围封沙化草地土壤种子库动态研究

以未围封沙化草地作对照,研究了围封1年、4年和9年的沙化草地土壤种子库特征的变化,获得如下结论:(1)对沙化草地实施围栏封育,可显著提高土壤种子库的植物种数.(2)围封过程中的沙化草地,土壤种子库群落组成中,1、2年生植物所占比例逐渐减小,多年生植物所占比例均逐渐增加.(3)围封过程中的沙化草地,土壤种子库群落组成的相似性,相临阶段较高,随围封年限差异的增加,相似性逐渐减小,表明土壤种子库的变化是一个连续的过程.(4)围封不同年限的沙化草地之间,土壤种子库密度存在极显著性差异,随围封年限的增加而增加,且与地上植被密度具有较高的相关性,其间可用二次曲线进行描述.     

石羊河上游干旱草原阴山扁蓿豆群落土壤种子库

土壤种子库是地上植被补充更新的源泉,土壤种子库的研究已成为植物种群生态学研究中相当活跃的领域.在石羊河上游干旱草原选择阴山扁蓿豆草地群落,研究了草地土壤种子库的物种组成、密度、多样性特征以及与地上植被的关系.结果表明,阴山扁蓿豆草地群落土壤种子库共有20个物种,分属12科.随阴山扁蓿豆分盖度减小,土壤种子库密度和种类在水平方向上增加,种子库密度垂直分布呈现0-5cm>10-15 cm>5-10 cm土层,物种数量随深度而减少;在阴山扁蓿豆分盖度>60%的草地群落未发现其种子库的存在.土壤种子库的Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielow均匀度指数随阴山扁蓿豆盖度减小呈上升趋势,生态优势度由0.46下降至0.24;各草地群落土壤种子库与地上植被的相似性系数在0.29～0.58之间.     

金塔沙漠不同人工植被类型土壤种子库特征

[目的]对甘肃省酒泉市金塔沙漠不同类型人工植被林地的土壤种子库进行调查研究,以揭示干旱条件下沙漠人工植被土壤种子库的分布规律、种子库物种多样性的变化特征以及土壤种子库与地上植被的关系,为河西走廊退化人工林生态系统的恢复与重建提供理论依据。[方法]通过野外植被调查、土壤种子库取样和土样萌发试验进行分析研究。[结果]①土壤种子库中,共统计到植物种有24种,胡杨—假苇拂子茅群落、胡杨+沙枣—柽柳+花棒+柠条—芦苇+黑沙蒿群落、梭梭—河西菊群落、柽柳—花花柴群落土壤种子库物种数依次为18种、18种、14种、3种,土壤种子密度依次为660.71,267.85,29.64,19.29粒/m~2。土壤种子库中一年生、多年生草本的物种和密度占优势,乔木、灌木和半灌木种子所占比例较低。②物种多样性分析表明,乔木林土壤种子库物种的Margalef丰富度指数大于灌木林,土壤种子库物种的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数变化趋势基本一致,均为胡杨+沙枣—柽柳+花棒+柠条—芦苇+黑沙蒿群落柽柳—花花柴群落梭梭—河西菊群落胡杨—假苇拂子茅群落,而生态优势度指数与之相反。③乔木林土壤种子库植物与地上植被的相似程度高于灌木林。[结论]沙漠人工植被林地土壤种子库物种丰富度低,以草本植物为主,沙漠自我恢复度低,人工营造乔木林、灌木林有利于干旱荒漠区生态恢复与重建。     

天津地区湿地土壤种子库及其在受限空间中的植被演替研究

湿地土壤种子库运用对植被恢复的研究具有重要意义。从植被演替的角度出发,设置相对封闭的受限空间,持续监测土壤种子库萌发及其后续植物群落的演替情况,记录物种组成、群落多样性指数和群落覆盖度等参数的变化规律,评估了采用湿地土壤种子库进行植被恢复的效果。并对地面植被、土壤种子库及其演替植被的群落相似性指数进行了对比分析。结果发现:(1)土壤种子库恢复后期的植被与地面植被相似度较低(小于0.25);(2)植被恢复过程中,群落多样性指数呈现先降低后升高的趋势,而恢复3a后的植被群落多样性指数均接近于地面植被;(3)生长期的群落覆盖度高于90%,能够满足天津地区滨海盐碱型湿地植被恢复的要求。     

不同林龄刺槐和栓皮栎群落土壤种子库研究

为揭示土壤种子库在植被恢复中的作用,以太行山低山丘陵区的刺槐和栓皮栎2种乔木群落为研究对象,研究不同林龄刺槐、栓皮栎群落土壤种子库的组成、多样性特征以及种子库物种与地上植被的关系。结果表明:1)各群落草本层的共有科为菊科和禾本科,且所占比例较大;刺槐(30 a)群落地上物种的科数和种数最多,栓皮栎(20 a)最少,物种科数和种数随生长年限的增加而提高;多年生草本是刺槐(10、20、30 a)和栓皮栎(20、30、40 a)6个群落的主要生活型,群落间相似性系数为0～1.0。2)芸香科和禾本科在各群落土壤种子库中占有较大比例;种子库密度随林龄的增加而提高。刺槐群落土壤种子库的多样性随林龄增加而升高,而栓皮栎则呈现降低的趋势。3)土壤种子库中植物的科数和物种数都低于地上,且与地上物种类型不尽相同;土壤种子库对地上植被更新和演替贡献不大。     

金安桥水电站弃渣场土壤种子库与地面植被的关系

通过研究金安桥水电站废弃渣场种子库和周边群落种子库以及渣场地面和周边群落地面植被的变化特征,结果表明：①周边群落土壤种子库和地面植物的物种丰富度大于渣场,从地面与种子库的物种组成分析得出,渣场植被恢复正处于由一年生草本植物向多年生草本植物过渡的阶段;②周边群落地面植物与土壤种子库的物种丰富度（30,33）及数量（186,1962）,渣场地面植物与土壤种子库的物种丰富度（10,12）及数量（35,1784）;③由于植物种子寿命短,加之土壤环境差,导致周边群落地面植物与种子库相似度（0．09）和渣场地面植物与种子库的相似度（0）差异性大。     

子午岭人工油松林土壤种子库特征研究

采用野外调查取样和室内观测试验相结合的方法,研究了子午岭人工油松林土壤种子库的物种组成、密度、垂直分布等特征.结果表明:(1)土壤种子库储量密度平均为5 711粒/m~2,最大密度是9 537粒/m~2,最小密度是3563粒/m2.(2)土壤种子库的种子的垂直分布主要集中在0-2.5 cm,2.5-5 cm和5-7.5 cm这3个层次,占75.38%～79.32%,枯枝落叶层和7.5-10 cm层分布较少,占20.68%～24.62%.(3)土壤种子库物种组成主要为灌木和草本两个种类,无乔木植物,多年生草本在物种数和种子数上占据明显优势.     

浑善达克沙地南缘农牧交错带弃耕地植被的演替规律

 以浑善达克沙地南缘农牧交错带不同年限弃耕地为对象,研究了不同年限弃耕地植物群落特征。结果表明:弃耕地的植被演替一般经历4个阶段:1年生杂草阶段、丛生小禾草阶段、多年生根茎禾草阶段和多年生丛生禾草阶段;地上生物量的变化与弃耕年限不是单一的直线关系,且随弃耕年限的增加,多年生植物的地上生物量占地上总生物量的百分比逐渐增大。对不同放牧干扰下弃耕地植被群落特征进行了研究,结果表明:在弃耕地植被演替的第1、2阶段不宜利用,但在弃耕地植被演替的第3、4阶段,可以进行适度利用;随着弃耕年限的增加,只要不对地表土壤进行破坏,弃耕地都会发生进展演替,并达到一个偏顶级群落,然后又会在放牧干扰下,发生逆行演替。     

长期有机–无机肥配施对农田杂草土壤种子库的影响

为揭示长期有机-无机肥配施处理下农田杂草土壤种子库的特征变化规律,本研究通过田间长期定位施肥模式试验,运用群落生态学方法研究了小麦-大豆轮作制度下大豆种植季7种施肥处理区杂草土壤种子库的结构及其生物多样性特征。结果表明,土壤样品中共检出杂草种子16种,隶属于10科; 土壤种子库总密度分布在15995~106300 grain/m2范围。长期有机-无机肥配施处理区的杂草土壤种子库优势物种组成较为简单,优势种为12种,配施麦秸处理区主要以栗米草为主,配施粪肥处理区主要以水苋菜为主; 土壤种子库的密度显著降低至15995~41900 grain/m2范围; 物种丰富度降低至7.67~9.33范围,并且将物种多样性和均匀度指数维持在休闲与纯化肥处理区之间（1.5~2.0和0.6~0.8）。长期配施麦秸、 粪肥均显著影响土壤杂草土壤种子库的结构特征,且麦秸与粪肥品种间差异的影响大于麦秸施用量差异的影响。因此,本研究认为有机-无机肥配施既有利于作物的优质高产,也可以通过调整有机肥种类以及与施用量来调控杂草土壤种子库,实现经济效益和生态效益的双赢。     

塔里木河下游土壤种子库的季节差异分析

以因不合理的水土资源开发而出现严重生态退化的典型区--塔里木河下游为研究区,通过在塔里木河下游开展的土壤种子库实验,分析了塔里木河下游土壤种子库的基本特征和种子库密度、物种组成上的季节差异,并从土壤种子库的角度探讨了塔里木河下游生态恢复的可行性.(1)塔里木河下游土壤种子库的季节差异较大,如果排除放牧的影响,3月份土壤种子库的密度和物种丰富度总体上要小于8月份的土壤种子库;(2)从物种组成上看,3月份物种组成以一年生草本占优势,而胡杨和柽柳的种子基本上都出现在8月份的土壤种子库中;(3)随塔里木河下游地上植被群落退化程度的加重,种子库的密度和物种数均呈现明显的下降趋势;(4)鉴于土壤种子库无论在物种还是密度上均要远丰富于地上植被群落的事实,认为通过激活土壤种子库来实现下游生态的局部恢复在理论上是可行的.考虑到主要建群植物的生态恢复,建议今后的输水时间应该选择在8月到11月之间.     

汶川地震不同次生地质灾害类型区土壤种子库特征

为了解地震后次生地质灾害土壤种子库特征及其植被恢复特点,在四川省北川县采用野外取样和在当地自然环境下萌发相结合的办法,研究了5种不同灾害类型(包括滑坡、崩塌、泥石流、落石及堰塞湖)土壤种子库大小、物种组成及其与地上植被之间的关系。研究结果表明,不同灾害类型土壤种子库密度介于30133.33±6776.03~93383.33±26499.81粒/m2方差分析显示,只有落石损毁类型种子库密度与其它几种灾害类型差异显著,各灾害类型土壤种子库种子密度在0-5cm和5-10cm土层之间无明显分层区别。土壤种子库中一年生和多年生草本所占比例为90.48%,灌木所占比例为9.52%,没有观察到乔木种。各土壤种子库之间Sorensen相似性指数较高,为0.529~0.714土壤种子库与相应样地地上植物之间相似性不高,相关性也不密切,其相似性指数介于0.167~0.292。建议灾害损毁地植被恢复以自然恢复为主,若采取简易的水土保持措施和适量客土措施,将会促进种子的萌发和植被的更新种子库中缺乏乔木种,快速乔木化需要人工输入种子雨。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区红砂灌丛土壤种子库及其自然更新潜力评估

[目的]对黄土丘陵沟壑区红砂灌丛植被土壤种子库的特征及红砂灌丛植被自然更新潜力进行分析和评估,以说明红砂灌丛土壤种子库在植被恢复与重建中的重要作用。[方法]采用土壤种子库"萌发法"(每个地段10个2m×2m样方内分表土层0—2cm和2—5cm土层采集土样)及野外植被调查方法,对黄土丘陵沟壑不同坡位红砂灌丛土壤种子库进行研究。[结果]黄土丘陵沟壑区红砂灌丛植被土壤种子库发芽试验共观察到的4 251株幼苗,分属于9个物种。土壤种子库密度在100~1 000粒/m2,物种数在0.8~1.2种/0.01m2,下坡段的土壤种子库平均种子密度和平均物种数均比上坡段高。3个坡段的2个层次的平均种子密度和平均物种数均随土层加深而减小。3个坡段土壤种子库和地上植被的组成物种多为草本植物和红砂灌丛,地上植被与其土壤种子库的密度及物种数均呈不显著相关;物种组成的Sorensen相似性指数较高,均达到0.60以上,且土壤种子库比地上植被具有更高的物种丰富度。[结论]黄土丘陵沟壑区红砂灌丛具有依靠土壤种子库实现自然更新的潜力,但由于物种组成种类较少,现存灌丛植被一旦遭到破坏,仅靠土壤种子库恢复现存植被是困难的,需要在对自然恢复潜力评估的基础上,积极采取人工保护促进自然恢复的策略。     

Soil seed bank compositional change constrains biodiversity in an invaded species-rich woodland

Relationships between plant invasion and the soil seed bank in highly diverse fire adapted mediterranean woodlands are poorly understood, yet critical for that ecosystem’s conservation. Within the biodiversity hotspot of southwest Australia we investigated the composition and diversity of the Banksia woodland soil seed bank in good condition (GC), medium condition (MC) and poor condition invaded by the South African perennial species Ehrharta calycina (PCe) and Pelargonium capitatum (PCp). The investigation assessed three questions: (1) Do soil seed banks of invaded sites have fewer germinants of native species and more germinants of introduced (non-native) species than sites with minimal invasion? (2) Do soil seed banks show shifts in ecological functional types with invasion? (3) Is the soil seed bank of introduced species persistent? Native species germinants, mainly shrubs and perennial herbs, were highest in GC sites and least in poorer condition sites suggesting a reduction in their numbers had occurred over time. Introduced germinants were dominated by perennial and annual grasses, and annual herbs. E. calycina had the greatest seed density (8328 germinants m⁻²). More introduced than native germinants occurred in the litter. Rapid germination of introduced species (30% in week 1) compared to native species (4% in week 1) provides the capacity for their early dominance. A limited native soil seed bank and dominant persistent introduced soil seed bank represent great challenges for the structural and functional conservation and restoration of woodland ecosystems. This study provides key new knowledge, applicable to a wide range of ecosystems, to help formulate conservation protocols to control dominant introduced species and conserve and restore biodiverse-rich woodlands.     

Similarity between the soil seed bank and the standing vegetation in the Strandveld Succulent Karoo,South Africa

The similarity in species composition and abundance between the soil seed bank and its associated vegetation was studied in six vegetation units of the Strandveld Succulent Karoo, South Africa. A total of 103 taxa were recorded in the vegetation, of which 34 taxa were also present in the seed bank. Five taxa were unique to the soil seed bank. In general, the taxa most abundant in the vegetation were also recorded in the seed bank and vice versa. Mean seed bank density varied between different plant types. Perennial taxa were most abundant in the vegetation, while annual taxa were most abundant in the seed bank. Annual taxa (excluding grasses) yielded the highest similarity between vegetation and seed bank (67ċ9 per cent), while that of perennial (excluding grasses) and grass taxa were 34ċ2 per cent and 40ċ0 per cent respectively. An overall similarity of 47ċ0 per cent between the seed bank and its associated vegetation was obtained for this part of the Strandveld Succulent Karoo. The seed bank of the study site will be a good source of future annual vegetation, but not of perennial vegetation. Topsoil replacement, sowing and transplanting of selected species will be essential for the success of post‐mining revegetation efforts following complete destruction of the existing vegetation. Annual species may be recruited from the soil stored seed bank, while many perennial species will have to be reintroduced by means of sowing and/or transplanting. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

SOIL SEED BANK CHARACTERISTICS BENEATH AN AGE SEQUENCE OF CARAGANA MICROPHYLLA SHRUBS IN THE HORQIN SANDY LAND REGION OF NORTHEASTERN CHINA

To understand how shrub cover affects the spatiotemporal patterns of the soil seed bank and to assess the role of vegetation in the restoration of desertified land in a semi‐arid region of China, we investigated the species composition and seed density of the soil seed bank under and outside the canopies over two seasons for an age sequence of Caragana microphylla shrubs in the Horqin Sandy Land region, Inner Mongolia. The results showed that a total of 24 plant species seeds were present in the soil seed bank, of which 20 were annuals or biennials. The seed densities in the soil seed bank were in the range of 830 – 13882·5 seeds m⁻² at 10 cm depth. Species richness in the soil seed bank did not increase as the shrubs aged, whereas the seed densities increased significantly. Five annual species: Setaria viridis, Eragrostis pilosa, Chenopodium acuminatum, Chenopodium glaucum and Corispermum acuminatum, contributed above 90 per cent of the seeds to the soil seed bank. On the basis of seed characteristics and seed reduction amount during the growing season, we concluded that it represents a mixture of persistent and transient seeds in different proportions. More seeds accumulated under the canopies than outside the mature shrub cover, but no significant difference was found the younger cover. These results suggest that shrub size and age had an important role in augmenting seed abundance of the soil seed bank but not the species richness. We confirmed the important effects of shrub cover on seed accumulation and vegetation recovery, especially the value of more mature age vegetation for countering land degradation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

六盘山森林土壤种子库与植被演替过程

以六盘山森林植被为研究对象,通过20多年的森林土壤种子库变化与植被演替过程的试验研究,分析了8种森林群落类型的不同生长年限、生长坡位、枯枝落叶层和土壤深度对土壤种子库形成过程的影响。结果表明:六盘山森林群落不同生长坡位,土壤种子库的储量坡中部>坡下部>坡上部;不同层次土壤种子库,枯枝落叶层远高于0-15 cm深土层,8种森林群落类型排序为华北落叶松林>油松林>华山松林>辽东栎林>山杨林>白桦林>灌丛>草地;土壤种子库储量高峰期,不同群落有显著差异,华山松林和油松林在林龄的30~40年,华北落叶松林在20年,辽东栎林、山杨林、白桦林在15~20年,灌丛和草地在10~20年,其森林群落生长年限与土壤种子库储量变化趋势呈拟合曲线,符合指数方程,相关性极为显著;土壤种子库物种组成丰富,草本和灌木植物远高于乔木树种,乔木树种仅有3~5种,但多数为外来入侵种,而在每一类型中出现频率最高的草地植物多为蒿类,灌木植物为柔毛绣线菊和沙棘,乔木为辽东栎树种。因此,在六盘山林区植被自然更新与合理演替的驱动种和先锋种草地植物为蒿类,灌木植物为柔毛绣线菊和沙棘,乔木为辽东栎,其次是华北落叶松、油松和华山松。     

The Vertical Distribution of Soil Seed Bank and Its Restoration Implication in an Active Sand Dune of Northeastern Inner Mongolia,China

Although the functions and characteristics of soil seed banks in topsoil layers have been described for various ecosystems, the spatiotemporal pattern of the seed bank in deep soil and its ecological implications for vegetation restoration of active sand dune have not been fully explored. In 2007 and 2008, seed densities with regard to dune position, soil depth and season were investigated on an active and a stabilized sand dune of northeastern Inner Mongolia, China. Seeds in the 0–10 cm topsoil layer accounted for 60% of total soil seed bank on the stabilized sand dune, while more than 40% of seeds were stored in the 50–100 cm layers on the active sand dune. Seed density declined significantly with soil depth on the stabilized sand dune, but it was relatively constant across the 0–100 cm soil profile on the active sand dune. Seed density fluctuated with soil depth on the active sand dune suggesting that seeds were either relocated upward or downward over time. Seeds of annual non‐psammophytic species accounted for the majority of soil seed bank on the stabilized sand dune, while pioneer psammophytes contributed more to the soil seed bank of the active sand dune. Our data suggest that seeds in the deep soil layers of active sand dunes account for a large proportion of the whole soil seed bank. Because of the effect of wind erosion, seeds in deep soil could be gradually exposed to shallow soil layers and potentially contribute to population recruitment and vegetation restoration on active sand dunes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

生草对渭北旱地苹果园土壤有机碳组分及微生物的影响

在渭北旱地苹果园行间播种毛苕子（Vicia villosa）、白三叶（Trifolium repens）、黑麦草（Lolium perenne）和早熟禾（Poa pratensis）,以清耕为对照,对0100 cm土层的土壤有机碳各组分及微生物群落功能多样性进行研究。结果表明,行间生草可显著增加040 cm土层土壤的总有机碳（TOC）、颗粒有机碳（POC）、轻质有机碳（LFOC）、易氧化有机碳（ROC）、可溶性有机碳（DOC）和微生物量碳（MBC）,豆科牧草毛苕子和白三叶的各有机碳含量总体上高于禾本科牧草黑麦草和早熟禾。其中在020 cm土层中,豆科牧草的TOC含量平均每年增加约1.2 g/kg,禾本科牧草每年增加约0.9 g/kg。生草处理的微生物群落碳源利用率（AWCD）、微生物群落Shannon 指数（H）和微生物群落丰富度指数（S）均高于清耕处理,其中豆科牧草的微生物活性更高。因此,生草可以提高土壤有机碳各组分的含量、土壤微生物群落碳源利用率、微生物群落的丰富度和功能多样性,豆科牧草毛苕子和白三叶提高效应更加明显。     

汶川地震灾区典型区不同植被类型土壤种子库特征——以北川县苏保河、魏家沟流域为例

为了解汶川地震灾区典型区不同植被类型土壤种子库特征及其与灾害受损程度间的关系,采用野外调查取样和室内试验相结合的方法,研究了北川县苏保河与魏家沟流域4种植被类型(未受损林地、受损林地、灾后恢复草地和灾后裸地)土壤种子库的物种组成、种子密度、多样性及其与地上植物群落的关系。结果表明:4种植被类型样地中,土壤种子库密度为212.5~1 758.3个·m-2,每样带(200 m2)平均物种数为4.3~14.7个。4种植被类型土壤种子库的组成物种多为多年生或一年生草本植物,土壤种子库与相应地上植被的物种数仅受损林地与灾后恢复草地中呈显著相关;物种组成的Sorensen相似指数除裸地低于0.250外,其余均高于0.250。基于以上分析结果,在灾区进行植被恢复,需要考虑次生灾害对植被的持续破坏可能性,采用工程措施及人为引种的方式增加成活率和延续性。