Über die natürlichen krankheiten des goldafters,Euproctis chrysorrhoea L. (Lep., Lymantriidae) 1977 in bayern

Studie were made on the diseases in a population ofEuproctis chrysorrboea L. collected near Munich on vak trees. Three species of parasites found in the larvae were members of Protozoa: a)Pleistophora scbubergi Zwölfer which was the most prevalent (59%) and infected 34% L₃, 62% L₄ and 99% L₅; b) aNosema sp. (probablyNosema kova?evi?i Purrini & Weiser, 1975) which amounted to 1% in mixed infection with a nuclear-polyhedrosis Virus,Borrelina euproctis. This Virus alone (with a particle size of 2–2.5 microns) has been isolated from the 28 larvae (6%). Larvae usually died during the second (from nuclear-polyhedrosis) and third week (from microsporidia) with infection of intestinal-cavity (Pleistophora schubergi), fat-body (Nosema sp. probablyNosema kova?evi?i) and nuclei of adipose tissue (nuclear-polyhedrosis).     

Untersuchungen über die Eiparasiten (Hym.: Chalcidoidea) der rotgelben Kiefern-BuschhornblattwespeNeodiprion sertifer Geoff. (Hym.: Diprionidae)

IV. Summary 1. Four or five species of egg parasites ofNeodiprion sertifer have been found in central Europe.2.Dipriocampe diprioni is a primary parasite which overwinters as a first instar larva within the host's egg, The larvae complete feeding in early spring and enter an obligatory diapause which lasts until July–August. Under the influence of the parasite, the egg shell of the host turns brownish. The adults emerge from mid-August onward. The univoltine parasite is thus well synchronized with its major host,N. sertifer.3. A second species, or form, ofDipriocampe has been found, the taxonomic status of which is still unresolved. It is here referred to asDipriocampe sp. forma ignorata. Although not yet separable fromD. diprioni morphologically, its biology is quite different. The larvae mature before the winter and the adults emerge in April–May of the following year, being dependent on alternate hosts. This form is exceedingly rare in lowland areas but possibly common at high altitudes. It remains to be seen whether it is a separate species or a polymorphic, non-diapausing form ofD. diprioni. Host eggs attacked byDipriocampe sp.forma ignorata turn blackish.4. Two species ofAchrysocharella have been found,A. ruforum andA. ovulorum. In lowland areas,Achrysocharella spp. attack the eggs ofN. sertifer in a hyperparasitic capacity, developing at the expense of the larvae and pupae ofDipriocampe spp. or of larvae and pupae of their own kind. There are two or three such hyperparasitic generations during the summer, the last entering hibernation before the new eggs ofN. sertifer make their appearance, thus failing to attack them in a primary capacity.In mountainous areas, where the eggs ofN. sertifer appear earlier,Achrysocharella spp. pass the first generation as primary parasites in the sawfly eggs, and the second (summer) generation as hyperparasites of larvae and pupae ofDipriocampe spp. or of larvae and pupae of their own kind.5.Tetrastichus oophagus has been associated with the eggs ofN. sertifer in a few cases only, but has been more common as a parasite of the eggs ofDiprion pini.6. The importance of the egg parasites ofN. sertifer has to date been underestimated. Egg parasitism is apparently density-dependent and can reach high values during, and immediately after, the break-down of the sawfly populations.     

Indigenous parasitoids as effective natural enemies of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phyllocnistis citrella</Emphasis> (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Korea

This study is aimed to investigate the occurrence of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (citrus leafminer; CLM), which has recently caused increasing damage to citrus farms in southern South Korea, and its natural enemies, which can act as biological control agents. In the present study, CLM monitoring using sex pheromone traps were conducted in the major citrus farms in the Jeju region in South Korea. Also a survey of parasites was carried out to detect the effective control agent for CLM. During the investigation from 2011 to 2015, a relatively large number of adult CLM (2,386,990) were observed in the sex pheromone traps. The mean annual occurrence of CLM was 477,398, which showed an increasing trend with the increase in temperature. A survey of parasites was conducted in November 2015. Six parasites were found, of which, Quadrastichus sp. and Sympiesis sp. showed the highest rates of parasitism. The mean rate of parasitism during the survey period was 3.97 %. We discovered four new species of parasites of CLM in South Korea.     

Twenty-three years of stand dynamics in an old-growth Chamaecyparis forest in central Japan

Structures and dynamics of old-growth coniferous stands are affected by several types of disturbances including typhoons. We report the forest dynamics of four old-growth Chamaecyparis stands in central Japan that differ in the disturbance history of typhoons over a period of 23 years. The stem number, basal area and mortality were examined. In a predominant stand of C. obtusa (Sieb. et Zucc.) Endl., 24 % of the C. obtusa canopy trees died, mainly as a result of the severe damage of a strong typhoon that caused a single tree-fall gap and the following gap enlargements. In this stand, the total basal area decreased to 76.5 % of the initial value, although the mortality declined in recent years. In contrast, the other three stands decreased only slightly in the stem numbers (0.0–5.6 %) and increased in the basal areas of C. obtusa canopy trees. It is confirmed that the stand-level ingrowths of 300-year-old C. obtusa canopy trees could contribute to the increase in the stock of each stand. Our results support an idea that the dynamics of old-growth Chamaecyparis forests were greatly affected by typhoons. The stand structures will be gradually changed (with the processes of gap dynamics) and C. obtusa will continue to be dominant, potentially over hundreds of years.     

On the differences betweenThecodiplosis brachyntera Schwäg. andThecodiplosis japonensis Uch. et in. (Diptera,Cecidomyiidae) on the genusPinus

The main differences betweenThecodiplosis brachyntera (Schwägrichen) andT. japonensis Uchida et Inouye in morphology, bionomics, host plants, ecology, population dynamics, distribution, parasites, economic importance and control methods are given in this paper. The area ofT. b. onPinus sylvestris is more than 10 times larger than that ofP. j. onP. densiflora andP. thunbergii. The flight period of adults and the length of the first instar larvae ofT. b. is about 4 times shorter than those ofT. j. Both species can be transferred (infestation) to otherPinus spp. Death ofPinus trees attacked byT. b. was never observed in Europe. The influence of air pollution may change this situation.T. japonensis caused death ofPinus trees. Thousands of hectares of forests had to be felled. Parasites and predators are important in controlling the population densities of both species, but in practice biological control was only used againstT. j. Studies of chemical contents of needles and larvae produced interesting data on both species.T. brachyntera has been studied for 150 years andT. japonensis for 50 years.     

Über Schlupfwespen als Parasiten der Fliedermotte,Gracilaria syringella F. (Lep., Gracilariidae)

On Hymenoptera parasitizing the Syringia Moth, Gracilaria syringella F. (Lep., Gracilariidae)During an outbreak ofG. syringella onFraxinus excelsior in 1973 and 1974 near Munich 12 species of Hymenoptera parasitized the larvae if this pest. There were 3 chief parasite spezies;Apanteles gracilariae Wilk.,A. dilectus (Hol.) andTeleopterus sp. (probablyT. erkias Walk.) which came to nearly 90% of the whole population of parasites in each of the 4 host generations. The whole parasitization of theG. syringella larvae amounted to 12,5% (1973, 2. gen.) ot 31,2% (1973, 1.gen). Teleopterus sp. deposites the eggs int those of the moth and the full grown parasites larvae leave the young host larvae (L₂) within the leaf mines. The two species os genus Apanteles deposite their eggs in the mining larvae and their full grown larvae leave the old host larvae within the leaf rolls.     

Some developmental differences inEpinotia granitalis (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) between two host tree species

To detect developmental differences inEpinotia granitalis in two host tree speciesCryptomeria japonica andChamaecyparis obtusa, the fourth or fifth instar larvae were collected daily from the two species located on the grounds of the National Forest Tree Breeding Center, from April 19 to May 9 in 1994 and April 18 to May 10 in 1995. Larvae ofE. granitalis collected fromC. obtusa had heavier body weight, developed to larger adults than those collected fromC. japonica, and mortality from the fourth or fifth instar larval stage to adults onC. obtusa was lower than that onC. japonica. All these facts suggest that larval performance onC. obtusa was higher than that onC. japonica.     

Studies on the parasitoid complex of Choristoneura murinana (Hbn.) (Lep.: Tortricidae) in Turkey

The parasitoid complex of Choristoneura murinana (Hbn.), a pest of Abies cilicica Carr., was studied in Isparta, Turkey. Shoots and needles of A. cilicica with C. murinana larvae and pupae were collected and examined under laboratory conditions in 2002 and 2003. As a result of this study, 14 parasitoid species of C. murinana were determined: Apanteles obscurus Nees. (Hym.: Braconidae), Brachymeria intermedia Nees (Hym.: Chalcididae), Mesopolobus mediterraneus Mayr, Mesopolobus dubius Walker, Pteromalus chrysos Walker, Pteromalus sp. (Hym.: Pteromalidae), Monodontomerus aereus Walker (Hym.: Torymidae), Itoplectis maculator (Fabricius), Apophua bipunctoria Thunberg, Triclistus globulipes Desvignes, Dirophanes maculicornis Stephens, Hyposoter sp., Dusona sp. (Hym.: Ichneumonidae) and Aprostocetus sp. (Hym.: Eulophidae). In the studied parasitoid complex, A. obscurus, B. intermedia and I. maculator were the most important in reducing pest numbers. The level of total parasitism of the C. murinana was 19.4% in 2002 and 22.3% in 2003.     

Über die natürlichen Krankheiten der Frostspanner Operophthera brumata L. und Erannis defoliaria Clerck (Lep., Geometridae) im Spessart,Bayern

Studies of the host-parasite relationships in populations of larvae of the family Geometridae collected from forest stands in the Spessart-mountains (Bavaria, Germany) were conducted in 1977. Four species of Microsporidia and one Nuclear-Polyhedrosis-Virus were recovered from larvae ofOperophthera brumata L. undErannis defoliaria Clerck. Three of the species of Microsporidia were identified asPleistophora schubergi Zwölfer 1927 (infecting intenstinal-carity).Pleistophora c. f.schubergi (infecting fat-body) andTelochania cheimatobiae Krieg 1956, while the fourth species of Nosematidae, differed from all species of Microsporidia at Geometridae previously described. The nameNosema operophthera sp. n. has been proposed for this pathogen. Data on the levels of infection of the natural populations of the pests are given in table 2. A downward trend in annual levels of the infection was noted. Of the larvae ofO. brumata collected in 1977 54% were infected, namely 30% byTelochania cheimatobiae 23% bothPleistophora and 2.5% by the mixt-infection ofNosema operophthera sp. n. andP. schubergi; while ofE. defoliaria 44% were infected, namely 30% by Nuclear-Polyhedrosis Virus and 6% byPl. schubergi. An ultrastructural study of the infection of cells ofErannis defoliaria by the Nuclear-Polyhedrosis Virus is presented. The virus develops in tracheal-matrix, hypoderm and fat-body cells. It meets all the criteria for incorporation into the Family Baculoviridae.     

Comparison of terpenes in extracts from the resin and the bark of the resinous stem canker of Chamaecyparis obtusa and Thujopsis dolabrata var. hondae

A monoterpene and 15 diterpenes were isolated from the ethyl acetate extracts of the bark-glued resin from the resinous stem canker ofThujopsis dolabrata var.hondae Makino. A monoterpene (nezukone20) and 4 diterpenes (acetyl torulosol5, acetyl isocupressic acid8, acetyl abietinol11, and 7-methoxytotarol18) were characteristic constituents of the ethyl acetate extracts but were absent in then-hexane extracts from the resinous stem canker ofT. dolabrata var.hondae. These terpenes were first isolated fromT. dolabrata var.hondae andT. dolabrata. The available literature suggests that diterpene18 is a new compound. The resinous stem canker ofChamaecyparis obtusa Endlicher contained larger amounts of manool1,trans-communic acid6, and ferruginol12 and smaller amounts of isocupressic acid7 and abietinol10 than the resinous stem canker ofT. dolabrata var.hondae. The concentration of18 was less than 2% in the extracts, and the resinous stem canker ofC. obtusa lacked this compound. The resinous stem cankers ofC. obtusa andT. dolabrata var.hondae provided extracts 15.6 and 4.96 times, respectively, heavier than the healthy ones. Large differences in the ratios and compositions of terpenes were also observed between the resinous stem canker and the healthy trees. Terpenes isolated from the extracts contained many kinds of diterpene, especially the labdane-type diterpenes, in these diseased trees. These results suggest that the presence of labdane-type diterpenes is closely associated with the resinous stem canker or the causal fungi of this disease.Part of this report was presented at the 50th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kyoto, April 2000     

Nitrogen promotes water consumption in seedlings of Cryptomeria japonica but not in Chamaecyparis obtusa

To evaluate the influence of excessive N deposition on the water consumption of a Japanese plantation forest, 1-year-old seedlings of major plantation trees, Cryptomeria japonica (Japanese cedar) and Chamaecyparis obtusa (Hinoki cypress), were treated with combinations of two N levels (Moderate N and High N) and two soil water conditions (Dry and Moist) for 4 months. The High N treatment received five times as much N as in the Moderate N treatment; the total amount of N added in the High N treatment was roughly 25 times the annual N deposition in precipitation. An increase in soil N availability increased the needle transpiration rate, needle biomass, and needle N content of C. japonica under the Moist treatment, whereas those of C. obtusa were not significantly affected by soil N treatment at either soil water level. Needle N content in C. japonica was positively related to needle photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate. Our results suggested that excessive N deposition has the potential to enhance water consumption in C. japonica stands on moist soils. However, the effects of increased N deposition would be insignificant for C. japonica grown on dry sites. Unlike in C. japonica, water consumption in C. obtusa would be unlikely to respond to excess N deposition, regardless of the soil moisture level. Moreover, the significant reduction in the fine root to needle ratio observed with excessive N application in C. japonica under both Dry and Moist treatments suggests that excessive N deposition is likely to cancel out the tree's morphological adaptation to drought.     

Zur Biologie und biologischen Bekämpfung des Tabakkäfers,Epithrix hirtipennis Melsh. (Col., Chrysomelidae)in Italien

Epithrix hirtipennis Melsh. is a relatively new insect pest in South Europe on tobacco. Observations reported here on its biology and behaviour differ in some pattern from those in the North American population. For the control of TFB (Tabac Flea Beetle) big amount of chemical insecticides are used, consequently there is a requirement for alternative methods. Experiments were carried out withB. thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki and ssp.tenebrionis, Beauveria bassiana, Steinernema carpocapsae andHeterorhabditis sp. in laboratory, semifield and field conditions. The results show that in summertime against the adults by help ofBac. thur. tenebrionis in principle a successful biological control ofE. hirtipennis seems to be possible.     

Zur Kenntnis von Hyperodes bonariensis Kuschel (Col., Curculionidae) und seiner Feinde in Argentinien

On the knowledge of Hyperodes bonariensis Kuschel (Col., Curculionidae) and its antagonists in Argentina Studies were made on damage ofHyperodes bonariensis as a pest of pasture plants and on incidence of its parasites and predators. Among its natural enemies,Patasson atomarius (Breth.) (Mymaridae, parasitic on eggs) appeared to be polyphagous, having a good potential rate of increase and substantical ecological tolerance and seemed to be a promising parasite.Sericophanes obscuricornis Popp. (Miridae),Nabis punctipennis Blanch. (Nabidae),Philonthus sp. (Staphylinidae) (predaceous on eggs),Pterostichus aereus (Dej.),Pt. unistriatus (Dej.),Barypus clivinoides Curt.,Cnemalobus gavi Putz.,Metius blandus (Dej.) andM. malachiticus (Dej.) (Carabidae, predaceous on adult weevils) destroyed the host to some extent, but they are not of much importance in regulating the population of this pest.     

Beobachtungen über die Apfelgallmücke,Dasineura mali Kieffer und eine neue Art aus Apfelblattgallen,Macrolabis sp. (Dipt.: Cecidomyiidae)

Within the last 15 yearsDasineura mali has become increasingly more abundant in the Netherlands, Germany, parts of Switzerland and northern Italy, apparently favoured by the protracted growth period due to increased nitrogen fertilization. Heavy injuries were observed in South Tyrol in young plantations where the crown formation was retarded or inhibited when shoot attack approached 100%. Recently a second cecidomyiid,Macrolabis sp., has been recorded from South Tyrol to southwestern Germany but can be expected to be more wide-spread. Its larvae inhabit galls which are indistinguishable from those ofD. mali. Usually both species are associated with one another, but there is circumstantial evidence thatMacrolabis sp. induces gall formation and is phytophagous likeD. mali. As far as is known, their biologies and phenologies are very similar, but there are marked morphological differences in the larvae as well as in the adults. Both species are preyed upon by the anthocoridsOrius minutus L.,Anthocoris nemorum L. andA. nemoralis F. which could not be shown to be important mortality factors. On the other hand, the parasitesInostemma contariniae Szelényi,Platygaster marchali Kieffer (Platygasteridae),Gastrancistrus sp. (Pteromalidae) and, to a lesser extend,Torymus rubi (Torymidae) caused the collapse of several outbreaks in South Tyrol. The exact host-parasite relationships have yet to be determined.     

Profiling of volatile compounds from five interior decoration timbers in Taiwan using TD/GC–MS/FID

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from Chamaecyparis formosensis, Cryptomeria japonica, Cunninghamia lanceolata, Chamaecyparis obtusa var. formosana, and Taiwania cryptomerioides five major building and interior decoration timbers and their essential oil components were analyzed using GC–MS and TD/GC–MS/FID. Results showed that C. obtusa var. formosana had the highest yield of essential oil (3.42%), followed by C. formosensis (3.14%), while C. japonica had the lowest yield (0.95%). Moreover, oxygenated sesquiterpene was the highest relative content in all five essential oils and their main constituents were trans-myrtanol (18.04%), 1-epi-cubenol (15.99%), cedrol (62.26%), α-cadinol (26.42%), and α-cadinol (27.98%), respectively. In terms of emission quantity of top VOC, the results showed the decreasing order of C. formosensis (myrtenal, 74.21 mg/m²)?>?T. cryptomerioides (thujopsene, 12.00 mg/m²)?>?C. lanceolata (α-cedrene, 10.27 mg/m²)?>?C. obtusa var. formosana (α-pinene, 8.05 mg/m²)?>?C. japonica (α-cedrene, 4.25 mg/m²). C. formosensis had a greater amount of VOCs emitted and hence gave off more fragrance than C. obtusa var. formosana initially. However, after indoor exposure of 24 weeks, the VOC emission quantity of C. obtusa var. formosana exceeded that of C. formosensis. α-Cedrene and thujopsene were the top two major VOCs of both C. lanceolata and T. cryptomerioides. However, they both showed a trend of decrease in emission with prolonged exposure. All five plantation timbers showed good antifungal, antimicrobial, antibacterial, and antitermitic properties, making them ideal materials for interior decoration. Not only do they have strong bioactivities, they can also provide a fragrant and healthy living environment.     

Pathogens and parasites of adults of the great spruce bark beetle, Dendroctonus micans (Kugelann) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) from Turkey

In this study, the pathogen and parasite spectra of Turkish populations of the great spruce bark beetle Dendroctonus micans (Kugelann) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) are analysed. In addition to the previously studied infective green alga Helicosporidium, three more pathogens and parasites, i.e. the yeast Metschnikowia sp., the neogregarine Mattesia sp. and a nematode, were recorded here for the first time. The pathogens and parasites occur in different quantities and combinations in outbreaks of the beetle at five Turkish localities.     

Lignans ofChamaecyparis obtusa

Heartwood ofChamaecyparis obtusa contains significant amounts of a dibenzylbutyrolactone lignan, hinokinin (8). This investigation demonstrated that the contents of 8 and a norlignan, hinokiresinol (12), were higher in the heartwood region than in the sapwood, indicating their nature of being heartwood extractives. Eleven lignans — xanthoxylol (1), 7-oxohinokinin (2), savinin (3), dihydrosesamin (4), isoactifolin (5), sesamin (6), piperitol (7), hinokinin (8), pluviatolide (9), haplomyrfolin (10), and rnatairesinol (11) — were isolated from young shoots ofChamaecyparis obtusa cv. Breviramea. Eight lignans (1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9,10, and11) were isolated from this plant for the first time. Chiral high-performance liquid Chromatographie analysis showed that8, 9, 10, and11, were found to be levorotatory and optically pure (>99% e.e.). Based on the chemical structures of the isolated lignans, possible biosynthetic pathways of8 are discussed.Parts of this report were presented at the 44th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Nara, April 1994; the 46th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kumamoto, April 1996; and the 44th Lignin Symposium, Gifu, October 1999