浅谈凤庆县核桃深加工及其综合开发利用

2014年底,凤庆县经有核桃种植面积11.33万hm2,有核桃干果产量9万t。大量核桃进入结果期,核桃产量还将逐年增加。为进一步提高核桃产品产值,凤庆县积极引进加工企业,开展核桃系列产品精深加工。但目前加工量、产品等综合条件受制约,核桃精深加工、核桃系列产品开发仍然需要加强。文章针对凤庆县核桃精深加工及其综合开发利用进行简要探讨,提出了核桃系列产品的重点开发方向。     

核桃栽培管理技术

核桃是经济价值很高的树种，核桃产品历来是我国传统的出口商品之一。加强核桃的栽培管理是提高核桃产量、品质、效益的关键。核桃的栽培管理包括土肥水管理、树体管理、病虫防治综合技术措施。     

辽宁省核桃产业发展存在的问题及建议

文章根据辽宁省核桃产业的发展现状,指出在管理、经营、科技投入等方面存在的问题。根据存在的问题,从加强管理、促进规模化经营、加大科技投入、资金支持、提高产品附加值方面对辽宁省核桃产业的发展提出了合理建议,以期更好地提高辽宁省核桃产业的市场竞争力,促进核桃产业健康、持续发展。     

凤庆县核桃产业的现状和发展建议

凤庆县98%是山区,凤庆县委、政府把核桃产业作为开发山区、优化产业结构、促进农民增收致富和加强生态建设的重点,使全县核桃基地建设逐步实现品种良种化,产品优质化、经营规模化、种植规范化、管理科学化,核桃面积、产量、产值都得到大幅度提升。目前,凤庆县核桃种植面积达152万亩,农民户均拥有16     

蒲县核桃产业现状调查及发展建议

从自然环境、政府支持、管理模式3个方面阐述了蒲县核桃产业发展的基础条件,从种植面积、分布特点、管护情况和产品加工与销售4个方面分析了蒲县核桃产业的发展现状,最后提出了加强经营管理、完善发展机制和注重加工销售等3点核桃产业发展建议。     

依靠科技创新 推动核桃产业发展

世界核桃看中国，中国核桃看云南。随着我省核桃种植面积不断扩大，做大做强云南核桃产业必须把科技创新、产品创新这项工作放在首位，必须在短时期内研发出科技含量高的核桃产品，提高核桃加工企业的竞争力。目前我省核桃产品还仅限于食品利用及干果聚散、仁籽出口，缺乏科技含量高、竞争力强的深加工产品。应该意识到，科技创新是改变核桃产品单一，     

凉山州核桃产业发展现状及对策思考

核桃是凉山州现代林业发展的主要生态产业。文章总结了凉山州核桃产业发展现状,深入分析了存在的主要问题,从加强组织领导、科学选育种苗、开展产品深加工、强化科技支撑、优化投资环境等方面提出了对策建议。     

漾濞县积极开展核桃有机食品认证

<正>漾濞县充分利用森林植被丰富、生态环境优良、无工业污染、核桃资源富足的优势,切实提高核桃产品质量,加大核桃品牌建设,积极创建有机产品示范县。漾濞县在核桃产品环保、优质、健康、安全方面下大功夫,生产安全、健康的有机核桃产品,并通过有机食品认证,拓宽产业链,增加附加值,实现核桃提质增效,促进林农增收致富。去年,南京国环有机产品认证中心,对漾濞县4     

武定县核桃产业发展现状及对策措施

分析武定县核桃产业存在生产经营方式落后,经营管理粗放,资金和技术投入不足,产量少、品质差、效益低,无龙头企业组织带动,精深加工能力不足,缺乏市场竞争力强的优势核桃产品,市场销售体系不完善等诸多问题。藉此提出实行规模化种植,增加科技和资金投入,提高科技成果转化率,增加核桃产量,改善核桃品质,扶持发展龙头企业,进行核桃产品精深加工,打造优势品牌,拓宽产品销路,建立完善的生产销售服务体系等核桃产业发展对策。     

澄江县九村镇促核桃产业提质增效

<正>澄江县九村镇核桃种植面积达7万余亩,目前,核桃产业发展到了由量到质转变的关键时期,九村镇采取多项措施,促进核桃产业提质增效。一、加强组织领导。加强对核桃管护工作的组织领导,镇村两级成立了核桃产业发展工作领导小组,把核桃产业发展的管护纳入对村组及干部的考核范围,层层签订目标责任状,加强监督检查和考核评价,切实把各项工作落到实处。二、科学谋划,加强管护。一是加强核桃管理技     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.