不同种植方式对玉米形态生理指标及产量的影响

通过对＂大垄双行＂、＂二比空＂和＂偏垄宽窄行＂3种种植形式的研究结果表明,3种种植形式与常规种植相比,产量增加显著,生物产量增加,穗粒数和穗粒重明显增加,＂偏垄宽窄行＂增产效果更为明显;不均衡种植形式明显改善了田间通风透光条件,冠层内CO2浓度明显增加,叶面积指数增大且持续时间长。＂偏垄宽窄行＂是增密增产的最佳种植方式。     

宽窄行栽培对玉米生长发育及产量的影响

通过不同宽窄行栽培对玉米的产量动态进行分析。结果表明：宽窄行栽培有效改善了玉米的群体结构,改善了冠层的微环境,增加了中部冠层的透光率,促进个体生长发育,增加其LAI和干物质积累。宽窄行种植方式增加穗位叶的初始量子效率,使叶片能有效地利用弱光,改善玉米叶片的光合性能,最终提高玉米产量。     

大垄双行疏密种植对玉米冠层结构及产量影响的研究

在大田试验条件下,以耐密品种郑单958为试验材料,在相同密度下研究常规种植、三比空、大垄双行和大垄双行疏密4种种植方式对春玉米产量形成及其冠层结构特征的影响。结果表明,田间种植方式的改变可以促进良好冠层结构的发育,影响玉米群体产量及其生长发育特征,具体表现主要在吐丝期之后。耐密品种以大垄双行疏密种植方式为宜,从吐丝期开始,叶面积指数增长最快,玉米叶片的光合性能最强,叶片功能期延长,积累最多干物质,产量为12 449.74 kg/hm²,比对照增加32.67%。大垄双行疏密种植方式对棕壤气候区可提高玉米单产,对玉米生产能力的提升具有十分重要的作用。     

不同耕作方式对玉米产量及叶片某些生理机制的影响

以玉米品种郑单958为试验材料,分析不同耕作措施对玉米生产的影响,探讨不同耕作方式间玉米产量及叶片某些生理特性的差异。研究结果表明：宽窄行种植玉米的产量显著高于免耕、翻耕和常规耕法,免耕、翻耕和常规耕法间产量差异不显著,百粒重在耕法间也没有显著差异;宽窄行种植玉米冠层的光合特性好于免耕、翻耕和常规耕法,叶片的净光合速率提高,水分利用效率也显著提高;叶片中叶绿素含量、比叶重、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量都明显高于免耕、翻耕和常规耕法;免耕条件下玉米叶片丙二醛的含量较高。不同的耕作措施影响产量与叶片某些生理指标的相关性。     

不同种植方式对玉米干物质积累、分配和产量的影响

以玉米杂交种良玉99为材料,2018～2019年设置常规(等行距)种植(CK)和二比空、大垄双行、偏垄宽窄行3种不均匀种植方式,研究不同种植方式对玉米光合作用参数、群体干物质积累、转运与分配及产量的影响。结果表明,与常规种植相比,3种不均匀种植方式玉米群体净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度分别增加了1.39%～36.55%、2.78%～18.98%、5.88%～45.75%;成熟期群体干物质积累量增加3.36%～13.89%;叶片、茎秆和叶鞘干物质转运率分别提高了1.92%～23.08%、5.48%～34.31%、19.56%～53.39%,子粒产量贡献率提高3.50%～62.50%。3种不均匀种植方式显著提高玉米子粒产量,2018年产量提高14.16%～30.34%,2019年产量提高4.19%～9.28%,2018年产量增幅较大主要来源于空秆率的降低。进一步表明,在干旱年份不均匀种植表现出更大的增产优势,3种不均匀种植方式中大垄双行两年子粒产量均最高,分别达6 264.68 kg/hm2和12 449.40 kg/hm2。     

大垄双行种植玉米群体冠层结构及光合特性的解析

通过采用大垄双行的种植方式,在不同密度下对3种株型的玉米建立不同的群体冠层结构,并测定了其光合特性。结果表明:大垄双行种植玉米可改善冠层中下层叶片的光照条件,提高叶绿素含量,可使中下层叶片光合速率增加5%～10%,气孔导度增加10%左右。     

品种、空间布局及种植密度对春玉米冠层结构、物质生产及产量的影响

试验以农华101、先玉335及郑单958为材料,通过空间布局及种植密度塑造不同的冠层结构,分析其对玉米物质生产、转运及产量的影响。结果表明,不同品种的叶面积指数(LAI)及冠层透光率(DIFN)差异显著,以郑单958表现较好,常规种植与簇生种植的LAI差异不显著,冠层透光率以常规种植较好;随着密度增加LAI升高,冠层透光率随之降低。不同品种成熟期干物质生产以先玉335较高,空间布局差异不显著,随密度增加干物质生产能力提高;花后物质生产以先玉335较高,簇生种植高于常规种植,随密度增加花后物质生产能力升高;叶茎转运量以郑单958较大,常规种植转运量较多,随密度增加叶茎转运量提高。品种间产量差异显著,郑单958显著高于其他品种;常规种植与簇生种植产量无显著差异;各密度处理产量差异显著,高密度中密度低密度处理。     

东北黑土区秸秆不同还田方式下玉米产量及养分累积特征

通过4年田间定位试验,研究均匀垄和宽窄行种植模式下秸秆不同还田方式对玉米产量、地上部养分累积的影响。结果表明,种植年份、种植方式和秸秆还田方式均对玉米产量影响显著。宽窄行种植模式下子粒产量较均匀垄种植模式下高5.4%;秸秆还田方式处理间以秸秆深翻还田处理下产量最高,较秸秆不还田处理和秸秆覆盖还田处理分别增幅5.3%和10.0%。在产量构成中,收获穗数是各处理间产量差异的主要因素。进一步分析表明,秸秆深翻还田处理下出苗率和成穗率均最高,且在部分年份处理间差异显著。秸秆深翻还田处理下植株生物量及氮磷累积量分别较秸秆覆盖还田处理增加8.9%、8.3%、19.6%,其子粒中氮累积量最高。研究表明,秸秆深翻还田可显著提高玉米田间保苗率与植株成穗率,显著增加植株对养分的吸收能力以及养分向子粒中的转运效率,进而促进植株生长与产量形成,实现玉米高产稳产。     

东北春玉米耐老化膜覆盖及留高茬交替休闲保护性耕作效应研究

对东北地区春玉米耐老化膜常年覆盖种植及宽窄行留高茬交替休闲种植方式的研究结果表明,与传统种植方式相比,耐老化膜常年覆盖种植和宽窄行留高茬交替休闲种植在产量、经济效益和生态效应上均表现出较好的态势.耐老化膜常年覆盖种植的增产优势明显,与均匀垄传统种植相比,产量增加15.56%,并且降低了农业生产成本,经济效益显著增加,播种出苗阶段及苗期风蚀量降低562%和303%,田间养分损耗量明显下降.耐老化膜常年覆盖种植方式在东北地区是具有推广前景的保护性耕作技术模式.     

株行配置对春玉米根冠空间分布及产量的影响

以先玉335为试验材料,设置7.50万株/hm2和9.75万株/hm2两个种植密度,60 cm+60 cm等行距和40 cm+80 cm宽窄行两个行距配置,比较株行配置对春玉米冠层、根系结构与功能及产量的影响。结果表明,随种植密度增加,果穗、茎鞘干重百分比垂直分布明显上移,叶片干重百分比在垂直分布变化较小,行距配置对果穗、茎鞘干重百分比在垂直分布上影响较小。相对于等行距种植,宽窄行种植叶片干重百分比有下移趋势,群体不同叶位叶面积指数也表现为同一密度下,宽窄行种植群体上层LAI较小,穗位叶高效叶层LAI较大;随密度增加,根重有纵向下移的趋势,根系TTC还原强度在不同土层深度都显著降低。同一密度下,宽窄行种植根重的垂直分布出现下移趋势,根系TTC还原强度略高于等行距种植。高密度条件下,宽窄行种植降低了玉米果穗秃尖长,显著增加果穗穗粒数,因而显著提高产量,增产2.73%~10.86%,说明在宁夏扬黄灌区较高种植密度下,采用宽窄行种植能优化不同叶层结构,适当增加深层土壤根系所占比例及活力,有利于获得高产。     

Effects of planting system,plant density and flower removal on yield and quality of hybrid seed in cotton

Seedling transplanting and plastic mulching are widely adopted intensive planting systems in cotton production in China. Manual removal of early- or late-season flowers may improve seed quality without sacrificing yield through the compensatory growth of cotton plants. Two experiments were conducted, in Yellow River Valley in China from 2002 to 2003, to test if the intensive systems and flower removal can be used for enhancing hybrid seed production. Results in the first experiment show that yields of seed cotton and seed, and seed quality parameters averaged across three plant densities (2.25, 3.00 and 3.75 plants/m²), were significantly improved by either transplanting or plastic mulching relative to conventional planting. The improvements in yield and quality in two intensive planting systems were mainly attributed to longer and earlier flowering period. Transplanted plants did not differ significantly from mulched plants in seed yield, seed maturity and percentage germination, but transplanting decreased lint percentage and increased seed index relative to mulching. In terms of seed yield and quality, the optimum plant density for each planting system was 3.00 plants/m². At the optimum plant density, seed yields averaged across two years for transplanting and mulching systems were 31.3% and 32.6% higher than for conventional planting system, respectively. Flower removal did not significantly affect seed yield, but removal of late-season or both early- and late-season flowers significantly improved seed quality. It was concluded that transplanting or plastic mulching, low plant density (3.00 plants/m²), and removal of late-season or both early- and late-season flowers can be integrated to enhance yield and quality of hybrid seed of cotton.     

Assessing Feasibility of Growing Sugarcane by a Polythene Bag Culture System for Rapid Multiplication of Seed Cane in Sub-Tropical Climatic Conditions of India

Abstract

The conventional system of sugarcane (Saccharum species complex) planting is inefficient for rapidly multiplying the seed cane of newly released varieties due to a higher seed rate (6.0 t ha-¹) and low germination rate (35?40%). We examined the effect of planting methods on the multiplication rate of seed cane in a field experiment conducted at Lucknow (India) during the 2005?06 and 2006?07 cropping season. Forty- day- old plantlets grown in polythene bags in the nursery using 28,000 single-bud cane pieces per ha area, were transplanted at 45 cm spacing in furrows 90 cm apart and the results were compared with those obtained by the conventional practice of planting three- two - and one- bud cane pieces at the rate of 37,000, 55,500 and 111,000 setts per ha, respectively. The polythene bag culture produced a significantly higher number of shoots and millable canes and a higher seed cane yield as compared with the conventional planting method, which is an advantage for seed cane multiplication. The results further indicated that with almost equal cost of cultivation, the rate of seed cane multiplication was about 35 times by the polythene bag culture method and 8?11 times by the conventional planting method.     

不同密度和种薯大小对产量及主要农艺性状的影响

为了明确在黑龙江省哈尔滨地区生态条件下，不同种植密度和不同种薯大小对马铃薯产量及主要农艺性状的影响，以密度为主处理，种薯大小为副处理进行了二因素裂区试验。供试材料为品种东农303。不同密度间，块茎数和总产有显著差异，两性状随密度的增加而增加。不同种善大小间，除净产量只达0．05显著水平外，其它性状均达0．01显著水平。株高、主茎数／每穴、块茎数随种薯大小的增大星线性增长，而总产、商品薯块茎数、商品薯产量、净产量随种薯大小的变化规律则只能用二次多项式来描述。采用新复极差法对各性状在不同密度及不同种薯大小下的表现作了多重比较。要想获得较高的商品薯产量及净产量，并考虑节约用种，提高繁殖倍数，在黑龙江省哈尔滨地区生态条件下，东农303的株行距应为30cm×70cm，种薯大小应为50～80g。     

Relationships between stem number,tuber set and yield of Russet Burbank potatoes

Five storage temperatures and three planting dates were used to obtain differences in seed performance. As seed storage temperature increased, average stem number per seed piece significantly increased. Stem number also increased with later planting dates. Germination tests, conducted under controlled temperatures, resulted in a curvilinear response with the least stems per seed piece at 10°C. a maximum stem number at 16°C and a slight decline in number at 21°C. The major effect of planting date was manifested through differences in germinating temperatures which resulted in increased stem number with later plantings. Yield of U.S. No. 1 tubers (5cm or 112 gm minimum) declined significantly as stem number increased. In the first planting, the correlation coefficient between stem number per seed piece and yield was r = ?0.95. Increased stem number and declining yield were attributed to advanced physiological age resulting from exposure to higher temperatures in storage and in the field. As stem number increased with planting date, tuber number also increased. The correlation coefficient between stem and tuber number for the first planting date was r = 0.92. The relationship declined significantly on the third planting date to r = 0.46. From these results it was concluded that economic yields are influenced by stem and tuber number which in turn can be manipulated by control of seed storage temperatures and planting dates.     

Responses of rainwater conservation, precipitation-use efficiency and grain yield of summer maize to a furrow-planting and straw-mulching system in northern China

In the rain-fed areas of northern China, maize (Zea mays L.) is a main field crop, as it is well adapted to high temperatures and bright sunshine. However, low and variable rainfall and high evapotranspiration rates are common in water-limited environments during the growing season, and often mismatched rainfall events with the critical growth stages, making yield unstable. In this study, the performance of a furrow-planting and straw-mulching system was compared with the conventional flat-planting system in a double-crop culture of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and summer maize for two consecutive years (2005-2006 and 2006-2007). The four tested treatments were: conventional flat planting (F), furrow planting between ridges (B), flat planting with wheat straw-mulching (FS), and furrow planting between ridges with wheat-straw mulch (BS). Soil water content and leaf area index (LAI) were measured throughout the growing season each year, and grain yield and precipitation-use efficiency (PUE_Y) were determined.On average, ridge tillage combined with furrow planting increased maize yield by 430 kg ha⁻¹ (7.3%) and PUE_Y by 10.7% (1.5 kg ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹), compared with the conventional flat planting; furrow planting coupled with straw mulching increased yield by an additional 16.9% and PUE_Y by 19.4%, respectively. From jointing to maturity, LAI values of BS were significantly higher than those of F-system (55.6% vs. 26.1% in 2006 and 81.4% vs. 21.7% in 2007). Our data suggest that maize production adopted by furrow planting with straw-covered ridges performed best under seasonal average rainfall below 480 mm, which was associated with better synchronization of seasonal soil water supply and crop needs, leading to improved maize yield and PUE_Y.     

种植密度和灌溉量对西辽河平原春玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响

在内蒙古通辽市辽河镇浅埋滴灌水肥一体化条件下,以DK159为研究对象,设置6.0万株/hm²(D1,CK,农民常规种植密度)和9.0万株/hm²(D2)两种种植密度处理和45 mm(I₄₅)、90 mm(I₉₀)、180 mm(I₁₈₀)、270 mm(I₂₇₀)、360 mm(I₃₆₀)、450 mm(I₄₅₀,CK,农民常规灌溉量)6个灌溉量水平,研究种植密度和灌溉量对玉米产量和水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。结果表明,9.0万株/hm²密度下在360 mm的灌溉量下获得最高产量和较高的WUE;6.0万株/hm²密度下在270 mm的灌溉量下获得最高产量和较高WUE。与传统生产方式(D1-I₄₅₀处理)相比,D1-I₂₇₀处理的产量无显著降低,灌溉量降低40.0%,蒸散量减少19.7%,WUE提高25.1%;D2-I     

Effects of steckling weight and planting density on sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) monogerm seed yield and qualitative traits

In order to determine the effects of steckling weight and planting density on sugar beet monogerm (Cv. 9597) seed quantitative and qualitative characteristics, this experiment was carried out in Ardabil Agricultural Research Station-Iran (38 degrees 30'N and 48 degrees 30'E) during 2 years (2002-2003). In the study, steckling weight (main-plot) in three levels including 100, 100-200 and 200-300 g and planting density (sub-plot) in three levels including 40, 50 and 60 cm were used in a split-plot experiment based on the RCBD (Randomized Complete Blocks Design) with 5 replications. The measured characteristics were morphological and qualitative (velocity and uniformity of germination) characters, seed size distribution and monogerm seed percentage. According to the results of the experiment, the effect of planting density on the auxiliary branches No. and seed yield was significant at the probability levels of 1 and 5%, respectively. Seed yield increased by 43% as planting density was increased from 65 x 40 to 65 x 60 cm. The increase in steckling weight led to the increase in standard seed portion (with 3.5-4.5 mm in diameter), germinable standard seed yield (11%) and decrease in germination velocity and germination uniformity; and increase in planting density was accompanied by increase in > 4.5 mm seed percentage, velocity and uniformity of germination and decrease in germinable standard seed yield. Eventually, the highest seed yield (1208 kg ha(-1)) was obtained by using steckling weight of 200-300 g and planting density of 65 x 60 cm.     

不同种植方式对小麦群体质量和产量结构的影响

为了深入研究小麦垄作栽培的增产机理,采用“大田切片法”研究了小麦不同种植方式（垄作和传统平作）的群体质量和产量结构。结果表明,垄作小麦冠层不同层次（上、中、下层）叶面积系数均高于平作小麦,并且群体透光率在各时期垄作也优于平作;垄作小麦的群体和旗叶光舍速率及干物质积累等指标也大于平作。表明小麦垄作栽培显著改善了群体质量。对小麦群体干物质的调查表明,垄作栽培提高了小麦茎秆基部充实度,因而垄作小麦的抗倒伏能力较强。垄作小麦较平作小麦增产11％左右。     

Effects of straw mulch on mungbean yield in rice fields with strongly compacted soils

In rice-based lowland areas in the Mekong region, the lack of full irrigation water availability for post-rice legume crops and the poor soil physical and chemical conditions are major constraints for development of sound rice/legume double cropping system. In order to improve legume productivity, use of rice straw mulch and various crop establishment methods were examined in two series of mungbean experiments in Cambodia where soils were coarse and strongly compacted. In one set of experiments conducted at four locations in the first year the effect of straw mulch, planting method (manual vs seed drill) and tillage method (conventional vs no-till) was examined. Another set of experiments were conducted in the second year at three locations with four levels of mulch under two planting densities. On average in year 1, mulching of rice straw at 1.5 t/ha increased mungbean crop establishment from 72 to 83%, reduced weed biomass from 164 to 123 kg/ha and increased yield from 228 to 332 kg/ha. Mulch was effective in conserving soil moisture, and even at maturity the mulched area had on average 1% higher soil moisture content. The amount of mulch between 1 and 2 t/ha did not show consistent effects in year 2, partly because some mulch treatments resulted in excessive soil moisture content and were not effective. Rice straw mulch had a significant effect on mungbean yield in 6 out of the 7 experiments conducted in two years, and mean yield increase was 35%. This yield advantage was attributed to better crop establishment, improved growth and reduced weed pressure, but in some cases only one or two of these factors were effective. On the other hand, planting method, tillage method and planting density had only small effects on mungbean yield in most experiments. Only in one location out of four tested, the no-till treatment produced significantly higher yield than the conventional method. Seed drill produced similar mungbean establishment and grain yield to the manual planting suggesting that the planter can be used to save the labour cost which is increasing rapidly in the Mekong region. Maximum root depth varied little with mulch or planting density, and was shallow (<20 cm) in all three locations where this character was determined. It is concluded that while rice straw mulch increased yield of mungbean following rice, the inability of mungbean roots to penetrate the hard pan is a major constraint for development of a sound rice/mungbean cropping system in the lowlands with compacted soils.     

宽幅条播和种植密度对燕麦光合特性及干物质积累量的影响

为明确宽幅条播和种植密度对燕麦光合特性及干物质积累的调节作用,于2019-2020年在内蒙古乌兰察布市农牧业科学研究院试验基地,以蒙农大燕1号为试验材料,设宽幅条播(K)和常规条播(C)两种播种方式以及300万株·hm^-2(D1)、450万株·hm^-2(D2)、600万株·hm^-2(D3)三个种植密度,比较分析了不同播种方式和密度下燕麦光合能力、干物质积累量和产量的差异。结果表明,随着密度的增加,燕麦叶片光合参数和SPAD值及单株干物质积累量均呈下降趋势。各密度下宽幅条播燕麦的叶片光合参数及干物质积累量均高于常规条播。其中,宽幅条播燕麦的净光合速率较常规条播增加了7.2%～24.8%,且在D3下增幅最大;蒸腾速率、胞间CO₂浓度和SPAD值分别增加1.8%～24.1%、1.7%～25.5%和2.2%～11.5%;单株干物质积累量增加4.9%～56.2%。宽幅条播显著提高了燕麦穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和产量,其中在D1、D2和D3下分别增产8.6%、9.3%和14.5%,差异均达到0.05显著水平。由此可...