In situ measurements of winter wheat diurnal changes in photosynthesis and environmental factors reveal new insight into photosynthesis improvement by super-high-yield cultivation

In past 30 years, the wheat yield per unit area of China has increased by 79%. The super-high-yield(SH) cultivation played an important role in improving the wheat photosynthesis and yield. In order to find the ecophysiological mechanism underneath the high photosynthesis of SH cultivation, in situ diurnal changes in the photosynthetic gas exchange and chlorophyll(Chl) a fluorescence of field-grown wheat plants during the grain-filling stage and environmental factors were investigated. During the late grain-filling stage at 24 days after anthesis(DAA), the diurnal changes in net CO_2 assimilation rate were higher under SH treatment than under high-yield(H) treatment. From 8 to 24 DAA, the actual quantum yield of photosystem II(PSII) electron transport in the light-adapted state(ΦPSII) in the flag leaves at noon under SH treatment were significantly higher than those under H treatment. The leaf temperature, soil temperature and soil moisture were better suited for higher rates of leaf photosynthesis under SH treatment than those under H treatment at noon. Such diurnal changes in environmental factors in wheat fields could be one of the mechanisms for the higher biomass and yield under SH cultivation than those under H cultivation. ΦPSII and CO_2 exchange rate in wheat flag leaves under SH and H treatments had a linear correlation which could provide new insight to evaluate the wheat photosynthesis performance under different conditions.     

Study of the Protective Effects in PEPC Transgenic Rice

The diurnal course of chlorophyll fluorescence parameter and active oxygen metabolism of flag leaves in PEPC transgenic and untransformed rice Kitaake were studied. The results showed that the photosynthetic rate under high light intensity has been increased by 50% and photoinhibition of photosynthesis in PEPC transgenic was alleviated after the introduction of PEPC gene from maize into rice. It was demonstrated that the increment of photosynthesis in PEPC transgenic was related to the introduction of PEPC gene using specific inhibitor of PEPC. Photoinhibition of photosynthesis in different genotypes exists at noon under natural condition. PEPC transgenic rice exhibited a less decrease in Fv/Fm, a less photoinhibition and a higher efficiency of light energy conversion to chemical energy and lower thermal energy dissipation.These results provided the physiological basis on the mechanism of tolerance to photoinhibition and rice breeding with high photosynthetic efficiency.     

Effect of Methanol on Photosynthesis and Chlorophyll Fluorescence of Flag Leaves of Winter Wheat

Photosynthesis and chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters, photochemical efficiency of PS II （Fv/Fm）, photochemical quenching of PS II （qP）, nonphotochemical quenching of PS II （NPQ）, maximum activity of PS II （Fv/Fo） as well as electron transport rate （ETR）, and quantum yield of PS II （ФPS II） were measured on flag leaves of the winter wheat treated by methanol at different concentrations. The results revealed that photosynthesis was greatly improved by methanol, as indicated by higher photosynthetic rates and stomatal conductance. The enhancement effect of methanol on photosynthesis was maintained for 3-4 days. Different methanol concentration treatments also increased intercellular CO2 concentration and transpiration rates. No significant decline was found in Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo, and ФPS II, which revealed no photoinhibition during methanol application in different methanol concentrations. Methanol showing no apparent inhibitory effects indicated higher potential photosynthetic capacity of flag leaves of winter wheat. However, the increase in photosynthesis was not followed by an increase in the photosynthetic activity （Fv/Fm）, and fluorescence parameters did not indicate an improvement in intercellular CO2 concentration and PS II photochemical efficiency compared with the control, thereby encouraging us to propose that lower leaf temperatures caused by applied methanol would reduce both dark respiration and photorespiration （most importantly）, thus, increasing net CO2 uptake and photosynthetic rates.     

Photosynthetic Characteristics and Antioxidative Metabolism of Flag Leaves in Responses to Nitrogen Application During Grain Filling of Field-Grown Wheat

A two-factorial experiment was conducted with two wheat cultivars, SN1391 （large spike and large grain） and GC8901 （multiple spike and medium grain）, and two nitrogen （N） application rates （12 and 24 g N m^-2）, to investigate the responses of photosynthetic characteristics and antioxidative metabolism to nitrogen rates in flag leaves of field-grown wheat during grain filling. The results showed that the content of N and chlorophyll （Chl） in wheat flag leaves decreased after anthesis and the net photosynthetic rate （Pn）, effective quantum yield of PS Ⅱ （Фps n）, efficiency of excitation capture by open PS Ⅱ reaction centers （Fv′/Fm′）, and photochemical quenching coefficient （qp） began to decrease at 14 days after anthesis. However, the maximal efficiency of PS Ⅱ photochemistry （Fv/Fm） decreased slightly until the late period of senescence and the nonphotochemical quenching coefficient （NPQ） increased during flag leaves＇ senescence, As a result, a conflict came into being between absorption and utilization to light energy in flag leaves during senescence, which might accelerate the senescence of flag leaves. Compared with GC8901, the lower plant population of SN1391 during grain filling was helpful to maintain the higher content of photosynthetic pigment, activity of PS II, and Pn in flag leaves during senescence, The delayed decrease in antioxidative enzyme activity and the lower degree of membrane lipid peroxidation in the senescing leaves of SN1391 were beneficial to protect the photosynthetic apparatus, which lead to the prolonged duration of CO2 assimilation. With the increase of N application, the Chl content of SN1391 flag leaves and the efficiency of excitation captured by open PS Ⅱ centers increased. At the same time, the thermal dissipation in SN1391 flag leaves at high N （HN） treatment decreased and Фps Ⅱ improved greatly, which were favorable to the increase of Pn. The SOD, POD, CAT and APX activities in the flag leaves of SN1391 increased     

Heterogeneity Analysis of Cucumber Canopy in the Solar Greenhouse

Detailed analysis of canopy structural heterogeneity is an essential step in conducting parameters for a canopy structural model. This paper aims to analyze the structural heterogeneity of a cucumber （Cucumis sativus L.） canopy by means of analyzing leaf distribution in a greenhouse environment with natural sunlight and also to assess the effect of structural canopy heterogeneity on light interception and photosynthesis. Two experiments and four measurements were carried out in autumn 2011 and spring 2012. A static virtual three-dimensional （3D） canopy structure was reconstructed using a 3D digitizing method. The diurnal variation of photosynthesis rate was measured using CIRAS-2 photosynthesis system. The results showed that, leaf azimuth as tested with the Rayleigh-test was homogeneous at vine tip over stage but turned heterogeneous at fruit harvest stage. After eliminating the inlfuence of the environment on the azimuth using the von Mises-Fisher method, the angle between two successive leaves was 144°;at the same time, a rule for the azimuth distribution in the canopy was established, stating that the azimuth distribution in cucumber followed a law which was positive spin and anti-spin. Leaf elevation angle of south-oriented leaves was on average 13.8° higher than that of north-oriented leaves. The horizontal distribution of light interception and photosynthesis differed signiifcantly between differently oriented leaves. East-and west-oriented leaves exhibited the highest photosynthetic rate. In conclusion, detailed analysis of canopy structural heterogeneity in this study indicated that leaf azimuth and elevation angle were heterogeneous in cucumber canopy and they should be explicitly described as they have a great impact both on light distribution and photosynthesis.     

Effects of seedling age on the growth stage and yield formation of hydroponically grown long-mat rice seedlings

Understanding the characteristics of rice productivity is of great importance for achieving high yield formation. However, such traits have not yet been studied for different ages of hydroponically grown long-mat rice seedlings(HLMS), which constitutes a new method of seedling cultivation. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of seedling age on the growth stage, photosynthesis characteristics, dry matter production, and yield of HLMS. A conventional japonica rice cultivar(Wuyunjing 24) and an indica hybrid rice cultivar(6 Liangyou 9368) were used as test materials. The results showed that the whole phase was shortened by 13–15 days for young seedlings(13-day-old) compared with old seedlings(27-day-old), which occurred because the growth process accelerated with the transplantation of young seedlings. As seedling age increased, the dry matter weight of stems of individual plants and of the population increased at the transplanting stage but decreased at the maturity stage(MS). Compared with that of 27-day-old seedlings, the average ratio of panicle weight to total plant dry weight of 13-day-old seedlings during a 2-year period increased by 3.71% for Wuyunjing 24 and by 3.78% for 6 Liangyou 9368 at the MS. Moreover, as seedling age increased, the leaf area index and photosynthetic potential decreased for both cultivars, and the photosynthetic rate markedly decreased at the heading stage(HS). With the exception of that of Wuyunjing 24 from the jointing stage to the HS in 2014, the crop growth rate was higher for young seedlings than for old seedlings. Grain yield significantly decreased with seedling age, but no significant difference was detected between the 13-and 20-day-old seedlings for either cultivar. Therefore, equilibrious and high biological yield formation, vigorous growth in the late stages, and high photosynthetic production capacity are important characteristics and causes of the efficient and sustainable output of photosynthetic systems and for achieving high yield formation in young transplanted seedlings(13–20-day-old).     

Some Eco-Physiological Characteristics at R4-R5 Stage in Relation to Soybean Yield Differing in Maturities

Digital plant canopy imager and photosynthesis analyzer system were used to analyze the characteristics of canopy structure, photosynthetic physiology and micro-environmental factors at R4-R5 stage in different yielding soybean cultivars or lines with different maturities. The results showed that the common characteristics of high yielding soybean cultivars were high LAI, uniform foliage distribution in all horizontal directions, less variance of photosynthetic rate between top and bottom leaves in canopy and relatively higher photosynthetic rate of the whole canopy. All these characters combined in all resulted in higher canopy photosynthetic productivity, and pod number, seed number and seed weight per plant, especially pod and seed number in top and middle canopy were increased. The characters of high yielding canopy varied among maturities. Light interception was more important to early cultivars. Less foliage inclination angle was benefit to intercept more solar energy during yield formation. As late soybean cultivars had a more closure canopy and higher LAI, greater foliage inclination angle in all layers of high yielding canopy made more solar radiation penetrate into canopy, which was beneficial to yield formation.     

Exogenous Nitric Oxide Alleviated the Inhibition of Photosynthesis and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Iron-Deficient Chinese Cabbage （Brassica chinensis L.）

The effects of exogenous nitric oxide （NO） on plant growth, chlorophyll contents, photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters as well as lipid peroxidation and activities of antioxidant enzymes were investigated in Chinese cabbage plants exposed to iron （Fe） deficiency. Iron deficiency led to serious chlorosis in Chinese cabbage leaves, and resulted in significant decrease in plant growth, photosynthetic pigments, net photosynthetic rate, Fv/Fm, Ф ps Ⅱ and activities of antioxidant enzymes, and increase in lipid peroxidation. While treatment with SNP, a NO donor, it could revert the iron deficiency symptoms, increased photosynthetic rate as well as activities of antioxidant enzymes, and protected membrane from lipid peroxidation, as a result, the growth inhibition of Chinese cabbage by Fe deficiency was alleviated.     

Performance in Grain Yield and Physiological Traits of Rice in the Yangtze River Basin of China During the Last 60 yr

Knowledge on the performance in grain yield and physiological traits is essential to understand the main yield-limiting factor and make strategies for breeding and crop management in rice (Oryza sativa L.). This study investigated the changes in grain yield and associated physiological traits of rice in the Yangtze River Basin of China during the last 60 yr. Thirteen mid-season indica and 12 japonica rice cultivars that were popularly used were grown in the field in 2008 and 2009. The grain yield and yield components, biomass, leaf area, leaf photosynthesis, root oxidation activity, and harvest index were examined. The results showed that grain yield and grain yield per day have progressively increased during the years and such increases are mainly attributed to the expanded sink size as a result of more spikelets per panicle, especially for the case of super rice. Both biomass and harvest index were increased with the improvement of cultivars. Increase in biomass for modern rice cultivars was associated with an enhancement of leaf area and photosynthesis, root dry weight, and root oxidation activity, although the indica super rice cultivars showed a lower leaf photosynthetic rate and root oxidation activity than the semi-dwarf cultivars during the grain filling period. Both indica and japonica super rice cultivars exhibited a low percentage of filled grains, which may limit their great yield potential. All the data suggested that grain yield have been substantially improved during the 60 yr of rice breeding in the Yangtze River Basin. Expanded sink size, increased dry matter production and harvest index, and enhanced leaf area and photosynthesis, root dry weight, and root oxidation activity contribute to the improvement in grain yield. Increase in filling efficiency could realize the great yield potential in super rice.     

Chromosomal Location of the Genes Associated with Photosynthesis of Lophopyrum elongatum (Host) A. L(o)ve in Chinese Spring Background

Researches on the relationship between photosynthesis and wheat yield have equally attracted the attention of both domestic and overseas scholars. No report has existed so far on the study of the effects of exogenous chromosomes on photosynthesis using the substitution series as materials. In this research, Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring-Lophopyrum elongatum (Host) A.L(o)ve disomic substitution series were used as materials and flag leaves as the measuring position. And the CI-310 Portable Photosynthesis System made by CID Co. in USA was used to measure the net rate of photosynthesis of flag leaves in different developing stages and also to correlate photosynthesis with yield. Results showed that, out of the whole developing stages, at the anthesis stage the line of DS2Ee (2A) had the highest photosynthetic rate, therefore it could be used in improving process of the character of kernel number. The flag leaves of DS4Ee (4A, 4B, 4D) lines demonstrated certain high net photosynthetic rate from heading to grain filling stage, so it is valuable in the researh of promoting the yield index like 1000-grain weight through improvement of the photosynthetic rate at grain filling stage.     

小麦中国春背景下长穗偃麦草光合作用相关基因的染色体定位

 光合作用与小麦产量关系的研究倍受国内外学者关注，而以代换系为材料研究外源染色体对光合作用的效应至今未见报道。本文以小麦－长穗偃麦草二体代换系为材料，以旗叶为主要测定叶位，用美国CID公司生产的CI-310便携式光合作用测定系统于田间测定旗叶光合速率在各生育期变化，并测定其与产量构成因素间的相关性。结果表明，DS2Ee(2A)代换系在开花期具有在整个生育期最高的光合速率，2Ee染色体可在穗粒数性状的改良过程中加以利用。DS4Ee(4A、4B、4D)代换系其旗叶从抽穗期到灌浆期始终保持较高水平净光合速率，对籽粒形成和充实十分有利，4Ee染色体可在通过改良灌浆时光合速率来提高千粒重等产量指标的研究中加以利用。     

桐麦间作系统小麦群体光合量及其与产量的关系

桐麦间作系统内外小麦的对比研究表明,开花期和灌浆期系统内外各点小麦旗叶的最大光合速率差异不明显;成熟期小麦旗叶的最大光合速率明显下降,并且系统内低于系统外,西冠下低于东冠下．系统内外各点小麦群体光合速率的日变化与其接收的光合有效辐射量的变化规律基本上是一致的．开花期系统内外各点小麦群体总光合差异不明显,灌浆期和成熟期差异较明显,其中灌浆期系统内各点仅为对照的４０％～６６％,且冠外点明显高于冠下各点,西冠下点又稍高于东冠下点;成熟期总光合量较小,系统内各点仅为对照的２０％～５５％．系统内外各点小麦产量与开花期至成熟期群体光合量关系十分密切．各点干物质产量与作物产量比值（ξ）在０．５２～０．７７之间,其中,对照区与系统内冠外点ξ值比系统内冠下各点要低,而东冠下各点稍大于西冠下各点,ξ值的变化与种子数量呈反比．千粒重与灌浆期总光合量紧密相关．     

施肥对不同时期遮阴小麦光合、产量和品质的影响

为探究通过施肥能否减缓太阳辐射减弱对小麦生长发育及产量形成的不利影响,通过田间模拟试验,研究了不同生育期遮阴下施肥对冬小麦植株光合生理、产量和品质的影响。采用3因素3水平正交试验设计,遮阴设3水平,即不遮阴(S0,遮阴率0)、开花-成熟期遮阴(S1,平均遮阴率68%)、分蘖-成熟期遮阴(S2,平均遮阴率68%);复合肥(N-P₂O₅-K₂O)施用量设3水平,即100 kg·hm^-2(F1)、200 kg·hm^-2(F2)和300 kg·hm^-2(F3);硅肥施用量(以SiO₂计)设3水平,即0(R0)、200 kg·hm^-2(R1)和400 kg·hm^-2(R2)。结果表明：S1提高冬小麦开花-灌浆期旗叶净光合速率(Pn),S1和S2降低开花-灌浆期气孔导度(Gs)和灌浆期蒸腾速率(Tr),提高胞间CO₂浓度(Ci);S1和S2降低千粒质量、结实率、产量,减少籽粒直链淀...     

高产小麦旗叶光合作用及与籽粒灌浆进程关系的研究

 以小麦品种扬麦 5号为对照 ,研究了高产小麦品种莱州 953旗叶的光合气体交换特征、碳酸酐酶活性变化及灌浆进程。结果表明 ,两个小麦品种旗叶的叶绿素含量、光合速率、叶肉导度和碳酸酐酶活性变化动态基本类似 ,呈单峰曲线。与对照品种扬麦 5号相比 ,高产小麦品种莱州 953的上述光合参数较高 ,且其光合速率高值持续期、叶绿素含量相对稳定期也较长 ,叶源量大。莱州 953花后旗叶光合功能持续高效 ,光合与灌浆同步兴衰 ,这是其高产的光合生理特性之一。此外 ,莱州 953的饱和光强、量子效率、碳酸酐酶活性较高 ,CO2 补偿点较低 ,因而对环境因子光和 CO2 的适应能力较强。     

灌水量和灌水期对超高产小麦灌浆期光合特性及产量的影响

在连续多年创小麦超高产纪录试验田,通过Li-6400便携式光合测定仪,采用开放式气路测定旗叶净光合速率、胞间CO2摩尔分数、气孔导度等相关指标,研究灌水量和灌水期对超高产小麦灌浆期光合特性、水分利用率和产量的影响.结果表明,在灌水0～300 mm,灌水对超高产小麦生育后期的光合特性有显著调节作用;与CK处理相比,灌水可显著提高超高产小麦灌浆期旗叶SPAD值和叶面积指数,使小麦能够保持较好的叶片结构和功能状况,这是小麦获得超高产的基础;随着灌水量增加,超高产小麦旗叶气孔导度和蒸腾速率增加,胞间CO2摩尔分数降低,净光合速率提高;至T5处理(灌冬水、拔节水和灌浆水各60 mm)灌浆期旗叶各项光合指标协调,净光合速率最高,成熟期其产量最高,并达到超高产水平;进一步增加灌水量,小麦旗叶衰老加快,净光合速率降低,产量下降,水分利用率显著降低.在本试验条件下,灌冬水、拔节水和灌浆水各60 mm是超高产麦田适宜的用水方案.     

两种不同穗型小麦品种光合生理特性研究

比较了大穗型和多穗型小麦品种的光合生理特性。结果表明 ,与多穗型品种豫麦 4 9相比 ,大穗型品种鲁麦 91 - 3具有较好的光合源和光合能力 ,在整个灌浆期旗叶具有较高的净光合速率和蒸腾速率 ,灌浆中后期旗叶叶绿素含量较高 ,叶面积系数 (L AI)衰减迟缓 ,叶片功能期较长。进一步提高大穗品种产量潜力的途径是 ,在保持或适当提高生物学产量的同时 ,较大幅度提高收获指数     

灌浆对小麦旗叶光合功能的影响

以高产小麦新品种宁麦 9号为材料 ,通过去穗处理 ,研究了灌浆对小麦旗叶光合功能的影响。结果表明 ,去穗处理与对照 (没有去穗 )相比 ,旗叶的比叶重 (SLM )、光合速率 (Pn)和羧化效率 (CE)较高 ,呼吸速率 (Rd)和丙二醛 (MDA)含量较低 ,而叶片相对含水量 (RWC)、气孔导度 (gs)和叶肉导度 (gm)没有显著差异。因此 ,灌浆时由于低的CE和高Rd 导致光合功能衰退 ,加速了旗叶的衰老。     

开花后淹水对小麦旗叶叶肉细胞衰老的影响

 选用小麦品种济麦20和泰农18,采用池栽补灌淹水方法,研究开花期及灌浆期3,6,9,12d淹水对小麦旗叶肉细胞形态及籽粒产量的影响。结果显示,开花期不同时间淹水,两个品种细胞环数期望都得到了不同程度提高,灌浆前淹水减少了灌浆中后期,叶肉细胞的裂解,延缓了旗叶衰老;灌浆期淹水则加剧了叶肉细胞的裂解,光合性能迅速降低,旗叶的衰老加速。除淹水3d外,两时期6～12d淹水均引起籽粒产量降低。花后淹水降低小麦品种JM20与TN18产量,不同时期淹水减产主导原因不同。产量降低的主导因素是粒数的减少,其次是粒重的降低。旗叶对花后淹水抗性TN18强于JM20。     

限量补灌对旱地高产田小麦光合和产量的影响

在多年创高产旱地条件下,研究了不同补灌处理对旱地高产田小麦光合特性和产量的影响。结果表明：增加补灌次数和补灌量,小麦旗叶叶绿素含量、光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率升高,胞间CO2浓度降低,光合功能持续期延长,产量和产量构成因素增加,以补灌3水（越冬＋拔节＋灌浆）处理W4效果最佳,但产量和2水（拔节＋灌浆）处理W3没有显著差异。随着补灌次数和补灌量继续增加,W5、W6改善旗叶光合衰退的效果主要表现在后期,对产量提高的贡献并不大,相对与2水、3水处理,开始产生负效应,产量和产量构成因素千粒重、穗粒数反而下降。综合考虑产量和水分利用效率等因素,在本旱地高产试验田．拔节期、灌浆期2水补灌120mm的W3处理是最经济高效的补灌方案。