淄博市胚胎移植技术的应用与发展前景

胚胎移植是指将一头母畜配种后的早期胚胎取出 ,移植到另外一头生理状态相同或相近的母畜体内 ,使之继续发育成新个体的过程。胚胎移植可用于多种家畜和动物 ,不少家畜的胚胎移植都已成功。由于牛经济价值高 ,属单胎动物 ,产仔数量少 ,繁殖周期长 ,用胚胎移植技术进行纯种扩群繁殖和黄牛改良效果好 ,速度快 ,同时牛繁殖无季节性 ,又可进行非手术操作 ,供体牛、受体牛可反复使用 ,因此牛的胚胎移植技术应用最广泛。1　应用成果2 0 0 1年 ,淄博市畜牧局与省畜禽良种推广中心合作 ,利用奶牛作受体进行奶牛胚胎移植获得成功。市农业局与西北农林…     

胚胎移植及新的生物学技术

胚胎移植胚胎移植技术曾用许多种实验动物进行过研究,在家畜中现已成为实用技术,并具有相当大的研究潜力。很多牛非手术胚胎移植的成功,是在日本研究的。1983年在美国渴望有大约6万头牛的后代是前一年胚胎移植的结果。在商业上的增长,最初希望增加外来类型肉牛。而后,非手术胚胎移植促进对泌乳奶牛的应用。非手术移植已扩展到马。但在小家畜中,如绵羊、山羊和猪,则仍需采用手术方法。     

小鼠非手术胚胎移植技术

为了提高胚胎移植效率,试验开发一种移植器械改善传统的非手术法胚胎移植方法,试验用非手术法移植器械将CD-1小鼠的囊胚移植到2.5天假孕CD-1受体小鼠子宫内。结果表明:移植成功率达73.0%,与手术法相比,非手术法简便快捷、不易污染、费用低,而且对小鼠的损伤小,无需专业的手术器械。说明非手术法胚胎移植符合试验动物伦理原则;更重要的是,它为人类、牛和其他大动物的胚胎移植提供了研究模型。     

牛胚胎移植的发展概况(连载之一)

畜牧业发达国家（如美国、加拿大等），牛胚胎移植的商业化应用开始于七十年代初期。当时，必须通过手术方法才能采集胚胎，由于奶牛的乳房影响手术的顺利进行，手术后往往还会影响奶牛以后的繁殖性能，因此，胚胎移植主要在肉牛中应用。1976年，一些研究小组报道了应用导管高效采集胚胎的非手术方法。随后，胚胎移植在奶牛中的应用得到了飞速发展。1974年，第一头胚胎移植登记荷斯坦奶牛在美国出生。七十年代后期，胚胎移植（ET）登记荷斯坦奶牛的数量每年以100％以上的速度增长，1980年达到8298头年。进入80年代后，随着非手术采胚法和移…     

影响小鼠非手术胚胎移植技术的因素

小鼠胚胎移植是胚胎工程领域的一项重要技术,是制作嵌合体动物、转基因动物和克隆动物的必需环节。小鼠胚胎移植分为手术法和非手术法移植。相对于手术法移植,非手术法简单快捷,对试验动物伤害小,无需担心术后感染等问题,但是较低的移植成功率限制了该技术的推广和应用。文章从假孕鼠、麻醉剂、移植器械、移植技术、激素等方面综合阐述影响小鼠非手术胚胎移植效率的因素,并提出一套行之有效的改良方法,可大大提高移植效率,促进该技术的广泛应用。     

胚胎移植技术在养牛业的应用和进展

由于牛经济价值高 ,属单胎动物 ,产仔数量少 ,繁殖周期长 ,同时繁殖无季节性 ,胚胎移植的全过程可以实行非手术操作 ,供体牛可以反复使用 ,因此牛的胚胎移植技术相对发展较快。这项技术可以极大地增加良种母牛的后代数 ,在目前我国高产奶牛和纯种肉牛数量紧缺的形势下 ,具有广阔的应用前景。1　牛胚胎移植的意义1 1　提高优良母畜的繁殖效率　在实行胚胎移植的情况下 ,将良种母牛作为供体 ,通过超数排卵和人工授精处理 ,能在一个情期里获得 6～ 8枚以上的可移植胚胎。利用非手术法 ,每年可从一头供体牛采集 4～ 6次胚胎 ,平均能获得 3 0枚…     

牛胚胎回收、移植及体外受精器具的开发

1牛胚胎回收与移植器具器材牛的胚胎移植技术由供体牛的超数排卵、胚胎回收、胚胎形态学鉴定、胚胎保存以及受体牛的同期发情处理与胚胎移植等技术组成。现将有关应用于这一过程中的胚胎回收和移植器具器材介绍如下。1．1子宫颈粘液除去器牛胚胎一般是在受精后第7～8d用非手术法灌流子宫后回收的。这一时期,为防止外界异物侵入     

黄牛非手术胚胎移植

<正> 牛胚胎移植,是一门新的家畜繁殖技术,近年来,在我国奶牛的手术与非手术胚胎移植已获得成功。但利用奶牛黄牛杂交进行非手术胚胎移植,对黄牛改良有重要意义。我们于1984年5～8月间开展了这项试验,并于1985年6月获得了两头非手术胚胎移植奶黄杂交的犊牛。一、试验材料本地母黄牛,年龄为5～10岁的初产牛及经产牛共10头,试验在1984年5～8月间,分四批次进行。每批次供体牛1头,     

牛胚胎非手术法移植示例

牛胚胎移植技术是以生产的胚胎为研究对象,经20多年试验研究而发展成熟的技术。本文主要阐述牛胚胎非手术移植的具体操作方法     

牛胚胎移植技术及应用

<正>牛胚胎移植技术,在我国目前的养牛业中,有着极大的应用空间,因此需要对其技术与应用情况,不断进行研究,以此促进优良牛产量的不断提高,更好的满足市场的需要。1牛胚胎移植技术随着生物科学技术的发展,牛胚胎移植技术也日趋成熟,并在实际生产中获得了较好的应用和推广。牛胚胎移植技术是养牛场户在短期内获取优良品种、提高生产性能、增加养殖数量和经济效益的最经济和最快捷的途径,胚胎移植技术,通俗地讲,就是利用外科手术的方法将取得的优质良     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.