Glycoalkaloid content of B5141-6 potatoes

A cross-Canada survey of B5141-6³ potatoes grown at 12 locations showed a distinct bitter off-flavour found to be due to the presence of unusually high total glycoalkaloid content (TGA), mostly in excess of 20 mg per 100 gm of fresh weight. Samples of check varieties commonly grown in the selected locations, Kennebec, Irish Cobbler and Netted Gem, showed comparably low, normal TGA levels. As there is strong evidence that the high TGA levels in B5141-6 tubers are reached before detachment from the mother plant, it is assumed that the ability of B5141-6 to produce or accumulate such high levels is strongly inherited. To date, high TGA levels were found to be only due to the effects of post-harvest environment (6, 7). The implications of the TGA potential are discussed in relation to the existing potato improvement programmes and the need for a routine screening test for new introductions.     

The effect of systemic pesticides on total glycoalkaloid content of potato tubers at harvest

Two studies were conducted to determine the effect of systemic pesticides on the potato tuber total glycoalkaloid (TGA) content at harvest. In a field study, a pretuberization application of three systemic insecticides (disulfoton, aldicarb, carbofuran) and three systemic fungicides (thiabendazole, benomyl, thiophanate methyl) on three potato cultivars (Cobbler, Katahdin and B5141-6) showed carbofuran to be the only treatment significantly different (P= .05) from the control. The tuber TGA content of the carbofuran treatment was lower than that of the control. In a greenhouse study, carbofuran applied during tuberization to three potato varieties (Norland, Kennebec, Abnaki) produced a highly significant increase (P= .01) in the tuber TGA content. A significant varietal difference (P=.01) in response to the carbofuran treatment was also evidenced.     

Inheritance of potato glycoalkaloids

Significant differences in tuber glycoalkaloid (TGA) content were found among parents and among family means in a two year study of 10 tetraploid crosses. TGA contents of the parents ranged from 3.6–36 mg/100 g, with an average content of 10 mg/100 g. Offspring variations within families were generally continuous, indicating polygenic inheritance. Heritability (1-year—1-replicate base) ranged from 86–89% in the broad sense and from 66–84% in the narrow sense. It was concluded that TGA content is highly heritable. The use of parents with high TGA contents in a breeding program is discussed.     

Glycoalkaloid content in tubers of hybrid and backcross populations from aSolanum tuberosumx s. chacoense cross

The glycoalkaloid contents of tubers were measured in hybrid and back-cross populations derived from a cross ofSolarium chacoense Bitter (PI 472810, 2n=2x=24) withSolanum tuberosum L. (2n=4x=48). In tubers sampled from near the median size in each population and parent, the mean total glycoalkaloid (TGA) contents of theS. chacoense andS. tuberosum parent genotypes, and the F₂ and F₄ hybrid genotypes were 245, 4, 39, and 35 mg/ 100 g fresh weight (fw), respectively. Backcrossing the F₂ genotypes toS. tuberosum reduced the mean TGA content to 15 mg/100 g fw. A second backcross further reduced the content to 9 mg/100 g fw. However, some genotypes in both backcross populations (25% and 10%) had TGA contents above the generally accepted upper limit of 20 mg/100 g fw. Tuber size was significantly smaller in theS. chacoense parent and the hybrid populations compared with the size in theS. tuberosum parent and backcross populations. In a second sampling of tubers from each population, intentionally selected to equalize tuber size among populations, the mean tuber size for populations was reduced by 79%. The mean population TGA content increased by 44%. However, the differences and rankings among parent, hybrid, and backcross populations were the same for both tuber samplings.     

可可加工中黄烷醇物质组成变化及抗氧化活性分析

本研究采用高效液相色谱、酶标检测技术,确定可可豆加工过程中黄烷醇类物质组成变化趋势,分析抗氧化活性。在发酵及焙炒阶段检测黄烷醇物质儿茶素（C）、表儿茶素（EC）、表没食子儿茶素（EGC）、表儿茶素没食子酸酯（ECG）、原花青素B1（PC B1）、原花青素B2（PC B2）。结果表明：经7 d发酵各成分含量分别为EGC（8.521~ 3.017 mg/g）、C（15.521~6.633 mg/g）、EC（19.615~3.142 mg/g）、ECG（0.236~0.084 mg/g）、PC B1（19.152~10.774 mg/g）、PC B2（4.254~2.083 mg/g）,发酵使得可可豆中儿茶素及低聚物含量大量减少;135 ℃不同时间焙炒下,各物质含量分别为EGC（3.079~2.221 mg/g）、C（8.611~5.143 mg/g）、EC（3.956~0.982 mg/g）、ECG（0.111~0.070 mg/g）、PC B1（10.987~ 8.223 mg/g）、PC B2（2.385~1.534 mg/g）。可可豆在高温焙炒时,DPPH、ABTS自由基清除率呈下降趋势,降低了可可抗氧化活性。研究结果为可可加工提供相关保健功能性的依据。     

Changes in the content of L-ascorbic acid,glucose, fructose,sucrose and total glycoalkaloids in potatoes (cv. Bintje) stored at 7, 16 and 28°C

Summary We investigated the changes in the content of L-ascorbic acid (L-AA), glucose, fructose, surose and total glycoalkaloids (TGA) during storage of potatoes, cv. Bintje, for 12 weeks at 7,16 and 28°C. The initial amount of L-AA was 8.2 mg/100g fresh weight; after 12 weeks' storage at 7°C it had decreased, while at 16 and 28°C it had increased. The sugar content went up most in potatoes stored at 28°C, but remained below the level at which potatoes taste sweet. The sugar content rose slightly at 16°C, while it decreased in tubers stored at 7°C. The initial TGA content, in equivalent amounts of α-solanine, was 3.6 mg/100 g fresh weight; after 12 weeks' storage it had decreased slightly at all three storage temperatures.     

评价适合选育加工型马铃薯品种的杂交组合

中国马铃薯的种植面积和产量均占世界首位,随着人们生活水平的提高和饮食结构的改善,以及外资企业在中国的纷纷建厂,对食品加工型马铃薯品种的市场需求日益增加,食品加工型马铃薯品种的培育已成为当务之急。本文根据食品加工型马铃薯品种的6项选育指标(炸制品质、薯形、产量、大中薯率、抗病性、熟期),对14个马铃薯杂交组合进行单个指标的评价和组合的级别评价,最终确定组合F81109×B5141-6、B5141-6×F58050、F67128×F61101、F49013×F61101、F71002×F59103可作为选育食品加工型马铃薯品种比较有前景的杂交组合。     

Chemical composition of raw fish consumed in Bahrain

Nine species (Seriolina nigrofasciata, Siganus canaliculatus, Rhabdosargus haffara, Scomberomorus commerson, Liza alata, Epinephelus areolatus, Plectorhinchus sordidus, Lethrinus nebulosus and Penaeus semislcatus) of raw fish commonly consumed in Bahrain were analyzed for their proximate, mineral and heavy metal content. The protein content ranged from 17.9-21.8 g/100 g, fat content from 0.80-16.1 g/100 g and energy content from 87.1-216.7 kcal/100 g. The raw fish also had high levels of sodium (82-300 mg/100 g), potassium (210-400 mg/100 g), phosphorous (200-280 mg/100 g), magnesium (23-47 mg/100 g) and zinc (0.0-2.2 mg/100 g). Content of iron, calcium and copper were quite low. The species Penaeus semislcatus had low levels of both lead and mercury (<0.02 microg g(-1)). The maximum level of lead was 0.50 microg g(-1) and mercury was 0.20 microg g(-1). One species (Rhabdosargus haffara) of fish had cadmium levels of 0.03 microg g(-1), while the rest of the fish had less than 0.02 microg g(-1). Overall, fish available in the market of Bahrain are a good source of some essential minerals. Furthermore, the heavy metal content is below the maximum permitted limits and can be safely consumed by the general public. However, monitoring of heavy metals in fish consumed in Bahrain should be done periodically.     

Total foliar glycoalkaloids and resistance of wild potato species toEmpoasca fabae (Harris)

Levels of total glycoalkaloids (TGA) in foliage of 10 wild, tuberbearingSolanum (Tourn.) L. species differentially resistant to infestation by the potato leafhopper,Empoasca fabae (Harris), were determined. Levels of TGA ranged from a high of 688 mg/100 g fresh wt. in a resistant species,S. polyadenium Greenm. to a low of 13 mg/100 g fresh wt. in a susceptible species,S. bulbocastanum Dun. Foliar concentration of TGA and nymphal infestation by the potato leafhopper were highly correlated (r = ?0.75, p = 0.01). The significant correlation of TGA levels and potato leafhopper resistance suggests that foliar TGA may be a significant factor in the defense of wild potato species against this pest.     

Einfluss von Lagerung und Sorte auf die Verteilung der Glykoalkaloide in der Kartoffelknolle

Zusammenfassung Fünf Speisekartoffelsorten wurden w?hrend einer sechsmonatigen Lagerung fünfmal auf α-Solanin und α-Chaconin untersucht. Es wurden vier Gewebebereiche der Knolle getrennt überprüft. Der Gesamtglykoalkaloidgehalt betrug im Augenbereich 164, in der restlichen Schale 101 und in der Gef?ssbündelzone mit ?usserem Speichergewebe 8mg/100g. Trockensubstanz. Im restlichen Innenk?rper waren nur noch Spuren (0.164mg/100g TS) nachzuweisen. Zwischen den Sorten und diesen Gewebepartien traten statistisch gesicherte Wechselwirkungen auf, die im wesentlichen von einer Sorte verursacht wurden. W?hrend der Lagerung sind die Alkaloidgehalte leicht, aber statistisch nicht gesichert gesunken. α-Solanin und α-Chaconin kamen generell im Verh?ltnis von etwa 1∶1.5vor; die Korrelation zwischen beiden Formen ist sehr eng (r=0.865). Bezogen auf die gesamte Knolle lagen die Gesamtglykoalkaloide je nach Sorte zwischen 2.4 und 8mg/100g Frischsubstanz und damit im gesundheitlich unbedenklichen Bereich.

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Summary Five table potato cultivars (Erna, Granola, Gusto, Ulse, Margit) from the same source were examined for their content of α-solanine and α-chaconine during a sixmonths storage period. For the testing and subsequent analysis the tubers were dissected into four kinds of tissues: eye-zone, peel, vascular bundle region, medulla. The total glycoalkaloid content (TGA) in the total tuber mass varied between 2.4 and 8mg per 100g fresh matter depending on cultivar (Fig. 1). Despite significant differences between cultivars (Table 1), all potato cultivars remained within the safe range during the entire storage period. Remarkable differences in TGA per 100g dry matter could be noted in the tuber parts. For the eye-zones a TGA of 164mg was found; the peel region showed 101mg and the vascular bundle zone 8mg. The medulla of the tubers contained only traces of TGA (0.164mg/100g dry matter, Fig. 2). The statistical analysis only revealed significant interactions between cultivars and tuber parts (Table 1), mainly caused by the cultivar Gusto which showed higher contents of α-solanine and α-chaconine in its vascular bundle regions (Figs 3–5). The ratio between amounts of α-solanine and α-chaconine was approximately 1∶1.5, and after eliminating effects of cultivar, storage and tuber parts, the correlation coefficient between amounts was 0.865. This close correlation can be used for breeding. The non-significant, slightly negative effect of the six-months storage period on alkaloid content was noteworthy. It is assumed that only after long storage periods or through inappropriate storage (sprouting of tubers) a significantly higher glycoalkaloid content may be expected.

     

不同朝天椒种质资源品质和产量的综合评价

为了筛选适应贵州地区种植的朝天椒品种,以资源圃收集的48份朝天椒种质资源为研究对象,对其粗脂肪、蛋白质、维生素C、辣椒素、粗纤维、干物质等6项品质指标和产量进行测定,并利用隶属函数值法和聚类分析法对所得数据进行综合评价分析。结果表明：48份朝天椒种质资源的品质和产量存在较大差异。其中,粗脂肪含量范围在0.12~0.71 g/100 g之间,平均含量为0.47 g/100 g,品种‘黔辣10号’含量最高;蛋白质含量范围在2.36~3.67 g/100 g之间,平均含量为2.90 g/100 g,品种‘DZ-33’含量最高;维生素C含量范围在48.51~74.64 mg/100 g之间,平均含量为59.07 mg/100 g,品种‘子弹头’含量最高;辣椒素含量范围在6.63~72.54 mg/100 g之间,平均含量为31.49 mg/100 g,品种‘香脆白米椒’含量最高;粗纤维含量范围在2.32%~10.45%之间,平均含量为7.59%,品种‘黔辣18号’含量最高;干物质含量范围在11.12%~20.98%之间,平均含量为15.66%,品种‘单生理想’含量最高;干椒产量范围在189.66~442.81 kg/667 m²之间,平均产量为304.62 kg/667 m²,品种‘2018-70’平均干椒产量最高。6项品质指标的平均隶属度值在0.29~0.75之间,相差0.46,种质资源间差异较大。聚类分析可将48份朝天椒种质资源分为3大类群,第Ⅰ类群包括26份种质资源,占总资源数的54.17%,6项品质指标的平均含量和平均干椒产量都处于居中水平;第Ⅱ类群包括16份种质资源,占总资源数的33.33%,6项品质指标的平均含量都处于最低水平,但平均干椒产量处于最高水平;第Ⅲ类群包括6份种质资源,占总资源数的12.50%,6项品质指标的平均含量都处于最高水平,综合品质表现最好,但平均干椒产量最低。开展朝天椒种质资源品质和产量的综合评价分析,可为朝天椒种质资源的创新利用以及新品种选育奠定基础。     

Glycoalkaloids in potato tubers grown under controlled environments

Tuber content of α-solanine, α-chaconine, and total glycoalkaloids (TGA) was determined for the potato cultivars, Norland, Russet Burbank, and Denali grown under different environmental conditions in growth chambers. The lowest TGA concentrations (0.30 to 0.35 mg g¹ dry tissue) were found in the cv. Norland with 400 μnol m^-2 s^-1 photosynthetic photon flux (PPF), 12 h day length, 16 C temperature, and 350 μmol mol^-1 carbon dioxide. The ratio of α-chaconine to α-solanine was close to 60:40 under all growing conditions, except that it was 50:50 under the low temperature of 12 C. Cultivars responded similarly to environmental conditions although TGA was about 20% greater in cv. Russet Burbank and about 30% greater in Denali compared to Norland. The largest changes in TGA occurred with changes in temperature. In comparison to 16 C, TGA were 40% greater at 12 C, 80% greater at 20 C, and 125% greater at 24 C (0.70 mgg ^-1 dry weight). The TGA concentratation increased from 10 to 25% with an increase in light from 400 to 800 μmol m^-2 s^-1 PPF for all three cultivars. TGA increased 20% with extension of the day length from 12 to 24 hr and also increased 20% when carbon dioxide was increased from 350 to 1000 umol mol^-1. TGA concentrations were not influenced by changes in relative humidity from 50 to 80%. TGA concentrations decreased only slightly in harvests made from 9 to 21 weeks after planting. Variations in TGA among the different growing conditions and cultivars were below 20 mg/100 g fresh weight (= 1.0 mg g^-1 dry weight) recognized as the upper concentration for food safety. However the results suggest that TGA should be considered when potatoes are grown at temperatures above 20 C.     

Glandular pubescence,glycoalkaloid composition,and resistance to the green peach aphid,potato leafhopper,and potato fleabeetle inSolanum berthaultii

Fifteen accessions ofSolarium berthaultii Hawkes andS. berthaultii xS. tarijense Hawkes were assessed for resistance to field infestations of the green peach aphid,Myzus persicae (Sulzer), potato leafhopper,Empoasca fabae (Harris), and potato fleabeetle,Epitrix cucumeris (Harris). Accessions bearing both Type A and Type B glandular trichomes were much more resistant to the green peach aphid and potato leafhopper than accessions bearing Type A hairs alone. All accessions had significantly smaller populations of these 3 pests than S.tuberosum cultivars. Total glycoalkaloid (TGA) content of foliage and tubers was not correlated with insect populations. Foliar TGA levels of field-grown plants varied among accessions, ranging from < 2–240 mg/100 g fresh wt. Solasonine and solamargine were the major foliar glycoalkaloids while solamarines predominated in tubers.     

不同品种亚麻籽组成及抗氧化特性分析

分析了我国不同产区不同品种亚麻籽的组成及体外抗氧化特性。结果表明,除基本组成成分外,不同品种亚麻籽主要活性组分含量和体外抗氧化活性具有显著差异。α-亚麻酸、木酚素、总酚酸、黄酮、生育酚、植物甾醇含量范围分别为33.42%~59.74%,120~918 mg/100g,209~491 mg/100g,33.04~75.63 mg/100g,8.68~20.75 mg/100g,340~596 mg/100g。亚麻籽提取物DPPH值和FRAP值分别为4 357~8 146 μmol Trolox/100g, 8 289~15058 μmol Trolox/100g。此外,不同品种亚麻籽抗营养因子生氰糖苷含量差异较为显著(5.57~11.34 mg HCN/100g)。相关性分析结果表明,亚麻籽提取物体外抗氧化活性与木酚素、总酚酸和黄酮含量具有显著相关性（p<0.05）。主成分分析和聚类分析结果表明,亚麻籽主要酚类化合物及其抗氧化活性主要依赖于亚麻籽品种特性,而非种植区域。     

Growth response of potato tuber eyes to irradiation with X-rays and fast neutrons

Only slight reductions were observed in sprouting and growth from irradiated tuber eyes of ‘Katahdin” and B5141-6 potatoes at irradiation doses below 4500 rads X-rays or 1200 rads fast neutrons. Survival was reduced about 50% by 1400 rads fast neutrons and 97% by 5500 rads X-rays. Visible mutants and pollen steriles were rare at all doses used. A small number of subclones of irradiated ‘Katahdin’ having greater than normal pollen abortion were selected in an effort to locate irradiationinduced chromosome mutations.     

利用回交重组自交系定位稻米赖氨酸含量的基因座位

利用日本晴（粳稻）/Kasalath（籼稻）//日本晴组合衍生的98个回交重组自交系（BILs）株系和具有245个RFLP标记的遗传图谱,在浙江和海南2个环境条件下,开展了精米赖氨酸含量的QTL定位。精米赖氨酸含量在浙江和海南均表现连续变异和超亲分离。在第6染色体发现2个具有显著遗传主效应的QTL(qLYS6 1和qLYS6 2）,表型贡献率分别为2708%和4756%。qLYS6 1 还具有显著的环境互作效应。qLYS6 1的增效基因来自Kasalath,而qLYS6 2的增效基因来自日本晴。未检测到显著的上位性效应。     

Segregation of leptines and other glycoalkaloids inSolanum tuberosum (4x) ×S. chacoense (4x) crosses

A clone, 8380-1, selected fromSolanum chacoense (PI 458310) for its high foliage content of the leptine glycoalkaloids, a factor in resistance to Colorado potato beetle, was doubled in chromosome number from 2n=2x=24 to 2n=4x=48. Three 4x clones were crossed with sixS. tuberosum (4x) clones. Foliage glycoalkaloid contents were measured for 452 F1 hybrids from 15 crosses. The 4xchacoense parental clones were not different in respect to glycoalkaloid contents and were similar to the original 2x clone. All F1 hybrids synthesized foliage leptines ranging from 9 to 369 mg/100 g fresh weight (fw) with a mean content of 113 mg/100 g fw. The proportion of leptines in the total glycoalkaloid content ranged from 1% to 62% with a mean of 25%. The 4xchacoense parent mean leptine content was 1482 mg/ 100 g fw which was 90% of the total glycoalkaloid content. Tubers from 136 hybrids and the threechacoense parental clones were tested for glycoalkaloid contents. The tuber solanine + chaconine contents of the 136 hybrids ranged from 30 to 180 mg/100 g fw with a mean of 79. The mean tuber content of the threechacoense parental clones was 157 mg/100 g fw. Leptines were not found in any of the tubers.     

四川黑茶品质化学成分的研究

采用氨基酸自动分析法、高效液相色谱法分析了四川黑茶原料、渥堆叶、康砖成品茶的氨基酸、儿茶素组成含量及咖啡碱、茶多酚、水浸出物的含量。四川黑茶原料氨基酸含量为1424.00βmg/100g,必需氨基酸含量为547.00βmg/100g,茶氨酸含量为87.15βmg/100g,儿茶素含量为27.63βmg/g,咖啡碱、茶多酚、水浸出物含量分别为1.30%、8.18%、26.94%;渥堆叶氨基酸含量为1590.00βmg/100g,必需氨基酸含量为668.00βmg/100g,茶氨酸含量为67.62βmg/100g,儿茶素含量为27.52βmg/g,咖啡碱、茶多酚、水浸出物含量分别为1.24%、7.90%、24.53%;康砖成品茶氨基酸含量为1420.00βmg/100g,必需氨基酸含量为529.00βmg/100g,茶氨酸含量为66.88βmg/100g,儿茶素含量为13.65βmg/g,咖啡碱、茶多酚、水浸出物含量分别为1.27%、5.99%、23.92%。     

贵港报春苣苔的叶片组培与植株再生

以贵港报春苣苔的叶片为外植体,研究不同培养基对其不定芽诱导和增殖、愈伤组织诱导与分化以及生根的影响。结果表明,外植体叶片以纵切为宜,不定芽诱导最适培养基为MS+6-BA 4.0 mg/L+IAA 1.5 mg/L,愈伤组织诱导最适培养基为MS+6-BA3.0～5.0 mg/L+2,4-D0.5～1.0 mg/L,不定芽诱导率以及愈伤组织诱导率均为100.00%;愈伤在MS+KT 1.0 mg/L+NAA 0.2 mg/L+potato 30 g/L+banana 30 g/L+apple 20 g/L+coconut juice 100 mL/L培养基上分化系数达12.64;不定芽在MS+ZT 1.0 mg/L+NAA 0.10 mg/L+potato 30 g/L+banana 30 g/L+apple 20 g/L+coconut juice 100 mL/L培养基的增殖系数为8.55;不定芽在3/4 MS+NAA 0.01～0.05 mg/L+活性炭1.0～3.0 g/L培养基上的生根率为100.00%。综上所述,叶片纵切后能通过不定芽途径以及愈伤组织途径建立贵港报春苣苔的组织培养技术体系,在该体系下不定芽增殖系数高、愈伤分化高,组培苗生根好。     

Evaluation of selected food attributes of four advanced lines of ungerminated and germinated Nigerian cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)

The chemical composition and functional properties of ungerminated and germinated seeds of four advanced lines of cowpeas (IT81D-699, IT82E-18, IT84S-2246-4 and TVx 3236) were investigated. Ungerminated seeds contained 20.1 to 25.8% crude protein, 2.0 to 2.2% lipid, 115.1 to 210.0 mg phyticacid/100 g and 8.9 to 9.6 mg iron/100 g. The polyphenol contents of the brown- and cream-colored beans were similar (192.0 to 196.0 mg/100 g) but were significantly (p<0.05) higher than the amount (99.8 mg/100 g) found in the white beans. Germination increased the crude protein content, total phosphorus content, nitrogen solubility, fat absorption capacity and foam capacity but decreased ether extract, polyphenol and phytic acid contents, water absorption capacity, bulk density and foam stability of all cowpea lines. Incorporation of up to 0.2 M NaCI improved foam volume. Ungerminated seeds had high water (2.3–3.2 g/g) absorption capacities, while germinated seeds had high fat (3.1–3.6 g/g) absorption capacities. TVx 3236 and IT81D-699 might be selected for combining such characteristics as high crude protein, low phytic acid content and good foaming properties into a single cowpea line through breeding.