锌肥对作物产量、子粒锌及土壤有效锌含量的后效

1992年一1998年在河南新乡缺锌褐土进行了微区定位试验，研究施锌对作物和土壤的长期效应。结果表明：施锌提高第一茬作物小麦的分蘖数、穗数、穗长和第二茬作物玉米的穗长、穗粒数和粒重，从而显著增加小麦和玉米产量。不同用量的锌对作物产量影响末及显著差异水平。施锌对作物产量的后效不明显，最多能维持两茬作物。施锌显著提高土壤有效锌含量，尽管施用锌肥，经过4茬之后，土壤有效锌含量仍维持在临界值之上，但作物产量没有多大影响。施锌显著提高前2茬小麦和前3茬玉米子粒中锌含量。     

低锌旱地土壤水分对小麦产量和锌利用的影响

【目的】西北旱地土壤有机质含量低,pH和碳酸钙含量高,导致土壤有效锌含量低,加之水分缺乏,不仅制约冬小麦生长和产量,还严重影响小麦锌的吸收利用。本研究选取西北旱地典型缺锌区,在土施锌肥的基础上,设置了2年的补充灌水田间试验,进一步研究水分对土壤锌有效性、 小麦生长、 产量以及锌和相关元素吸收利用的影响。【方法】田间试验于2010~2012年在陕西永寿县进行,采用裂区设计,锌肥为主处理,在不施锌与施锌(ZnSO4·7H2O)50 kg/hm2的基础上,设置在冬小麦关键生长期补充和不补充灌水2个副处理。在成熟期采集植株样品,测定了小麦产量、 生物量,各器官部位的锌及氮、 磷、 钾、 铁的含量; 采集0—40 cm土层土壤,测定了土壤有效性锌含量。【结果】在返青期、 孕穗期补灌20~30 mm水分对小麦产量、 土壤有效锌含量无显著影响,却有提高小麦各部位锌含量、 锌肥利用率的趋势,不施锌和施锌条件下,灌水比不灌水处理小麦籽粒锌含量分别提高3.8%~16.3%、 3.8%~13.1%,灌水使锌肥利用率提高21.2%~177.8%。灌水量和灌水时期的不同也影响锌在小麦各器官部位的分配与累积,第一季施锌和不施锌条件下,灌水比不灌水处理锌收获指数分别降低5.1%和2.0%,而第二季锌收获指数分别提高2.1%和2.7%。两季灌水对小麦籽粒中铁及大量元素氮磷钾含量的影响亦各不相同。【结论】在旱地缺锌土壤上,小麦生长关键期灌水对小麦产量、 土壤有效锌含量无显著影响,却有提高小麦各部分锌含量、 锌肥利用率的趋势,说明水肥结合对旱地石灰性土壤锌和锌肥有效性的影响应引起进一步重视,这对提高旱地缺锌地区作物和人体锌营养水平具有潜在意义。     

低锌旱地土施锌肥对小麦产量和锌利用的影响

土壤有效锌含量低是制约西北旱地冬小麦籽粒锌营养品质的关键问题。采用连续两年的田间定位试验,设0、10、25、50、100、150kg·hm。6个锌肥（ZnSO4·7H2O）水平,研究了施锌对小麦产量、籽粒锌含量和土壤有效锌含量的影响,分析了西北旱地冬小麦土施锌肥的可行性。结果表明,随锌肥用量增加,土壤有效锌含量显著提高,但小麦产量无明显变化,小麦籽粒锌含量两季最高值分别为19．8、32.1mg·kg^-1,比不施锌提高32％和44％,却依然低于40-60mg·kg^-1的推荐含量,总锌利用率不到1％。因此,在西北旱地,不建议通过土施锌肥来提高小麦籽粒锌含量。     

锌肥施用方式对小麦、玉米产量和籽粒锌含量的影响

以"郑单958"和"先玉335"玉米品种,"良星99"小麦品种为试验材料,在田间试验条件下研究了土施和叶面喷施锌肥对小麦、玉米产量和籽粒锌含量的影响。结果表明:在华北石灰性土壤上,土施和叶面喷施锌肥并没有显著提高玉米产量,小麦产量有一定程度增加;土施以及叶面喷施锌肥均显著提高小麦、玉米籽粒锌含量,叶面喷施锌肥的效果更好,并且小麦籽粒锌含量增加幅度显著高于玉米。土施和叶面喷施均能显著降低小麦、玉米籽粒磷锌摩尔比,增加籽粒锌的生物有效性,叶面喷施的效果更好。因此,单独叶面喷施锌肥或与土施相结合是提高小麦、玉米籽粒锌含量的有效措施,是保障人体锌营养健康的重要途径之一。     

轮作提高土壤磷生物有效性改善后茬作物磷素营养

  【目的】  豆科作物与禾本科作物轮作能够提高轮作体系的磷效率,本研究调查了前茬作物收获后的土壤磷状况,并尝试采用基于生物有效性的磷素分级方法 (BBP) 评价其对后茬玉米磷营养状况的影响。  【方法】  设置室内模拟盆栽试验,前茬作物处理包括蚕豆 (Vicia faba)、小麦(Triticum aestivum)、黑麦草 (Lolium perenne) 和毛叶苕子 (Vicia villosa Roth),以不种植作物为对照。作物收获后,后茬均轮作玉米。每个轮作前茬作物处理均分为基施P₂O₅ 60 mg/kg和不施磷肥两个处理。在前茬作物收获后,测定土壤Olsen-P含量,并将土壤磷分为CaCl₂-P、Citrate-P、Enzyme-P、HCl-P,评价土壤的有效磷状况。玉米收获后,测定产量和植株地上部磷含量及吸收累积量。  【结果】  轮作显著提高了后茬玉米地上部生物量,前茬不施磷肥处理对后茬玉米的增产效果高于施用磷肥处理。不施磷肥条件下,与对照相比,蚕豆后茬玉米的地上部生物量增加最多 (185.7%),且增幅显著高于小麦和毛叶苕子的后茬;施磷条件下,蚕豆、黑麦草后茬玉米的地上部生物量之间没有显著差异,但均显著高于小麦和毛叶苕子后茬。不施磷条件下,轮作显著提高了后茬玉米地上部含磷量,以黑麦草茬口的增幅最高,达到66.7%,且显著高于蚕豆和毛叶苕子;施磷条件下,4个茬口玉米地上部磷含量与无前茬作物对照没有显著差异,但黑麦草茬口仍显著高于蚕豆、小麦和毛叶苕子茬口的。前茬不施磷肥条件下,Enzyme-P在蚕豆、小麦、黑麦草和毛叶苕子茬土壤显著高于对照土壤;施磷肥条件下,只有蚕豆和黑麦草茬土壤显著高于对照土壤,这与轮作处理的促生效应相吻合。不施磷蚕豆、小麦、黑麦草和毛叶苕子土壤Citrate-P含量比其对照显著低20.99%、13.30%、5.05%和10.66%,而施磷土壤降幅更大,分别比对照低32.56%、22.86%、20.32%和27.62%。不论是否施磷肥,蚕豆与毛叶苕子均显著降低了土壤的HCl-P含量,而小麦茬对土壤的HCl-P含量无显著影响。  【结论】  不论是否施用磷肥,轮作显著降低了土壤中Olsen-P的含量,但是却显著促进了后茬玉米的生长。依据BBP分级方法,轮作不同程度地降低了土壤中Citrate-P和HCl-P含量,而增加了Enzyme-P的含量,进而提高了土壤中磷的生物有效性,增加了玉米吸磷量。在4种前茬作物中,黑麦草挖掘土壤供磷能力的潜力最大。     

低锌旱地施锌方式对小麦产量和锌利用的影响

西北地区是我国典型的旱地低锌区。本文选择黄土高原中部两个典型地点,通过田间试验,在两个施氮水平下,研究了不施锌、 土施锌、 叶喷锌和土施+叶喷锌4种方式对冬小麦产量、 锌的吸收和累积以及锌肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,不同施锌方式对小麦产量均无显著影响,但均提高了小麦子粒锌含量,提高幅度因施锌方式而异。与不施锌相比,叶喷和土施+叶喷锌肥可使小麦子粒锌含量提高40%左右,平均达到 40 mg/kg;单独土施锌肥虽使土壤有效锌提高3倍左右,但子粒锌含量无显著变化。叶喷锌肥的锌利用效率远高于土施和土施+叶喷处理,每公顷喷施1 kg锌可使小麦子粒锌含量提高6.70~13.04 mg/kg;子粒锌利用率为6.02%~9.40%, 达到土施锌肥的80倍左右;总锌利用率为19.78%~30.91%,是土施锌肥的132~221倍。施氮水平对小麦产量及锌肥利用效率均无显著影响。可见,在旱地低锌区,与土施锌相比,叶喷是更加经济有效、 环境友好的锌肥施用方式,是提高小麦锌营养品质切实可行的措施。     

氮锌配施对不同冬小麦品种产量及锌营养的影响

为比较石灰性土壤氮锌配施对不同小麦品种生长及锌营养的影响,选10种本地主要种植小麦品种,进行连续两年的田间试验,测定小麦产量及锌含量。结果表明,在石灰性土壤上单施锌肥和氮锌配施对小麦产量、籽粒锌含量的影响因品种而异。单施锌肥及氮锌配施处理可显著增加土壤有效锌含量,但单施锌肥处理仅增加"西杂1号"、"武农148"、"郑麦9023"籽粒锌含量;氮锌配施增加除"小偃22"外其余9种供试小麦品种籽粒锌含量,增幅为7.3%～54.7%。单施锌肥对小麦锌累积量增加的效果不明显;氮锌配施可显著增加小麦地上部锌累积量,两季分别增加6.5%、29.8%。单施氮肥可显著增加小麦锌吸收,但其主要累积在小麦茎叶部。在石灰性土壤上,单施锌肥虽显著增加了土壤有效锌含量,但对小麦产量及籽粒Zn含量增加有限,氮锌肥配施可取得较好效果。     

旱地高产小麦品种籽粒锌含量差异与产量构成和锌吸收利用的关系

【目的】 明确旱地条件下高产小麦品种籽粒锌含量差异与产量构成及锌吸收利用的关系,对通过品种选育和施肥调控提高旱地小麦籽粒产量和锌营养,实现小麦高产优质生产有重要意义。 【方法】 于2013—2016年连续三年在黄土高原典型旱地进行了小麦裂区田间试验。 以我国主要麦区的123个小麦品种为试材,每个品种设置不施肥和施N 150 kg/hm2、P₂O₅ 100 kg/hm2两个处理。分析了高产小麦籽粒锌含量差异及其与干物质累积、产量构成、锌吸收和分配之间的关系。 【结果】 施肥条件下,高产小麦品种籽粒锌含量存在显著差异,小麦籽粒锌含量与籽粒产量间无显著相关性,但与千粒重、锌吸收量、锌收获指数和籽粒锌形成效率呈显著正相关,与穗粒数呈显著负相关。在高产品种中,无论施肥与否高锌品种的籽粒锌含量均显著高于低锌品种;高锌品种的籽粒锌含量因施肥而显著提高,低锌品种却降低。施肥条件下,高锌品种的籽粒产量、生物量和收获指数与低锌品种相比无显著差异,穗数却显著降低;高锌品种的籽粒锌吸收量、地上部锌吸收量、锌收获指数和籽粒锌形成效率均显著高于低锌品种。且高锌品种的产量、生物量、穗数、穗粒数和锌吸收量因施肥引起的提高幅度均亦显著高于低锌品种。 【结论】 在黄土高原旱地低锌土壤上,无论是品种选育还是施肥调控,促进小麦锌的吸收和向籽粒的转移是提高小麦籽粒锌含量的关键。      

氮锌配施对玉米干物质积累及产量效应的研究

采用盆栽试验,研究了氮锌配施对玉米干物质积累、生长性状及产量的影响,结果表明,氮肥和锌肥都能增加玉米的干物质积累、株高、穗长、穗粗、穗粒数、百粒重及产量,且除穗长外氮肥的作用大于锌肥;氮锌配施效应大于单施氮肥或锌肥,氮锌交互效应为正,N1Zn1是最佳处理组合;综合考虑玉米生物产量、子粒产量、经济效益及环境污染,以施N1...     

长期留茬免耕对河西绿洲灌区春小麦产量及稳定性的影响

为探寻河西绿洲灌区春小麦高效可持续生产耕作措施,基于2004年设置的长期留茬免耕田间定位试验,针对单作小麦、春小麦/玉米、春小麦/大豆3种典型春小麦种植方式,在长期留茬免耕和传统翻耕条件下,通过分析2004－2018年小麦产量、产量构成要素及农艺性状的演变特征来诠释长期留茬免耕对春小麦产量的影响,同时分析评价产量的稳定性和可持续性,旨在为区域内春小麦的高效可持续生产提供理论依据。结果表明,单作小麦、春小麦/玉米和春小麦/大豆3种种植方式下的春小麦籽粒产量在年际间变动较大,呈锯齿状波动。与传统翻耕处理相比,留茬免耕的增产效应随种植年限的延长而不断增强,长期留茬免耕可以提高春小麦产量的稳定性和可持续性,而且间作相比单作可以更好地维持产量的可持续稳定生产能力。产量构成要素之间的叠加效应可以显著提高小麦籽粒产量,其中,2004－2012年留茬免耕主要通过显著提高穗粒数来增加小麦产量;2013－2018年,单作小麦和春小麦/大豆时,留茬免耕主要通过显著提高千粒质量来增加小麦产量,春小麦/玉米时,留茬免耕主要通过显著增加穗长来促进小麦生长,进而显著提高小麦产量。气温、降雨量和穗粒数在春小麦产量中起主要作用,收获指数和气温在春小麦产量稳定性中起主要作用,穗长和产量在春小麦产量可持续性中起主要作用。综上,留茬免耕是河西绿洲灌区单作小麦、春小麦/玉米和春小麦/大豆3种春小麦种植方式下切实可行的耕作措施。     

新疆石灰性土壤锌状况及锌肥效研究

采用室内测试分析和盆栽试验相结合的方法,研究新疆耕地土壤微量元素锌状况及叶面施锌对棉花锌吸收和产量的影响。结果表明,各地区土壤有效锌含量较为接近,但全锌含量差异明显。3种类型土壤有效锌平均含量为潮土(0.69mg/kg)>棕漠土(0.57mg/kg)>灰漠土(0.51mg/kg)。低锌土壤施锌对棉花具有增产作用,土壤有效锌含量越低锌肥增产作用越明显,可用函数y=5.2195x-2.792(r=-0.880 1)表示增产率与土壤有效锌之间的关系。土壤有效锌含量低时施用锌肥能够增加棉花总干物重,并显著增加棉花各器官锌含量。不同类型土壤施锌后棉花增产率大小为灰漠土>棕漠土>潮土。     

农化措施降低污染土壤中锌对作物毒害性的研究

在锌污染蔬菜基地进行有机肥、钙镁磷肥、石灰等农化措施修复土壤生产能力的田间小区试验研究,结果表明:3种农化措施处理锌污染土壤后,能明显提高土壤上种植的冬春季、秋冬季蔬菜作物的产量,适当的农化措施联合处理可达到当地常规产量水平,与对照相比,生姜季增产15 38%～23 08%,莴苣季增产35 9%～82 5%;农化措施对夏秋高温季节种植的花生等对锌极敏感作物有延缓死亡、提高存活率的作用,但还不能达到作物正常生长、收获产量的目标。农化措施处理锌污染土壤,明显降低作物中锌含量,锌含量与作物产量呈反相关趋势。研究中发现,钙镁磷肥、石灰处理土壤后明显降低土壤有效锌含量,但有机肥施用后并不降低土壤有效锌含量,而作物锌含量却明显降低。     

Lead and Zinc Extraction Potential of Two Common Crop Plants, Helianthus Annuus and Brassica Napus

Phytoextraction is a remediation technology that uses plants to remove heavy metals from soil. The success of a phytoextraction process depends on adequate plant yield (aerial parts) and high metal concentrations in plant shoots. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the combination effects of plants [sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and canola (Brassica napus)] with soil treatments (manure, sulfuric acid and DTPA). Treatments, including two plants and seven soil treatments, which applied according to completely randomized factorial design with three replications. The largest shoot dry weight biomass production occurred in manure treatments for both plants. The maximum shoot concentrations of Pb and Zn were 234.6 and 1364.4 mg kg^?1 respectively in three mmoles DTPA kg^?1 treatment of sunflower. Furthermore the results showed that sunflower had a higher extracting potential for removal of Pb and Zn from polluted soil.     

Effect of Zinc and Dolomite Treatments on the Chemical Composition of Acid Sandy Soil and Bean Crop

The impact of the application of 4,500 kg ha^?1 dolomite with or without 40 kg ha^?1 ZnSO₄ 7H₂O on the elemental composition of bean and soil as well as on agronomic properties of the crop were examined in a pot experiment. The application of dolomite increased soil ammonium lactate–extractable magnesium content threefold and that of calcium by 80%. Application of zinc increased ammonium lactate–extractable zinc content by 100%. The increase of 0.8 pH unit from 5.4 (Ø-Ø) to pH 6.2 (Ø-dolomite) was accompanied by a significantly lower zinc, manganese, and potassium content of the plant material. Magnesium and potassium antagonistic effects manifest in plant composition and soil–plant relationships but not in soil. Magnesium and phosphorus show contradictory relationships: negative in soil and plant but positive in soil–plant relationship. The dry mass of bean shows the order of ZnSO₄-dolomite > ZnSO₄-Ø > Ø-dolomite > Ø-Ø.     

Widespread Deficiencies of Sulfur,Boron, and Zinc in Indian Semi-Arid Tropical Soils: On-Farm Crop Responses

On-farm studies were conducted during 2002–2004 to determine fertility status, including sulfur (S) and micronutrients, and crop response to fertilization on farmers' fields in the semi-arid zone of India. Nine hundred-twenty four soil samples taken from farmers' fields, spread in the three districts of Andhra Pradesh (India), were analyzed for soil chemical fertility parameters. Results showed that samples were low in organic carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), and low to moderate in extractable phosphorus (P), but adequate in available potassium (K). Analyses of soil samples for extractable S and micronutrients was most revealing and showed that 73–95% of the farmers' fields were deficient in S, 70–100% in boron (B), and 62–94% in zinc (Zn). On-farm trials conducted during three seasons (2002–2004) showed significant yield responses of maize, castor, groundnut, and mung bean to the applications of S, B, and Zn. The yield responses were larger when S, Zn, and B were applied along with N and P. Applications of S, B and Zn also significantly increased the uptake of N, P, K, S, B, and Zn in the crop biomass. Results show widespread deficiencies of S, B, and Zn under dryland agricultural conditions; results also show that the nutrient deficiencies can be diagnosed by soil testing. It was concluded that the drylands in the semi-arid regions of India were not only thirsty (water shortage), but also hungry (nutrient deficiencies).     

Residual Effect of Copper and Zinc from Fertilizers on Plant Concentration,Phytotoxicity, and Crop Yield Response

Abstract

To avoid toxicity resulting in reduced crop yields and/or phytotoxic symptoms on the foliage, information on the residual effect of micronutrient fertilization after periods of application is desirable. This article includes discussion on the micronutrients copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), because they are essential and are of concern from plant and animal standpoints. In general, no detrimental effects in yield reduction or phytotoxicity were noted from Cu applications of up to 50 kg Cu ha^?1 to barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Barley was an exception where 50 kg Cu ha^?1 decreased yield by about 12% in the first‐year crop. The Cu levels in plants did not exceed 9 mg kg^?1. Studies showed that Zn applications of 50 kg ha^?1 for 2 years in succession and the resulting crop tissue Zn levels as high as 105 mg kg^?1 did not cause any phytotoxicity in cereals. The results of this study suggest that cereals can tolerate high levels of Cu and Zn.     

用GIS和作物模型对作物生产进行区域模拟方法

简要地介绍了区域模拟及对模拟结果进行检验的方法。基于空间地理信息的模拟既能反映大范围地区内气候、土壤等地理信息的空间变量对作物产量的影响 ,也能反映不同地区社会经济情况、农业耕作方式等对作物生产的影响。在GIS技术支持下 ,对基于站点的作物生长模拟模型进行改造 ,从而对大区域范围进行以特点网格 (如 5 0km× 5 0km)为单元的模拟     

农作物长势的定义与遥感监测

监测作物生长过程的状况与趋势,即长势监测是农业遥感更为重要的任务。其目的是：１）为田间管理提供及时的信息;２）早期估计产量。该文以冬小麦为例,根据实地调查与北方数省的资料,用作物的个体与群体特征定义作物长势,讨论了遥感监测的可能性,提出了基于植被指数与植被表面温度的长势遥感监测的评估模型与诊断模型的概念与算法。     

Establishment of Chlorophyll Meter Measurements to Manage Crop Nitrogen Status in Potato Crop

Management of nitrogen (N) use is necessary to promote maximum development and production of tubers. For this reason, chlorophyll meters have been used to make N-fertilizer recommendations in potato. An assay was carried out with increasing doses of N. To define the thresholds IV for potato crops, correlations among IV, ISN, RR, and N content had been established. IV is the green index of the leaf measured by the chlorophyll meter. This index estimates the chlorophyll content in the leaf and through this the N concentration in vegetal tissue, based on the assumption that N and chlorophyll content have a strong correlation. ISN is the sufficiency nitrogen index. It was determined as the relation between the green index reading of each experimental unit and the highest average green index reading of the assay. RR is the relative yield. It was calculated as the ratio between the yield of each treatment and the highest average yield of the assay. The results had shown that varieties did not present N deficiencies during the vegetative growth phase, with IV and ISN values respectively equal to 41 SPAD units and 93 percent. During the tuber bulking phase, the necessary IV and ISN thresholds to reach maximum yields, for N content equal to 3 percent, were, respectively, between 38.5 and 40.5 SPAD units and between 84 and 94.8 at 70 and 89 days after planting. We concluded that the chlorophyll meter is an appropriate tool to determine the nutritional status in potato crops.     

Green Manuring in Crop Production

ABSTRACT

The positive role of green manuring in crop production has been known since ancient time. Importance of this soil ameliorating practice is increasing in recent years because of high cost of chemical fertilizers, increased risk of environmental pollution, and need of sustainable cropping systems. Green manuring can improve soil physical, chemical, and biological properties and consequently crop yields. Furthermore, potential benefits of green manuring are reduced nitrate (NO₃ ^?) leaching risk and lower fertilizer N requirements for succeeding crops. However, its influence may vary from soil to soil, crop to crop, environmental variables, type of green manure crop used, and its management. Beneficial effects of green manuring in crop production should not be evaluated in isolation; however, in integration with chemical fertilizers. The objective of this article is to review recent advances in green manuring practice, in the context of potential benefits and drawbacks in use of this practice for annual crop production and sustain soil health and fertility.