南方红壤区种植黑麦草的效应研究

研究了种植越年生黑麦草Lolium perenne对红壤N、P、K养分变化的影响,测定越年生黑麦草的营养成分及家畜饲喂的效果.结果表明:连续几年种植黑麦草的红壤,N、P、K的全量和有效养分的含量均比新开垦的红壤显著提高;黑麦草粗蛋白、维生素含量丰富,用黑麦草饲喂奶牛,奶牛日产鲜奶量可提高17.3%.同时对"草肥混播"的效果做了初步探讨.     

Suspected ergotism in two heifers

A syndrome similar to gangrenous ergotism was seen in 2 Friesian heifers grazing meadow hay containing perennial rye grass seed heads parasited by an ergot presumed to be Claviceps purpurea. Clinical signs were bilateral hind limb lameness and gangrene. There was angiographic evidence of vasoconstriction in the lower hind limbs with necrosis of all tissues in the distal region of both hind limbs.     

添加黑麦草饲粮对鹅肉脂肪酸组成的影响

本研究旨在观察饲粮中添加不同比例多花黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum Lam)对鹅肉脂肪酸组成影响,揭示牧草摄食量与鹅肉α-亚麻酸(ALA)相对含量之间的关系。选用50羽14日龄长乐灰鹅,分成5个处理,饲养期60 d。各处理饲粮中黑麦草干物质比例分别为: 0.00%(CK),5.42%,11.92%,19.52%和27.24%。结果表明:随着饲粮中黑麦草比例的提高,鹅肉ALA相对含量显著增加,试验各组分别比对照组增加了86.90%,197.24%(P<0.05),393.10%(P<0.05)和304.83%(P<0.05);PUFA/SFA显著上升(P<0.05);n-6PUFA/n-3PUFA显著下降(P<0.05)。鹅肉ALA相对含量与饲粮中黑麦草比例的曲线回归模型方程为:y=0.270+0.106x-0.002x²(F=22.99^**)。当饲粮中黑麦草的干物质比例在0%～26.50%时,鹅肉ALA的含量呈上升趋势;当黑麦草的比例超过26.50%时,鹅肉ALA的含量转而呈下降趋势。说明黑麦草中的ALA能够通过摄食消化过程沉积到鹅肉中。     

贵草1号多花黑麦草密度和施肥研究

通过对贵草1号多花黑麦草的不同密度和施肥量对其鲜草产量和牧草高度的影响研究,结果表明:在不同密度和施肥量条件下,贵草1号多花黑麦草的产量和生长高度有显著差异,当施基肥为有机肥1000kg/667m2+尿素10kg/667m2,行距为20cm时,贵草1号生长速度最快,平均高度最高,达到64.2cm,鲜草产量最高,达到3164kg/667m2。     

黑麦草／红三叶草根系间菌丝桥传递磷的研究

应用五室分隔法研究了黑麦草体内的３２Ｐ通过根间菌丝桥向受体红三叶草的传递作用。结果表明,接种菌根真菌能在黑麦草和红三叶草根系之间形成菌丝桥,并把黑麦草体内的３２Ｐ传递给红三叶草,其传递量随受体红三叶草的施磷量的增加而降低。     

冬牧70黑麦草、紫花苜蓿等牧草对奶牛的饲喂效果

选择身体健康的二胎荷斯坦奶牛32头，分为四组，对照组、试验：Ⅰ组、试验Ⅲ组和试验Ⅲ组分别饲喂传统青饲料（野草、速冻菜厂下脚料等）、金华当地的多花黑麦草、2003--2004年间经牧草引种试验证明在生物学特性、鲜草产量及营养成分等方面表现较好的品种——冬牧70黑麦草和紫花苜蓿进行了为期20d的饲养试验。结果对照组、试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组的平均日产奶量分别为9．89kg、10．23kg、11．56kg、和12．86kg。在其它饲养条件不变的情况下，饲喂紫花苜蓿的试验Ⅲ组奶牛产奶量极显著高于饲喂多花黑麦草的试验Ⅰ组及传统青饲料的对照组（P〈0．01），与饲喂冬牧70黑麦草的试验Ⅱ组差异显著（P〈0．05）；试验Ⅱ组奶牛产奶量与对照组差异极显著（P〈0．01），与试验Ⅰ组差异显著（P〈0．05）；试验Ⅰ组和对照组差异不显著（P〉0．05）。乳中总固体物质含量、乳脂率及乳蛋白率各组间差异不显著（P〉0．05）。表明紫花苜蓿、冬牧70黑麦草对奶牛饲喂效果好，可显著提高产奶量，改进乳成分。     

南方地区草田轮作黑麦草饲养奶水牛的探索与实践

南方有大量的冬闲田,利用这些闲置的土地资源轮作黑麦草饲养奶水牛,可以增加农民的收入,并可为奶水牛提供更多优质的牧草,增加奶水牛的产奶量。本项目通过"资料宣传-试验研究-示范种植-引导农户种植推广辐射大面积种植"等措施,引导农户草田轮作黑麦草,收到了较好的经济社会效益。     

Tunicamycin and corynetoxin poisoning in sheep

Quantitative toxicity studies were carried out in sheep using corynetoxin, tunicamycin and toxic annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum). Sheep were very sensitive to these toxins. The lethal dose was about 35 micrograms/kg bodyweight for pure tunicamycin given by subcutaneous injection and 3 to 5 mg/kg for corynetoxin administered orally as slurries of bacterial galls of known corynetoxin content. The total lethal dose was of the same order, whether given as a single dose or as repeated smaller doses, the maximum interval tested being 9 weeks between doses. This finding indicates that a second exposure of animals to toxic rye grass in the one season would present a greater risk than would a first exposure to the same field. It also demonstrates the advisability of the monitoring of pasture levels of gall contamination, as levels below those that produce clinical signs of the disease may still contribute to an accumulating burden of toxicity.     

洞庭湖洪道洲滩种植黑麦草的生长状况及灭芦效果

在洞庭湖洪道洲滩上种植多年生黑麦草,研究了消灭芦苇的方法及措施,为洪道洲滩消灭芦苇生长提供了科学依据。     

拉萨河谷区箭筈豌豆和黑麦混、间播建植方式研究

在西藏河谷区以箭筈豌豆与黑麦为材料,开展混、间播种植方式的比较研究,通过对牧草产量和饲用品质的测定分析,探讨适宜当地的种植方式。结果表明:箭筈豌豆和黑麦混播、间播处理使箭筈豌豆的有效分枝数和生物量受到抑制,黑麦有效分蘖数增加,生物量显著提高;相对于间播,混播更能表现出利于增产的种间关系,更利于增强种间正相互作用而减弱负相互作用,箭筈豌豆在混、间播条件下处于竞争劣势,大多数处理中其RY值小于1,黑麦在混、间播条件下处于竞争优势,大多数处理中其RY值大于1;由于不同牧草的生态位分化和种间互作关系,牧草的资源利用率提高,相比单播,适宜的豆禾牧草混、间播处理具有明显的产量优势,箭筈豌豆和黑麦2:1间播的鲜草产量(5253 g·m^-2)和20%+80%混播干草产量(1572 g·m^-2)最高,但混播处理的产量总体优于间播处理;箭筈豌豆与黑麦混、间播处理使混合牧草的饲用品质相比禾本科牧草有一定程度的改善。     

越年生和多年生冷地型禾本科牧草的品种比较

2000-2002年在上海交通大学农业与生物学院农场对46个禾本科牧草品种进行比较试验,并在实验室内进行耐盐性鉴定与品质分析.通过对参试材料的鲜草产量、干草产量、粗蛋白含量、耐盐性等性状的考察和比较分析,筛选出越年生黑麦草Lolium multi florum是高产牧草种.其中秋播早发类型品种有泰蒂拉(英文名:Tetila;试验编号:G16;下文同),Grazer(G38),Total(G41),初春第1茬干草产量超过6 t/hm2;春播产量较高的品种有FaGrow(G30),97-3(G23),泰蒂拉和特高(Tatragold,G18)等,当年6月中旬1次收获的干革产量超过8.6 t/hm2;4次收获鲜草总产较高的品种有9724(G22),FaGron(G30),Total(G41),特高和泰蒂拉等,折合干草产量超过20 t/hm2;耐盐性较强的品种有特高,Minaret(G37)和上农四倍体(G45),能在含0.6%NaCl的1/4 Hoagland营养液中萌发和生长良好;高产品种中乳熟期粗蛋白含量较高的品种有9724(G22)和Tetila(G16),分别超过或接近占干物质的10%;乳熟期牧草干鲜比较高的品种有特高和上农四倍体(G45),超过0.3.在46个品种中,综合性状评定最好的5个品种有9724(G22),特高,泰蒂拉,FaGrow(G30),和Total(G41),它们都适合在上海及其周边地区加以推广应用.     

毛花雀稗混播草地建植技术初探

试验探讨了建植毛花雀稗混播草地的最佳草种组合和播种量,结果表明,毛花雀稗(30cm×30cm≈7000株)+黑麦草(每667m2为0.5kg)+白三叶(每667m2为0.15kg)在独山气候条件下的生产性能显著高于其他组合。     

Outbreak of bovine abortion attributed to ergot poisoning

Eleven out of 36 suckler cows, all in late pregnancy, aborted seven to 10 days following introduction to a rye grass pasture heavily infested with ergot. On the basis of known heavy exposure to ergot infested grass and negative findings in a range of other investigations, details of which are given, a diagnosis of ergotism was made.     

Detection of Leishmania amastigotes in peripheral blood from four dogs--Short communication

The authors carried out microscopic examination of blood smears of 1438 dogs infected with Leishmania infantum. Unusual findings of leishmaniosis associated with circulating parasitised cells are described in four dogs. Most of the dogs presented severe illness, with lethargy, dysorexia, emaciation and alterations of the haematological pattern (anaemia, thrombocytopenia, neutrophilia and monocytosis). In three cases, leishmaniosis was associated with ehrlichiosis. On examination of peripheral blood smears, Leishmania sp. amastigotes were observed both in various circulating leukocytes (neutrophil, monocyte, macrophage) and free. In conclusion, parasites can rarely be detected in blood smears (in 0.28% of the animals examined); thus, the time-consuming microscopic search for amastigotes can make only a weak contribution to the conventional diagnosis of canine leishmaniosis.     

棉花、玉米冬牧70黑麦套种试验

[目的]为了探讨适宜的冬牧70黑麦套种。[方法]进行了冬牧70黑麦套种棉花、玉米试验。[结果]表明,棉花、玉米套种冬牧70黑麦增产效果明显,套种棉花每hm2可获得28.0 t鲜草,增加收入510元,套种玉米增产532.5 kg。[结论]建议可大面积推广。     

Animal nutrition for veterinarians--recent cases of behavior disorders and salivation in heifers after feeding ammonia-treated hay silage

20 heifers got ammoniated grass silage ad libitum (self feeding system in front of the silo), the ration was supplemented by small amounts of maize silage and concentrate only. During a few hours past feed intake the heifers developed hyperesthetic, hyperactive symptoms and massive salivation. Without any treatment the clinical symptoms disappeared. The analysed sample of grass silage contained about 9 g ammonia per kg fresh weight. Changing the feeding system (offering the roughage past 1 day of aeration) the same grass silage did not lead to any disturbances or health problems in the heifers. It was assumed, that the observed symptoms were typical signs of ammonia-intoxication.     

Changes in the bacterial community and composition of fermentation products during ensiling of wilted Italian ryegrass and wilted guinea grass silages

To gain further insights into temperate and tropical grass ensiling, fermentation products and bacterial communities were examined at both the initial and late stages of ensiling of wilted Italian ryegrass and wilted guinea grass silages. 2,3‐Butanediol and ethanol fermentation were observed in wilted Italian ryegrass silage. Enterobacteria such as Rahnella sp. and Enterobacter sp. may have been involved in fermentation; however, alcohol production was intensified after the silage enterobacterial community overwhelmed the pre‐ensiled enterobacterial community. Pediococcus spp. appeared in silage stored for 4 months, when a significant increase in lactic acid content was seen compared with that at 2 months. Prolonged storage enhanced acetic acid fermentation in wilted guinea grass silage. The disappearance of Enterococcus sulfureus and appearance of Lactobacillus plantarum may have been associated with the increased acetic acid content. Although many species of enterobacteria were found in common between the pre‐ensiled crop and silages of Italian ryegrass and guinea grass, marked differences were seen in the type of fermentation from the initial stages. These results indicate that the bacterial community of pre‐ensiled crops may be immediately replaced by one that is adapted to ensiling environments, although metabolic changes may continue over the course of ensiling.     

Incidence and prevalence of tick-borne haemoparasites in domestic ruminants in Ghana

Giemsa-stained thin blood smears prepared monthly from cattle, sheep and goats in the Greater Accra region of Ghana between May 1994 and December 1996 were examined for presence of tick-borne haemoparasites. The majority of animals were less than 2 months old at the start of the survey. Monthly and cumulative incidences are presented of Anaplasma sp., Babesia bigemina, Borrelia sp., Eperythrozoon sp., Theileria mutans and Theileria velifera in cattle, Anaplasma sp., Borrelia sp., and Theileria sp. in sheep, and Anaplasma sp. in goats. T. mutans was the commonest parasite in cattle, with 100% incidence in calves by 10 months of age, and Anaplasma was commonest in small ruminants. The relative prevalence of these haemoparasites in blood smears from cattle, sheep and goats sampled on a single occasion at sites in all 10 regions of Ghana was found to be similar, though actual infection rates were lower. Packed cell volume (PCV) measurements from the sampled animals are also presented; no seasonal trends were evident in the PCV of the cattle, sheep and goats sampled monthly. In animals sampled on a single occasion, mean PCV was significantly higher in cattle and sheep without detectable haemoparasite infection, and in cattle was lowest in animals positive for both Babesia and Anaplasma, while there was no difference in mean PCV levels between parasitised and non-parasitised goats.     

Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) in grazing Irish dairy cows

Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) is a significant production disease of dairy cattle. Previous concerns have been raised over the occurrence of SARA in pasture-fed dairy cattle and the potential consequences of laminitis and lameness. Highly digestible perennial rye grass contains high concentrations of rapidly fermentable carbohydrate and low concentrations of physical effective fibre that may result in SARA. This study conducted a point prevalence survey of rumen health status in grazing Irish dairy cattle fed predominantly perennial rye grass-based pasture. The survey assessed rumen fluid, animal health status, milk production data and pasture composition. A total of 144 cows between 80 and 150 days in milk were sampled on 12 farms. Eleven percent of cows were classified as affected with SARA (pH < or = 5.5), 42% were marginal (pH 5.6-5.8) and 47% were normal (pH>5.8). The study showed that low rumen pH is prevalent in grazing Irish dairy cattle consuming perennial rye grass-based pasture and raises concerns regarding effective pasture utilisation and possible consequences for animal health.     

黑麦草冠锈病流行规律的初步研究

黑麦草冠锈病是由禾冠西柄锈菌所致，除危害黑麦草外还可侵染多种禾本科牧草。经１９９２－１９９４年系统调查，初步明确冠锈病的田间流行有明显的性变化，全年有两个发病高峰。在带宽寄主大量存在和雨量充沛多雾少日照的环境条件下，温度是影响病害流行的主导因素。