黄土高原白草塬土地利用变化对地下水补给的影响

为研究黄土高原土地利用变化对地下水补给的影响,在甘肃会宁县白草塬采集农地、杏林地、杏林‖柠条地和杏林‖苜蓿地4种土地利用方式0~10 m剖面土样,通过制定表征土壤水分亏缺的指标和氯离子质量平衡法,从土壤水分含量、储水量、干燥化和深层渗漏量等角度分析了土地利用变化对地下水补给的可能影响。结果表明：不同土地利用方式对土壤水分作用强度和深度不同。0~10 m剖面的平均土壤含水量表现为农地＞杏林地＞杏林‖柠条地＞杏林‖苜蓿地。0~5 m包含杏树的两种间作地平均土壤含水量已达到或接近萎蔫湿度,土壤达到中度甚至重度干燥化;5~10 m各利用方式干燥化程度有所减轻。4种样地土壤水分深层渗漏量为8.8~13.6 mm·a^-1,占多年平均降雨量的4.0%。由于土地利用类型转换时间不到10年,尽管土地利用变化对土壤水分有较大影响,但对地下水补给的影响尚不显著。     

天津市不同种植年限蔬菜地土壤水分特征影响因素及其演变

通过对不同种植年限蔬菜地土壤饱和含水量、田间持水量、萎蔫含水量和有效含水量的分析,研究了土壤水分特征的主要影响因素及其演变趋势。结果表明,种植5 a以上1、0 a以上及15 a以上蔬菜地土壤饱和含水量的主要影响因素分别为团聚体、有机质含量、容重及pH值;田间持水量的主要影响因素分别为团聚体含量、结构系数和pH值;有效水含量主要影响因素分别为团聚体含量、结构系数及团聚体含量;萎蔫含水量影响因素不明显。随着种植年限的延长,研究区土壤饱和含水量以及田间持水量呈下降趋势,土壤持水性能、土壤水分供释及利用能力下降。     

Überleben von Ralstonia solanacearum Biovar 2 (Rasse 3), dem Erreger der Schleimkrankheit der Kartoffel, in Boden und auf verschiedenen Materialien (Mikrokosmos)

Microcosm studies were carried out to test the survival of Ralstonia solanacearum biovar 2 (race 3) in soil at the permanent wilting point (wp) water content and at field capacity (fc) water content and on various material. Soils were placed at permanent ?5°C, 4°C, 15°C and 20°C and weekly fluctuating ?10/0/+10°C and the material at 5, 15 °C, 20°C with relative humidity (rh) uncontrolled or at constant 10% or 90%. In soil, survival was clearly dependent on temperature independent of water content. At 20°C Ralstonia solanacearum could be reisolated up to 364 days, at 15°C up to 290 days, at 4°C up to 209 days and at fluctuating temperatures (?10/0/+10°C) only up to 18 days. The lower the temperature, the more the population declined. At 15°C and 20°C appr. 10⁷ cfu/g soil were detected after 100 days, whereas at ?5°C only 10² cfu/g soil were detected after only 18 days. The pathogen was longer detectable in sandy-clay loam than in lighter sandy soil. It could be longer reisolated at wilting point and the populations did not decline as rapidly as at field capacity. Ralstonia solanacearum could best survive on material surfaces like rubber, plastic and varnished metal with maximum survival of 40 days at 5°C and 10% rh. In general there is a low risk of Ralstonia solanacearum overwintering under European climatic conditions when the fields are cleared of plant debris and the soil is frozen. Contamined material surfaces pose the risk of pathogen transmission to healthy tubers.     

Adsorption,decomposition and movement of oxamyl in soil

A study was conducted of the behaviour of oxamyl in Israeli soils of varying clay and organic matter contents. The adsorption isotherms for oxamyl were linear, and the adsorption coefficient (K_d) could be correlated to the clay content of the soils, as well as to the organic matter content of the soil. Oxamyl adsorption was underestimated by using published correlations between the adsorption and the chemical properties of pesticides, such as their solubility or octan-1-ol-water partition coefficient. The decomposition of oxamyl in soils followed first-order kinetics. The half-life ranged from 4 to 33 days in a Bet Dagan soil. The reaction rate increased with increasing moisture content of the soil until field capacity was reached, at which point it levelled off. The Arrhenius relationship was followed, with degradation proceeding more rapidly at higher temperatures. In several soils of varying composition, which were kept at field capacity, no difference in the degradation rates was observed. Oxamyl was applied to a Bet Dagan soil from a point source in a single pulse, as a split application, and on a continuous basis. The distribution patterns of oxamyl under the various treatments differed significantly. After the single-pulse application, oxamyl was leached out of the emitter zone. While the split application decreased the oxamyl-free zone, the best results were obtained by continuous application, which gave a nearly uniform distribution of oxamyl in the soil.     

基于冠层温度的玉米缺水诊断研究

冠层温度是判断植物水分状况的一项重要指标。以玉米良玉11为试验作物,在2014和2015年玉米抽雄期(7—8月)进行了4种不同梯度的土壤水分胁迫处理,研究了作物冠层温度、冠气温度比以及冠气温度差等指标与土壤含水量的关系,分析了冠气温度比与生理指标气孔导度的关系。研究结果显示:当土壤含水量低于0.16 cm3·cm~(-3)时,植株出现了明显的萎蔫现象,这时冠层温度、冠气温度比、冠气温度差也都分别达到了其最大值34℃,1.2℃和5℃;随着土壤含水量增大到0.20 cm3·cm~(-3),冠层温度等指标均达到其最小值,约为30℃,1.0℃和1℃,且变化比较稳定,这时植株生长良好,说明土壤供水充足,植株未受到水分胁迫。冠层温度等指标与气孔导度有显著的线性关系,气孔导度随着冠层温度等指标的增加而线性降低,表明气孔关闭会使得冠层温度显著提升。     

咪鲜胺及其制剂在六种水稻土中的吸附

研究了咪鲜胺(prochloraz)及其制剂施保克(Sportak,25%咪鲜胺乳油)在6种水稻土中的吸附行为和吸附机理。结果表明:咪鲜胺和施保克在水稻土中的吸附平衡时间为5~10 h,其吸附过程符合Freundlich吸附等温式;咪鲜胺和施保克在6种水稻土中有机质吸附常数(KOM)的平均值分别为 2 439和2 111,表明它们易被水稻土吸附,属难移动的物质,且吸附反应自由能的变化量均小于40 kJ/mol, 表现为物理吸附过程;吸附常数(Kf值)与土壤理化性质的相关性分析结果表明,咪鲜胺和施保克在土壤中的吸附主要受土壤有机质含量、阳离子交换量和粘粒含量的影响,并呈正相关;咪鲜胺在加工成制剂后,不但在土壤中的吸附量减少了,而且Kf值也下降了近1/3。     

The influence of water solubility on the movement and degradation of simazine in a fallow soil

The movement and degradation of simazine in the field during winter and summer were measured and compared with simulations using a simple model. The model only simulated simazine behaviour closely when water solubility was taken into account. Relationships between water solubility, melting point, soil adsorption and octan-1-ol/water partition coefficient indicate that, at agricultural rates of application, water solubility will only have an important influence on behaviour for relatively polar chemicals with high melting points.     

土壤水分监测指标修订在内蒙古地区的应用

为了准确评估土壤水分盈亏状况,在墒情评估中引入土壤有效水下限概念,提出单站单标准的墒情评估体系。结果表明:内蒙古自动土壤水分观测站凋萎湿度和田间持水量整体偏高,区域主要集中在东部区、河套地区和阴山山脉,相对偏低区域主要在锡林郭勒盟和西部区,偏低区土地类型以草原和荒漠区为主。整体来看,相对凋萎湿度东部高于中西部,东部偏南最高;相对凋萎湿度(6.57%～55.15%)波动较大,在田间持水量至相对凋萎湿度之间根据等间距划分得到二类、三类墒情上限范围为68.86%～85.05%和37.71%～70.07%,地区间墒情标准等级差异较大,二、三类墒情从地理位置来看,东部区中部区西部区锡林郭勒盟草原区,从土地利用分区来看,农林区域要明显大于草原区,其中内蒙古中西部的乌兰察布—土默川农业区、阴山丘陵农业区、河套灌区要明显高于周边草原区。     

Degradation and adsorption of 14C-MCPA in soil—influence of concentration, temperature and moisture content on degradation

MCPA was weakly absorbed in soils with 2.4, 3.0 and 2.9% humus. K_d-values were 0.7, 0.9 and 1.0, respectively. In soil, not previously treated with MCPA, the degradation of 0.05 mg kg^?114C-MCPA followed first-order reaction kinetics whereas degradation of 5 mg kg^?1 was only first-order for 2 weeks; exponentially increasing degradation rates followed indicating enrichment of the soil with MCPA decomposers. Degradation was monitored by evolution of ¹⁴CO₂. The influence of temperature on degradation of MCPA (4 mg kg^?1) could initially be described by Q₁₀ values or by the Arrhenius equation. After 1 day of incubation in two field soils Q₁₀ values were 3.3 and 2.9, respectively, between 0°C and 29°C; the activation energies were 87 and 76 kj mol^?1. Exponentially increasing degradation rates followed with doubling times of about 4.0, 1.8, 1.2 and 0.6 days at 6,10, 15 and 21°C, respectively. After 51 days of incubation, at temperatures between 6°C and 29°C, about 60%¹⁴C was evolved in CO₂ and only traces of MCPA were left in the soil. At 0°C and at 40°C only 1% and 10%¹⁴C, respectively, were evolved as CO₂ after 51 days. ¹⁴C-MCPA (4 mg kg^?1) was incubated at moisture contents from that in air-dried soil to 2.3 times field capacity. Optimum for degradation was from 0.6 to 1.2. field capacity. Degradation was very slow where water contents were below the level of wilting point and was nil in air-dried soil. In wet soil degradation was delayed, but even in water-logged soil (2.3 times field capacity) MCPA was decomposed after 4 to 5 weeks at 10°C.     

Atrazine dissipation in irrigated sorghum cropping in southern New South Wales

Dissipation of atrazine after pre-emergence application to irrigated grain sorghum was investigated in an experiment on a Birganbigil clay loam at Yanco Agricultural Research Centre in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Areas of New South Wales. Dissipation followed first-order kinetics with a half-life of 70 days. This rate of disappearance did not differ significantly between application rates of 2.5 and 10 kg/ha. Removal of volunteer plant growth with non-residual chemicals or by cultivation during the winter fallow periods had no significant effect on the levels of atrazine residues in the soil and dissipation rate did not differ significantly between the 2 years of the experiment. A laboratory incubation experiment demonstrated that dissipation of atrazine in Birganbigil soil was more rapid than in three other soils from the Murrumbidgee and Murray Valleys. Dissipation rate and atrazine adsorption were both correlated with the organic carbon content of the soils, which ranged from 1.43% to 0.72%. There was no correlation between either dissipation rate or adsorption and clay content, even though clay contents ranged from 37 to 78%.     

OBSERVATIONS ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ADSORPTION OF DIURON AND THE NATURE OF THE ADSORBENT

Summary. A series of adsorption experiments was carried out in order to determine if there was significant competition for adsorption sites between diuron and water. Adsorption of diuron was much lower on hydrophilic materials such as cellulose, chitin, aluminium oxide and a soil mineral fraction than on the less hydrophilic ion exchange resins, lignin, carbon and a soil organic fraction. Methylation with methanolic HCL or diazomethane increased adsorption by the soil organic material, but methylation with dimethyl sulphate did not.
The soil mineral fraction adsorbed considerably more diuron from petroleum spirit solution than from aqueous solution, but the organic matter preparation adsorbed more from aqueous than from petroleum solution.
It was concluded that there is competition between water and diuron for adsorption sites and that diuron is a more effective competitor at soil organic matter surfaces than at soil mineral matter surfaces.
Observations sur la relation entre l'adsorption du diuron el la nature de l'adsorbant     

烟嘧磺隆在土壤中的吸附及与土壤性质的相关性研究

采用平衡振荡法研究了烟嘧磺隆在8种不同类型土壤中的吸附,结果表明,其吸附过程均符合经典的Freundlich模型,最大吸附常数为6.891,最小吸附常数为0.798。根据土壤有机吸附常数和吸附自由能的大小对该除草剂的移动性能进行了评价,认为其在8种土壤中均以物理吸附为主,且具有中等或较高的移动性能。通过对吸附常数Kf与土壤有机质含量、粘土含量和pH值的关系进行分析,发现土壤有机质含量、粘土含量和pH值在吸附过程中均属支配因素,Kf与土壤有机质含量、粘土含量呈正相关,而与土壤pH值呈负相关。     

Characteristics of mineral elements in shoots of three annual halophytes in a saline desert,Northern Xinjiang

Halophytes are valuable salt-, alkali-and drought-resistant germplasm resources. However, the characteristics of mineral elements in halophytes have not been investigated as intensively as those in crops. This study attempted to investigate the characteristics of mineral elements for annual halophytes during their growth period to reveal their possible physiological mechanisms of salt resistance. By using three native annual halophytes (Salsola subcrassa, Suaeda acuminate and Petrosimonia sibirica) distributed in the desert in Northern Xinjiang of China, the dynamic changes in the mineral element contents of annual halophytes were analyzed through field sampling and laboratory analyses. The results demonstrated that the annual halophytes were able to absorb water and mineral nutrients selectively. In the interaction between the annual halophytes and saline soil, the adaptability of the annual halophytes was manifested as the accumulation of S, Na and Cl during the growth period and maintenance of water and salt balance in the plant, thus ensuring their selective absorption of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and other mineral nutrients according to their growth demand. By utilizing this property, halophyte planting and mowing (before the wilting and death periods) could bioremediate heavy saline-alkali soil.     

干旱胁迫下梨枣抗旱性研究

为探索陕北黄土丘陵区梨枣的抗旱性与耐旱能力,以大规格盆栽梨枣（Ziziphus jujuba Mill.cv.Lizao）2年生苗木为试验材料,在连续不供水情况下研究了梨枣的萎蔫到致死过程。依据干旱缺水后枣树生长衰退过程中的特征将枣树萎蔫致死分为：暂时萎蔫、初始萎蔫、表征永久萎蔫及耐旱致死四个阶段。结果表明：梨枣的初始萎蔫系数在2.017%～3.054%之间,平均为2.494%;表征永久萎蔫系数在1.199%～1.998%之间,平均为1.489%,永久萎蔫系数在1.250%～1.489%之间;耐旱致死点为1.250%,致死时间为135±11 d。试验结果证明枣树是一种十分抗旱的树种,在半干旱黄土丘陵区枣树不会出现干旱致死。     

Variation in soil water content to rainfall under Caragana microphylla shrub in Horqin Sandy Land

In order to investigate the spatio-temporal variability of soil water content to rainfall under Caragana microphylla shrub in Horqin Sandy Land,a plot of 25 m × 25 m,where there were 6 shrub canopies of C. microphylla,was sited for measuring soil water content at two soil layers of 0-20 cm (top layer) and 20-40 cm (lower layer). Soil water content was measured on the 1st,5th,10th and 15th day after a 42 mm rainfall in Naiman of Inner Mongolia. The results showed that soil water contents at both layers under C. microphylla shrub were gradually decreased after the rain. Soil water content at the top layer outside the shrub canopy was higher than that inside the shrub canopy within 5 days,and became similar inside and outside the shrub canopy on the 10th day after the 42 mm rainfall,and it was lower outside than that inside the shrub canopy on the 15th day. The soil water content at lower layer in the area without shrubs was higher than that under shrub canopy all along. All the measured values of soil water content can be fitted to a variogram model. There was significant autocorrelation of the values of soil water content between top layer and lower layer,except for the fourth measured values of soil water content at top layer. The range and spatial dependence of soil water content at top layer were lower than that at lower layer.     

寡营养细菌对古尔班通古特沙漠土壤环境的影响

利用从古尔班通古特沙漠生物结皮中分离的1株寡营养细菌制成的菌剂,喷洒在流沙表面,分析寡营养细菌对沙漠土壤微生物、酶活性、土壤养分及生物结皮形成的影响。结果表明：①喷洒寡营养细菌菌剂,提高各层土壤主要微生物数量,其中显著（P〈0.05）提高了0～2 cm土层的细菌和放线菌数量及2～5 cm层的寡营养细菌数量;②对不同土壤...     

DEGRADATION OF BROMOXYNIL IN REGINA HEAVY CLAY*

A spectrophotometric method was developed to detect bromoxynil in Regina heavy clay, and the breakdown under different temperature and moisture conditions was studied. At rates equivalent to 14 kg/ha, over 50% of the applied bromoxynil was degraded in 2 weeks at 25°C and at moisture levels in excess of the wilting point. Losses at 18°C were slightly slower. Little breakdown occurred in sterile soil, indicating that microbial degradation could be an important factor contributing to bromoxynil breakdown under field conditions. Paper and thin-layer chromatographic techniques were used to isolate and identify soil degradation products. In addition to the parent compound small amounts of 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzamide and 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid were detected.     

三江平原典型草甸小叶章湿地土壤水分扩散率研究

运用水平土柱入渗法模拟研究了三江平原典型草甸小叶章湿地土壤的水分扩散过程以及水分扩散率与土壤含水量之间的关系。结果表明:草甸沼泽土各土层的含水量与Boltzmann常数分别符合不同的关系曲线,且差异主要与粘粒含量和基质势有关;各土层的Bo-ltzmann常数自表层向下依次降低,且差异达到极显著水平(p<0.01);草甸沼泽土各土层的水分扩散率存在较大差异,0-20cm土层最高,30-40cm土层最低;草甸沼泽土与盐碱化沼泽土、人工湿地水稻土的水分扩散率存在显著差异,原因与不同类型土壤各土层的理化性质及理化过程有关;草甸沼泽土各土层的水分扩散率随土壤含水量的增加均呈指数增长曲线变化,且表层土壤的增长曲线相对较陡。     

甘肃黄土高原土壤农业水分常数分布特征

通过对黄土高原23个农业气象观测站及3个农业气象试验站作物观测地段的土壤农业水分常数分析,以揭示该地域农业水分特性的分布特征。结果显示:在甘肃黄土高原,土壤容重从北到南、从浅层到深层呈减少趋势;凋萎湿度地域及垂直分布变化不大;田间持水量地域分布特征明显,陇西黄土高原大于陇东黄土高原;干旱的临界土壤含水量基本上为北部小于南部,最大值出现在陇西黄土高原的中部。     

特丁硫磷在环境中的迁移性研究

采用室内模拟试验方法,研究了有机磷类农药特丁硫磷在不同环境介质中的挥发性以及在3种不同类型土壤中的吸附性、移动性及其影响因素。结果表明:特丁硫磷具有较强的挥发性,其在空气、土壤表面和水中的挥发率分别为87.1%、38.6%和2.51%;在江西红壤、太湖水稻土与东北黑土中的吸附性较好地符合Freundlich方程,3种土壤中的吸附系数Kd值分别为6.56、11.34和15.80;薄层层析试验显示,当溶剂展开至12.0 cm时,特丁硫磷在江西红壤、太湖水稻土与东北黑土中最远可分别移至6~8、4~6和6~8 cm处,土柱试验结果显示,江西红壤、太湖水稻土与东北黑土淋出液中特丁硫磷质量分数分别为5.77%、1.13%和1.22%,表明特丁硫磷具有一定的移动性。影响特丁硫磷在土壤中吸附性和移动性的主要因素为土壤有机质含量,其次为土壤质地。特丁硫磷具有高挥发性及一定的移动性,其对人畜的安全以及地下水的危害应引起高度重视。