信息学分析,鉴定并获得大豆TPS 家族基因所有成员的全序列、基因结构和定位信息。研究还利用序列比对对大豆TPS 家族基因进行进化和分类分析,同时通过soybase大豆发育表达芯片数据库相关信息,对该家族基因成员的组织表达谱进行了检测。研究结果表明,大豆基因组中含有20个TPS家族基因成员。系统发育分析将这些TPS基因分成了两个亚家族。基因定位分析表明,这些成员基因分别分布于大豆的14条染色体上。启动子分析表明,全部大豆TPS 家族基因的启动子区都含有逆境反应顺式作用元件。转录水平芯片数据分析同时显示,大豆TPS家族基因大多在花、根、根瘤等组织中存在优势表达。该研究结果将促进大豆TPS家族基因的功能研究与利用。     

利用注射叶片法快速鉴定大豆GmCRY1和GmCRY2基因功能

将大豆隐花色素基因GmCRY1、GmCRY2构建在N端含有绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)的pEGAD载体上,并转化农杆菌EHA105菌株.将含有上述基因的EHA105菌液分别注射到大豆单叶及复叶叶片中,观察长日条件下(16 h光照/8h黑暗)和短日条件下(8h光照/16 h黑暗)注射植株的开花时间.结果叶片注射含GmCRY1基...     

大豆RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶基因GmRDR1的克隆与表达特性分析

为了寻找大豆抗病新基因,培育大豆新型抗性品种,利用同源克隆的方法从大豆品种科丰1号中分离出1个新的GmRDR1基因,并对其进行序列分析,组织表达、抗逆境胁迫表达分析及该基因的亚细胞定位研究。结果表明:GmRDR1基因位于大豆基因组的第2号染色体,基因全长为3 956 bp,其中ORF为3 378 bp,编码1 125个氨基酸,相对分子量和等电点分别为279.72×103和4.63;GmRDR1含有RDRs家族的保守序列"DLDGD";该基因在所有被检测组织中均表达,并且在叶中的表达量最高;荧光定量结果发现:在大豆花叶病毒(Soybean mosaic virus,SMV)处理下,GmRDR1在抗病材料科丰1号中的表达量显著高于感病材料南农1138-2。盐及干旱胁迫下,48 h之内,该基因的表达量明显升高,SA诱导条件下该基因在6 h出现了早期响应,冷害处理下24 h表达量出现了突然的升高。GmRDR1基因的亚细胞定位结果表明:该基因所编码的蛋白定位在细胞核里。根据以上结果判定GmRDR1基因参与了大豆对SMV的抗性反应,并且能够强烈响应盐和干旱的胁迫,因此该基因在大豆抗逆分子育种中具有较好的应用价值。     

大豆疫霉菌多聚半乳糖醛酸酶pspg1基因的克隆及表达分析

大豆疫病严重影响我同及世界各国的农业生产,为探讨多聚半乳糖醛酸酶在大豆疫霉菌致病过程中的作用,采用PCR的方法从大豆疫霉菌中克隆了多聚半乳糖醛酸酶pspg1基因,并利用RT-PCR法对其在大豆中的表达进行了分析.结果表明:大豆疫霉菌pspg1基因开放阅读框长1236 bp,编码一个长412氨基酸的蛋白质.对其进化关系进行分析,发现该基因与其它卵菌的pg基因亲缘关系最近,形成一个独立的分支.RT-PCR分析表明:pspg1基因在接种大豆疫霉菌的大豆下胚轴中大量表达,而在健康大豆下胚轴中未检测到.克隆了大豆疫霉菌pspg1基因,并发现该基因在大豆疫霉菌侵染大豆过程中发挥重要作用.     

UV-A辐射对大豆芽苗菜中抗坏血酸含量的影响

以黑暗培养为对照,以白光、红光、蓝光、黄光、UV-A和UV-B为处理,研究了不同光质对大豆芽苗菜生长和抗坏血酸含量的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,光照处理显著降低了大豆芽苗菜下胚轴的长度(白光除外),且显著提高了下胚轴和子叶中抗坏血酸含量。与其它光质处理相比,UV-A连续光照36 h后,下胚轴和子叶中抗坏血酸含量提高最显著。进一步着重研究了UV-A的调节机理,与对照相比,UV-A连续光照36 h后,大豆芽苗菜子叶中谷胱甘肽含量显著升高,下胚轴和子叶中DHAR、GR酶活性及其基因的相对表达量均显著提高。综上所述,光照有利于大豆芽苗菜中抗坏血酸含量的积累;UV-A可能是通过提高DHAR、GR酶活性及基因的表达量显著提高抗坏血酸的含量。     

野生大豆GsEXPA3基因的生物信息学、逆境转录及毛状根转化分析

为进一步发掘野生大豆中的优质抗逆基因以用于大豆的种质改良,本研究选取积极参与调控植物生长和非生物胁迫抗性的扩展蛋白基因为对象,在野生大豆中克隆了GsEXPA3基因并对其进行了生物信息学分析,通过qRT-PCR检测该基因在逆境胁迫下的转录情况,采用大豆毛状根转化试验分析其对于根系生长的调控作用。结果显示：启动子分析表明GsEXPA3基因的转录可能参与光、脱落酸及干旱胁迫响应并与类黄酮物质合成相关。在低温和干旱胁迫下,GsEXPA3基因的转录呈显著增加趋势,分别在处理后12和9 h达到最高点,为对照组的3.27倍和2.09倍。GsEXPA3基因的过表达显著促进了转基因大豆毛状根的生长,毛状根数量、总根长和总根重,与对照组相比分别提高了56.83%、53.19%和53.35%。结果说明野生大豆扩展蛋白基因GsEXPA3对于栽培大豆的分子育种具有良好的应用价值。     

大豆Glyma.05G222700.2基因生物信息学与逆境表达分析

为研究Glyma.05G222700.2基因编码的丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶在抗非生物胁迫过程的功能和原理,促进大豆抗逆候选基因的开发利用,本研究通过生物信息学方法对大豆Glyma.05G222700.2基因进行同源序列、蛋白结构、进化树和转录组分析,通过qRT-PCR分析盐胁迫下大豆不同组织中该基因的表达情况。结果表明:该基因编码区长2 040 bp,编码697个氨基酸,预测分子量为656.54 kD,pI8.026。多序列比对发现Glyma.05G222700.2蛋白包含1个Pkinase结构域。进化树分析表明该蛋白与野大豆、刺毛黧豆、赤豆一致性较高。转录组数据表明Glyma.05G222700.2基因在大豆各组织中均有表达,其中在种子中表达量最高,在根中表达量最低。qRT-PCR结果发现Glyma.05G222700.2基因在毛状根、茎、叶中均有表达,在茎中表达量最高,在叶中表达量最低;在毛状根中盐胁迫12 h表达量达到极值,盐胁迫24 h表达量下降;在茎中表达量呈上升趋势,在24 h表达量达到极值;在叶中表达量不稳定,盐胁迫2 h该基因不表达,盐胁迫6 h该基因表达量达到极值并高于对照,盐胁迫12和24 h表达量低于对照。推断该基因可能在大豆抵抗盐胁迫过程中起到重要作用。     

蓝光连续光照对大豆芽苗菜类黄酮合成的影响

以黑暗培养(D)为对照,阐明了蓝光(B)连续光照对大豆(Glycine max L.Merr.)芽苗菜品种东农690生长和类黄酮合成的影响。结果表明:与对照组相比,蓝光连续光照36 h显著提高了大豆芽苗菜子叶中山奈酚(kaempferol)和黄豆苷元(daidzein)的含量,同时子叶中蓝光光受体基因CRY1、CRY2,类黄酮合成相关基因IFS的表达量也显著提高。处理组中,大豆芽苗菜下胚轴中黄豆苷(daidzin)含量逐渐增加,黄豆苷元(daidzein)、染料木素(genistein)、染料木苷(genistin)和山奈酚(kaempferol)的含量先升高后下降,但在36 h时均显著高于黑暗处理。在蓝光光照6和24 h时,大豆芽苗菜下胚轴中苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)与查尔酮异构酶(CHI)活性与对照组相比均显著提高。类黄酮合成途径相关基因PAL、CHS、ANS、IFS的表达量在蓝光处理下均是先升高后下降,而蓝光光受体基因CRY1与CRY2的表达量随着光照时间延长逐渐升高。     

大豆XHS基因家族生物信息学分析

利用生物信息学方法,通过全基因组数据扫描对大豆XHS家族基因进行鉴定和分类,并对其基因结构、染色体定位和基因组织表达方式进行分析。结果表明:大豆基因组中含有21个XHS家族基因,分布于大豆的12条染色体上,系统发育分析将XHS家族基因分成4个亚类,有EST数据的大豆XHS家族基因有10个,大多在叶片和胚中表达。研究结果促进了大豆XHS家族基因的功能研究和利用。     

大豆抗大豆花叶病毒研究进展

由大豆花叶病毒(soybean mosaic virus,SMV)引起的大豆花叶病毒病是一种世界性大豆病害,严重地影响了大豆的产量和品质.本文介绍了国内外大豆抗SMV的最新研究进展,主要包括:抗源筛选、抗性遗传、抗性基因的精细定位和分子标记辅助选择以及大豆对SMV候选抗性基因的研究等,并对该领域的研究进行了初步展望,以期为大豆抗SMV分子育种和抗性候选基因的功能研究提供参考.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.