过热蒸汽干燥传热传质特性的理论分析与试验

在系统分析过热蒸汽干燥过程的基础上,建立了简化的干燥数学模型,从传热传质角度对过热蒸汽的干燥机理进行了理论分析,并与热空气干燥进行了对比,最后通过稻米的过热蒸汽干燥试验验证分析结论.研究结果表明:提高过热蒸汽的温度以提高干燥介质与物料之间温度梯度,以及增加过热蒸汽的流速(流量)以减少传质阻力,可以显著提高过热蒸汽的干燥效率.     

油菜籽流化床气体分布板结构参数优化

为优化油菜籽流化床气体分布板的结构参数,根据欧拉(Euler)方法的双流体模型和标准k-ε湍流模型,采用计算流体力学(CFD)分析软件Fluent,对气体分布板的开孔率和布孔方式进行优化设计。结果表明:开孔率为15.84%圆形不均匀布孔的气体分布板是油菜籽流化床干燥的最佳气体分布板,增强了热空气的流通性,减少了局部区域的热空气聚集,实现了气粒两相流动的正常流态化,达到了流化床内油菜籽颗粒均匀分布,无沟流和死区的目的。通过实验,对模拟结果进行了实验验证,结果发现数值模拟与实验结果相吻合,证明了所优化的最佳气体分布板是合理可行的,为工程实践缩短油菜籽干燥时间提供了一种较理想的气体分布板。     

玉米过热蒸汽薄层干燥数学模型

在自行设计的过热蒸汽干燥试验台上进行了各种工况下玉米的薄层干燥试验,用数理统计中优化的方法,建立了薄层干燥方程,用来定量地描述玉米对热蒸汽干燥规律。结果表明,尽管过热蒸汽和热风为不同的干燥介质,薄层干燥方程仍可用与热风干燥相同的方法来建立。     

过热蒸汽干燥特性的试验研究

以高湿酒糟为被干燥物料,进行了不同工况下过热蒸汽干燥规律试验。结果不明;作为干燥介质过热汽不改变干燥过程的一般规律;过热蒸汽干燥开始阶段物料上有凝结水产生,在恒速干燥段特料的温度保持在１００℃;在相同的干燥速度下,与热风干燥相比过热蒸汽干燥物料临界含水率要低。     

胡萝卜过热蒸汽膨化干燥工艺优化

以胡萝卜为原料,采用三因素二次正交旋转组合设计,研究了预脱水的胡萝卜含水率、过热蒸汽温度和滞留时间对膨化胡萝卜比容以及产品复水率的影响.这3个因素的影响均达到显著水平,过长的滞留时间可增加比容,但极大降低产品复水率.优化的过热蒸汽膨化工艺条件为:预脱水的胡萝卜含水率23%,过热蒸汽温度150℃,滞留时间50 s.过热蒸汽膨化干燥的胡萝卜收缩较小、复水率高、硬度适中、品质好.过热蒸汽膨化干燥胡萝卜较热风干燥效率高,干燥时间缩短近40%.     

过热蒸汽干燥稻米力学特性试验

利用正交试验,研究了过热蒸汽温度和风速对稻米力学特性的影响以及爆腰增率随干燥条件和含水率的变化规律。结果表明,过热蒸汽干燥稻米时稻米弹性模量不仅受自身含水率的影响,还受干燥条件的影响;过热蒸汽干燥稻米的爆腰增率与热风干燥情况基本相同。与传统的热风干燥相比,尽管过热蒸汽干燥温度较高,但稻米爆腰增率并未见恶化,且干燥速率快,能耗低。     

过热蒸汽干燥及应用研究进展

过热蒸汽干燥具有净耗能低、传热传质效率高、产品品质好及环境友好等优点,受到越来越广泛的关注。高压或常压过热蒸汽干燥物料的温度较高,由于氧气的缺失及物料的无氧化燃烧反应,保证了产品质量且改善了操作安全性。另外,采用低压过热蒸汽干燥可以避免常压下过热蒸汽干燥操作温度高的特点,进一步提高果蔬等热敏性物料的质量。过热蒸汽与其他干燥技术的组合干燥,克服单一干燥技术本身存在的缺点,具有广阔的发展前景。     

香蕉低压过热蒸汽-真空组合干燥研究

针对低压过热蒸汽干燥香蕉时高干燥速率与高品质难以同时保证的问题,提出了低压过热蒸汽-真空组合干燥方法,以提高干燥速率、降低物料温度,实现提高产品品质的目的.通过第一降速阶段和全阶段计算的香蕉逆转点温度分别为88.75℃和89.06℃.在高于逆转点的90℃进行低压过热蒸汽-真空组合干燥研究,结果表明:低压过热蒸汽-真空组...     

过热蒸汽干燥的发展现状

利用过热蒸汽直接与被干燥物料接触而除去水分的干燥方法是最近发展起来的新技术，本文依据国外文献资料，对过热蒸汽干燥的发展，优点和不足进行了全面的分析，重点论述了礤理论研究现状，例举了过热蒸汽干燥的应用实例，最后，提出了进一步研究的建议。     

食品过热蒸汽撞击干燥的试验研究

研究了过热蒸汽撞击干燥过程中蒸汽温度和传热系数对样品的降水速度,温度场和干燥品质的影响规律,发现在研究的参数范围内,蒸汽的影响比传热系数显著。通过与热风撞击干燥的对比试验,发现过热蒸汽撞击干燥后样品淀粉糊化度明显高于热风撞击干燥,当介质温度高于３９３Ｋ时,过热蒸汽撞击干燥的干燥速度高于热风撞击干燥。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。