水稻白叶枯病隐性抗病基因xa13的分离与鉴定的研究

植物抗病基因的研究一直以来是植物分子生物学研究领域的热点之一,迄今已经从不同的宿主中分离了50多个抗病基因,其中仅有6个是隐性基因,这些隐性抗病基因的作用机理目前尚不能用广为接受的显性基因的作用机理来进行解释.水稻中已经鉴定32个主效抗白叶枯病基因,其中9个为隐性抗病基因.位于第8染色体长臂末端的xal3基因就是其中的1个典型,它完全隐性、特异性地抗白叶枯病菌菲律宾菌系生理小种6(PX()99)、与其他显性或隐性抗白叶枯病基因存在抗性互作,说明xal3基因具有特异性抗性.     

一份水稻雌性全不育隐性突变体的基本特性

2005年春,一份水稻雌性全不育隐性突变体在海南省陵水县浙江省嘉兴市农科院水稻冬繁基地意外发现。该突变体雄蕊生长发育正常,雌蕊明显退化,无羽毛。从分蘖期开始,植株叶片显现类似小麦旗叶在近叶环处下弯倒挂的麦状叶,而其它正常育性的水稻植株叶片挺举,形成极为明显的连锁标记。对雌性全不育隐性突变体的基本特性进行了观察,期盼今后通过遗传工程进行育性调控,能为作物种子生产开辟新的天地。     

玉米隐性矮秆突变体的遗传分析与初步定位

利用3个回交后代分离群体结合混合分群法,对发现的玉米矮秆平展叶突变体的遗传机理进行了初步分析.结果表明,该突变体主要是由于植株节间长缩短而导致株高降低,同时穗上叶夹角接近直角,表现为典型的一因多效作用.遗传分析结果表明,该材料的株高与叶夹角变异由1对隐性基因控制.利用SSR标记将该基因定位在玉米第3染色体的3.05 bin,位于SSR标记umc2265和umc2166之间,遗传距离分别为2.5和5.4 cM.     

Autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia caused by mutations in a putative LDL receptor adaptor protein

Atherogenic low density lipoproteins are cleared from the circulation by hepatic low density lipoprotein receptors (LDLR). Two inherited forms of hypercholesterolemia result from loss of LDLR activity: autosomal dominant familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), caused by mutations in the LDLR gene, and autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia (ARH), of unknown etiology. Here we map the ARH locus to an approximately 1-centimorgan interval on chromosome 1p35 and identify six mutations in a gene encoding a putative adaptor protein (ARH). ARH contains a phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain, which in other proteins binds NPXY motifs in the cytoplasmic tails of cell-surface receptors, including the LDLR. ARH appears to have a tissue-specific role in LDLR function, as it is required in liver but not in fibroblasts.     

Hurler's syndrome: demonstration of an inherited disorder of connective tissue in cell culture

Skin fibroblasts from three patients with Hurler's syndrome were grown in tissue culture and shown to contain metachromatic granules when stained for mucopolysaccharides with toluidine blue O. Similar inclusions were observed in cultures of fibroblasts from other members of the families, who appeared to be clinically normal but who were, judged from studies of pedigree, heterozygous or hemizygous for the abnormal gene.     

人工合成甘蓝型油菜抗根肿病遗传研究初报

以普通甘蓝型油菜品种中油821和人工合成甘蓝型油菜品系HW 243配制的6个遗传世代群体(P1,P2,F1,BC1,BC2,F2)为材料,采用病区自然鉴定法,对抗根肿病特性进行了初步的遗传规律研究。结果表明:亲本中油821表现为高度感病,HW 243为高度抗病,F1群体为高抗;F2群体发生抗性分离,抗感比为3.082∶1,经2χ测定符合3∶1比例,概率达0.95~0.99。B1群体亦发生抗性分离,抗感比为1∶1.174,经χ2测定符合1∶1比例,概率0.3~0.5;而BC2群体中则全为抗病类型。结果分析表明,人工合成甘蓝型油菜HW 243的抗根肿病特性受一对显性基因控制。     

Cribriform degeneration (cri): a new recessive neurological mutation in the mouse

The mutation cribriform degeneration (cri) occurred in the DBA/2J strain; it is in linkage group VIII, 31 recombination units from b. Homozygotes show severe vacuolar degeneration in white and gray matter of the spinal cord and brainstem, normocytic anemia at birth which decreases in severity with age, and abnormalities of electrolyte distribution.     

Rapid emergence of baculovirus resistance in codling moth due to dominant, sex-linked inheritance

Insect-specific baculoviruses are increasingly used as biological control agents of lepidopteran pests in agriculture and forestry, and they have been previously regarded as robust to resistance development by the insects. However, in more than a dozen cases of field resistance of the codling moth Cydia pomonella to commercially applied C. pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) in German orchards, resistance ratios exceed 1000. The rapid emergence of resistance is facilitated by sex-linkage and concentration-dependent dominance of the major resistance gene and genetic uniformity of the virus. When the gene is fixed, resistance levels approach 100,000-fold. Our findings highlight the need for development of resistance management strategies for baculoviruses.     

Nest inheritance is the missing source of direct fitness in a primitively eusocial insect

Animals that cooperate with nonrelatives represent a challenge to inclusive fitness theory, unless cooperative behavior is shown to provide direct fitness benefits. Inheritance of breeding resources could provide such benefits, but this route to cooperation has been little investigated in the social insects. We show that nest inheritance can explain the presence of unrelated helpers in a classic social insect model, the primitively eusocial wasp Polistes dominulus. We found that subordinate helpers produced more direct offspring than lone breeders, some while still subordinate but most after inheriting the dominant position. Thus, while indirect fitness obtained through helping relatives has been the dominant paradigm for understanding eusociality in insects, direct fitness is vital to explain cooperation in P. dominulus.     

奶牛隐性乳房炎三种致病菌的多重PCR检测方法的建立

为建立快速并能同时检测无乳链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌3种奶牛隐性乳房炎致病菌的方法,根据无乳链球菌16S rRNA基因、金黄色葡萄球菌NUC耐热基因、绿脓杆菌ETA基因序列并参考文献各合成一对特异性引物,通过对PCR反应各项参数的调整优化,建立多重PCR检测体系,并同时进行灵敏性试验和特异性试验。结果显示:该检测方法可以同时扩增出无乳链球菌270 bp、金黄色葡萄球菌153 bp和绿脓杆菌375 bp的特异性片段以及细菌16S rRNA 1 500 bp的通用片段,而对于其他的6种病原菌只能扩增出1 500 bp的通用片段,具有较强的特异性。三种特异性引物扩增条带与GenBank上的细菌基因序列同源性为99%。增菌培养24 h,该体系对无乳链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌的最低灵敏度分别为8×10⁴、4×10⁴、1.5×10⁵ CFU·mL^-1。本研究建立的检测方法能够完成无乳链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌的快速检测,对于生产上奶牛隐性乳房炎的鉴别诊断和快速检测具有重大意义。     

Mutations in U4atac snRNA, a component of the minor spliceosome, in the developmental disorder MOPD I

Small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) are essential factors in messenger RNA splicing. By means of homozygosity mapping and deep sequencing, we show that a gene encoding U4atac snRNA, a component of the minor U12-dependent spliceosome, is mutated in individuals with microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type I (MOPD I), a severe developmental disorder characterized by extreme intrauterine growth retardation and multiple organ abnormalities. Functional assays showed that mutations (30G>A, 51G>A, 55G>A, and 111G>A) associated with MOPD I cause defective U12-dependent splicing. Endogenous U12-dependent but not U2-dependent introns were found to be poorly spliced in MOPD I patient fibroblast cells. The introduction of wild-type U4atac snRNA into MOPD I cells enhanced U12-dependent splicing. These results illustrate the critical role of minor intron splicing in human development.     

小麦品种Libellula和咸农4号数量抗条锈病的抗性组分遗传研究

为明确小麦对条锈菌(Puccinia striiformisWest.f.sp.tritici)数量抗性的几个抗性组分的遗传,并确定有效的抗性组分,对Libellula和咸农4号杂交组合的7个世代进行了组织病理学和培养性状观察;运用遗传估计、通径分析和联合尺度检验的方法进行遗传力、显性度和基因数的估计,以及组分间的因果关系和基因互作方式的探讨。发现菌落长度和宽度的遗传力较高,分别为0.79和0.57,而显性度很低,分别为0.02和0.11;两者对菌落面积建成的直接效应分别为0.55和0.40,间接效应分别为0.45和0.32,远大于其他组分的直接和间接效应;尺度检验只有控制菌落长度和宽度的抗病基因才符合加性(m[d])模型。因此,在5个抗性组分中,菌落长度和宽度可以作为有效的选育抗性材料的抗性组分,同时筛选工作大大提高了抗性材料的选育和基基标记的效率。     

利用分子标记辅助选育油菜隐性上位互作核不育临保系

以湘油15、沪油15、优88和沪油17分别与临保系HYZ1-TAM杂交,在其F2利用与不育基因Bnms3和隐性上位基因Bnrf连锁的分子标记对临保系基因型单株进行筛选,并对筛选获得的单株进行测交验证确定是否为临保系基因型.结果表明:在4个品种的转育F2群体共355个单株中,利用分子标记辅助选择获得了62个标记基因型为临保系的单株,这些单株经测交证实有57株为真实临保系,分子标记辅助选择的准确率为91.94%.根据实验结果推测,本研究所用的4个甘蓝型油菜品种在Bnms4基因位点未出现显性可育等位基因.实验结果验证了分子标记辅助选择具有较高的准确率,对开展该不育系统的转育工作具有很好的借鉴意义.     

甘蓝型双低隐性核不育杂交种沪油杂4号的选育

沪油杂4号是利用隐性上位互作核不育育成的甘蓝型双低油菜三系杂交种,具有高产、稳产、抗油菜菌核病和病毒病的特性.上海市油菜区域试验的平均产量为2 674.5 kg/hm2,比双低对照沪油15增产6.0%,国家冬油菜长江下游区域试验的平均产量为2 590.4 kg/hm2,比对照秦油7号增产5.54%.国家冬油菜长江下游生产试验的平均产量2 520.0 kg/hm2,比对照秦油7号增产8.75%.该品种种子含油率44.63%,芥酸含量为0,硫苷总量29.61 μmol/g.     

Thyrocalcitonin: evidence for release in a spontaneous hypocalcemic disorder

Thyrocalcitonin content of thyroid gland extracts from normal postparturient cows was 3.9 times greater than in cows with postparturient paresis. The parafollicular cells in diseased cows were less numerous and appeared to have discharged their secretory products. An abrupt release of thyrocalcitonin near parturition may be related to the development of the hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia in this disorder.     

Losartan, an AT1 antagonist, prevents aortic aneurysm in a mouse model of Marfan syndrome

Aortic aneurysm and dissection are manifestations of Marfan syndrome (MFS), a disorder caused by mutations in the gene that encodes fibrillin-1. Selected manifestations of MFS reflect excessive signaling by the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) family of cytokines. We show that aortic aneurysm in a mouse model of MFS is associated with increased TGF-beta signaling and can be prevented by TGF-beta antagonists such as TGF-beta-neutralizing antibody or the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) blocker, losartan. AT1 antagonism also partially reversed noncardiovascular manifestations of MFS, including impaired alveolar septation. These data suggest that losartan, a drug already in clinical use for hypertension, merits investigation as a therapeutic strategy for patients with MFS and has the potential to prevent the major life-threatening manifestation of this disorder.     

Chaos, symmetry, and self-similarity: exploiting order and disorder in mixing processes

Fluid mixing is a successful application of chaos. Theory anticipates the coexistence of order and disorder-symmetry and chaos-as well as self-similarity and multifractality arising from repeated stretching and folding. Experiments and computations, in turn, provide a point of confluence and a visual analog for chaotic behavior, multiplicative processes, and scaling behavior. All these concepts have conceptual engineering counterparts: examples arise in the context of flow classification, design of mixing devices, enhancement of transport processes, and controlled structure formation in two-phase systems.     

小菜蛾对多杀菌素的抗性筛选及遗传方式分析

通过室内筛选试验,评估了小菜蛾对多杀菌素的抗性风险,并对抗性遗传和交互抗性进行初步研究.以采自广东深圳小菜蛾为起始种群(SZ),在室内筛选26代, 获得1个中等抗性水平的品系(SZ-Spin).该品系与SZ品系相比,抗性提高到22.4倍,与PHI-S敏感品系相比抗性达到60.7倍.在筛选过程中,小菜蛾对多杀菌素平均抗性现实遗传力较低(0.09),表明小菜蛾对多杀菌素产生抗性的速度较慢.SZ-Spin抗性品系与PHI-S敏感品系正、反交试验结果表明,小菜蛾对多杀菌素的抗性为不完全隐性、常染色体遗传.SZ-Spin抗性品系对阿维菌素、氟虫腈、杀虫单没有交互抗性.     

Germ line p53 mutations in a familial syndrome of breast cancer, sarcomas, and other neoplasms

Familial cancer syndromes have helped to define the role of tumor suppressor genes in the development of cancer. The dominantly inherited Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) is of particular interest because of the diversity of childhood and adult tumors that occur in affected individuals. The rarity and high mortality of LFS precluded formal linkage analysis. The alternative approach was to select the most plausible candidate gene. The tumor suppressor gene, p53, was studied because of previous indications that this gene is inactivated in the sporadic (nonfamilial) forms of most cancers that are associated with LFS. Germ line p53 mutations have been detected in all five LFS families analyzed. These mutations do not produce amounts of mutant p53 protein expected to exert a trans-dominant loss of function effect on wild-type p53 protein. The frequency of germ line p53 mutations can now be examined in additional families with LFS, and in other cancer patients and families with clinical features that might be attributed to the mutation.