向日葵锈菌侵染过程的超微结构研究

为了研究向日葵锈菌的致病机制,本文采用电子显微镜技术对向日葵锈菌的侵入和扩展过程进行了研究,结果表明,向日葵锈菌夏孢子萌发产生1个芽管,遇到合适结构的气孔后,在气孔上方形成附着胞从气孔侵入,胞间菌丝与叶肉细胞壁接触后分化出吸器母细胞,吸器母细胞进入叶肉细胞内部形成吸器。胞间菌丝在吸器母细胞处分化出次生菌丝,在叶肉细胞间扩展,病菌菌丝多在寄主细胞间隙或沿寄主细胞壁延伸。在病原菌侵染早期,寄主细胞的超微结构变化并不明显;侵染中、后期,被侵染叶肉细胞发生质壁分离,叶绿体膨胀变形,细胞器解体,细胞崩解。     

大豆疫霍根腐病菌毒素对抗威不同大豆品种叶片超微结构的影响

毒素是大豆疫霉根腐病的主要致病因子之一,而毒素对大豆细胞超微结构的影响还未见报道,用不同浓度的毒素处理抗感不同大豆品种的叶片,为揭示毒素在细胞水平的致病机理及寄主抗毒索的机理奠定一定的理论基础.结果表明,较高浓度大豆疫霉根腐病菌毒素(稀释50倍,浓度为0.1794 mg·mL-1)处理抗感不同大豆品种的离体叶片后,不论是抗病品种还是感病品种叶片细胞内部结构都遭到了明显的破坏.适宜浓度的毒素(稀释100倍,浓度为0.0897 mg·mL-1)处理抗感品种离体叶片后,抗病品种细胞内部结构基本上比较完整,而感病品种叶片细胞内部结构已经发生了较大的变化,叶绿体嵴变形,基粒片层已经基本消失,叶绿体膜已经解体,线粒体空泡化严重.说明只有在适宜浓度毒素处理下,才能在细胞超微结构上区分出抗感品种在抗性上的差异.     

向日葵品种资源对菌核病抗性室内鉴定

利用两种不同的培养基培养核盘菌,用离体叶片接种方法对40个不同向日葵品种进行室内抗性鉴定,结果表明:在Minimal medium培养基上生长的核盘菌和PDA培养基相比,菌丝的生长速度大大降低。菌株经PDA培养基培养接种向日葵叶片后,不同向日葵品种之间抗性水平没有显著差异;而用Minimal medium培养基培养的菌株接种供试的向日葵不同品种叶片后,品种间表现出一定的抗性水平差异。依据接种后不同品种抗性水平的差异将供试向日葵品种划分为三组,即:抗病品种如食葵765、油葵KS7等,共3份;耐病品种如3146、新葵杂5号等,共9份;感病品种如LD1093、新葵杂6号等,共28份。     

品种抗性与接种棉株中大丽轮枝菌的分布及与茎切面上单孢生长的关系

不同棉花品种,茎基针刺接种大丽轮枝菌中等毒力小种(SS—4)或强毒力小种(T—1)3日内,经室内培养,自棉茎端部维管束和叶柄组织分离到该病原菌.在所有供试的感耐,抗病品种温室培养的幼苗中均观察到大丽轮枝菌在棉茎中的这种传导。7—9日后叶部显现症状。自抗病品种SBSl 上分离到病原菌的频率低于自耐、感病陆地棉品种分离到的频率。在茎段上接种萌发单孢,抗病品种棉茎段比之感、耐病品种茎段能更强烈抑制大丽轮枝菌菌丝的生长。在抗病品种茎干切段上,即使病菌能够生长,产生的微菌核也少,很晚。而感病品种切段上,菌丝生长旺盛,产生的微菌核也多。接种后不久,抗、感病品种棉茎端部和叶柄组织中大丽轮枝菌的存在,及抗、感病品种段上菌丝生长和微菌核形成的差异表明,这种抗性是一种被激活的寄主化学反应。这些结果与下一篇关于类倍半萜烯植保素的积累的论文中所报道的资料相一致。这种植保素可能是棉花抗黄萎病的关键因子。     

油菜菌核病致病机理的研究——Ⅵ.罹病组织内叶绿素丧失及叶绿体显微结构变化

本文研究感染菌核病油菜组织的叶绿素含量及叶绿体超微结构变化。结果表明:感病寄主的叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总量均有显著降低,叶绿体受到严重破坏。受害的叶绿体发生聚集和液泡化,在膜和基粒上附着大量黑色沉淀物,这是病菌分泌的草酸降低了细胞pH值所引起的蛋白沉淀。     

细胞分裂素对向日葵生物效应的研究——Ⅱ.细胞分裂素对向日葵幼苗生长和叶绿体内色素含量的影响

本文报告的是细胞分裂素对在正常与缺铁条件下水培的向日葵幼苗生长及叶绿体内色素含量的影响。试验结果表明,细胞分裂素能够促进向日葵幼苗的生长,即株高增加,子叶面积和叶片面积扩大,干物质积累增加,同时提高了叶绿体内各种色素的含量。此外,本文还讨论了细胞分裂素促进植株生长和提高叶绿体内色素含量的可能机理。     

品种抗性与接种棉株中大丽轮枝菌的分布及与茎切面上单孢生长的关系(续上期)

结果1.接种棉株中大丽轮枝菌的分布。接种大丽轮枝菌中等菌力非落叶型小种SS-4的抗病品种SBSI 和感病品种岱15的棉株,经过连续培养,证明该小种在其茎干组织中的分布无差异(图2A)。两品种取自茎基的切段均于接种当天产生病菌,中部切段接种后24小时产生病菌,端部切段接种后48小时产生病菌。接种后第3天,两品种各重复茎段切面上均出现了大丽轮枝菌,但观察到茎段切面上的菌丝生长及产孢活动有些差异。接种后4—5天进行抽样调查表明,感病品种岱15培养至第5或6天时产生     

西南地区玉米线形圆斑病生物学特性和品种抗性鉴定

对西南地区普遍发生的玉米线形圆斑病菌生物学特性和50个推广品种对线形圆斑病的抗性进行鉴定.结果表明,该病菌生长温度为10℃～35℃,最适生长温度为20℃～25℃;病原菌对酸碱度的适应范围较广,在pH值4～11都能生长,以pH值为5～7最适;分生孢子在5c℃～35℃均能萌发,最适温度为20℃～25℃;光照对菌丝和孢子萌发无显著影响.玉米品种间对玉米线形圆斑病表现的抗性差异明显,50个品种中表现抗病品种有7个,占14％;中抗品种24个,占48％;感病品种19个,占38％,无免疫品种.     

大豆叶片结构与灰斑病抗性的研究Ⅱ.大豆叶片组织结构与灰斑病抗性的关系

对大豆灰斑病抗病品种和感病品种的叶片组织结构，主要包括栅栏组织层数，栅栏组织密度，上下表皮细胞密度，蜡质含量及叶比重等，进行了比较研究。试验结果表明抗病品种叶片的栅栏组织排列整齐，紧党性,而且层数相对较多，可以抵抗病菌的侵入和扩展，成为抗病的一个结构屏障；抗病品种的叶片蜡质含量高于感病品种，表明大豆叶片本身具有的蜡质层是抵抗和延迟病原菌侵入的另一个结构屏障。在叶比重上，抗病品种与感病品种没有明显差异。     

灰斑病菌入侵对不同抗性玉米品种生理指标的影响

利用紫外可见分光光度计,采用比色法研究了玉米灰斑病菌入侵对不同抗性玉米品种抗逆生理因子的影响。结果表明,玉米灰斑病菌入侵后不同抗性玉米品种体内抗性因子的活性或含量均发生变化。苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性增加,感病品种酶活提高率较高,而中抗和高抗病品种酶活提高率较低;丙二醛(MDA)含量感病品种降低,而中抗和高抗病品种MDA含量升高;脯氨酸(Pro)含量增加,增加的幅度和提高率与寄主的抗感性无关。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Combined nitrogen and sulphur fertilisation and its effect on wheat quality and protein composition measured by SE-FPLC and proteomics

Soil sulphur deficiency, which is increasingly prevalent in Western Europe, lowers wheat yields, and also affects the gluten quality of the flour. Differences in S availability may change the proportion of S-poor to S-rich gliadins and glutenin subunits. This may cause unpredictable and unwanted variations in wheat quality. The combined effects of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) fertilisers and split application of S and N on wheat gluten quality and composition were investigated. The results revealed effects of S fertilisation on dough quality. At high N fertilisation levels significant responses to S fertilisation were found which emphasised the need for precision application of S in intensive wheat production systems. Protein fractionation by SE-FPLC showed that quality differences were associated with changing proportions of high M_r polymeric proteins. Changes in protein composition of salt soluble proteins were also confirmed by proteomics. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and one of the serpin protein spots increased at high N, combined with the lower S level. The enzymes also increased in samples with increased S fertilisation combined with low N, but was not changed at higher N levels. Furthermore, at high N the serpin protein spot, and also a 27 K protein and one unidentified protein spot decreased with increasing S.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

芸薹属多倍体与二倍体作物 花柱及角果的发育差异

通过比较分析芸薹属多倍体复合种与其祖先二倍体基本种在花柱、柱头大小、角果长度、宽度、种子直径 及种子干重变化上的异同,发现多倍体复合种在这些发育性状上表现出处于两个祖先二倍体亲本之间,或只偏向 于其中一个祖先亲本。同一个多倍体品种在不同发育性状上具有不同的表现,即在某一发育性状上偏向于其祖先 亲本之一,而在另一发育性状上偏向其另一祖先亲本。     

Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N₂ fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N₂ and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the N_min-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N₂ fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent.