Pesticide residues in the total diet in Canada II—1970

Composites of food representing the Canadian diet were analysed for organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides and arsenic. Thirteen organochlorine and three organophosphorus pesticides were found. Residues were consistently low and would contribute to the diet approximately 20 μg total pesticide residues and 30 μg arsenic per person per day.     

微波辅助萃取技术在农药残留分析中的应用

本文综述了近年来国内外微波辅助萃取技术在有机磷、有机氯及其他农药残留分析中的应用。     

Recent advances in the study of the genetics of resistance in the housefly,Musca domestica

The genetics of resistance of the housefly, Musca domestica L., to organochlorine and organophosphorus insecticides, and interactions between mechanisms of resistance are reviewed and discussed.     

A survey of sheep dip usage in Scotland in 1978

A survey of sheep dipping in Scotland in 1978 showed that about 42 tonnes of organophosphorus and 17 tonnes of organochlorine insecticides were used to control ectoparasites. Information is presented about their pattern of use and about the disposal of surplus sheep dip and the empty containers. Six river pollution incidents involving sheep dips in 1978 are recorded. The main geographical areas affected by headfly (Hydrotaea irritans Fall.) and the measures taken against them are noted.     

Pesticides and Wildlife: Retrospect and Prospect

The effects are described of organochlorine insecticides on two indigenous British species of wildlife: the peregrine falcon ( Falco peregrinus Tunstall) and the small tortoiseshell butterfly ( Aglais urticae [L.]). Four conclusions are drawn about the effects of pesticides on wildlife, which are then used to consider the possible risks from organophosphorus insecticides.     

Pesticide residues in the total diet in Canada. III—1971

Foods, representing an average Canadian diet, were cooked, grouped by type of product and made into composites which were then analysed for organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides and arsenic. The amounts found were at a consistently low level and would contribute approx. 22 μg total pesticide residues and 25 μg arsenic/person/day.     

A multiresidue analytical method for determining organochlorine,organophosphorus, dinitrophenyl and carbamate pesticides in apples

A multiresidue analytical method for the simultaneous extraction of organochlorine, organophosphorus, dinitrophenyl and carbamate pesticides from apples is presented. Extraction is performed with a mixture of toluene and hexane. After clean-up on a Florisil column, and in some cases conversion to derivatives, quantitative determination is performed by electron-capture gas chromatography. Qualitative verification is performed by thin-layer chromatography or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.     

Pesticide residues in the total diet in Canada

A total diet, representative of a Canadian's daily food intake was formulated, grouped by types of food, and prepared as for eating. Analysis of these composites for residues showed eleven organochlorine but no organophosphorus pesticides. Residues were low and would yield an average total daily intake of 24μg/person/day. The level of arsenic was determined on one-quarter of the samples and was found to be consistently below 0.1 ppm.     

白腐真菌降解农药研究进展

白腐真菌是一类腐生的丝状真菌，其分泌的非特异性胞外氧化酶可以降解多种结构不同、毒性较高且难以降解的有机农药。本研究总结了白腐真菌对有机氯、有机磷、氨基甲酸酯和拟除虫菊酯类农药的降解效果，并对部分农药的降解途径研究进展进行了综述，分析了白腐真菌降解农药的影响因素，同时对其应用前景进行了展望。     

Pesticide residue concentrations in soils of five United States cities, 1971--urban soils monitoring program.

Soil samples from five metropolitan areas including Baltimore, Maryland; Gadsden, Alabama; Hartford, Connecticut; Macon, Georgia; and Newport News, Virginia were analyzed for elemental arsenic, organochlorine pesticides, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). A representative number of samples were analyzed for organophosphorus pesticides, but none was detected. All areas exhibited heavy soil concentrations of organochlorine pesticides including sigma DDT, aldrin, dieldrin, photodieldrin, chlordane, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, endrin, endrin ketone, and endosulfan sulfate. PCBs were detected in three of the five metropolitan areas. Within the metropolitan areas, samples from the urban, or core city, locations generally had higher pesticide concentrations than did samples from suburban locations. Finally, pesticide residue concentrations were generally higher in soils of metropolitan areas than in nearby agricultural soils.     

Insecticide resistance in houseflies from the middle east and North Africa with notes on the use of various bioassay techniques

The susceptibility to pyrethroid, organochlorine, organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides, of 20 strains of houseflies (Musca domestica L.) collected in the Middle East and North Africa, was assessed by topical application. No resistance to pyrethroids was found but most flies were resistant to DDT, gamma-HCH, organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides. Numerical factors of resistance for a susceptible and two different resistant strains, obtained using different bioassay techniques, were compared. High mortality (≥95%) was achieved with ‘resisted’ insecticides in tests with space sprays, but only low, variable mortality resulted from deposit tests. If this occurs under practical field conditions, moderately resistant populations of flies could be controlled by using space sprays containing comparatively high concentrations of active ingredient, but increased levels of deposit would be ineffective.     

Some experiments with different formulations of organophosphorus insecticides as seed dressings to control wheat bulb fly (Leptohylemyia coarctata)

Experiments on the control of wheat bulb fly larvae by seed dressings compared four organophosphorus compounds in standard siliceous earth formulations with special formulations of the same compounds in polyvinyl acetate, polypropylene or wax. The special formulations allowed more insecticide to be placed on the seeds without affecting germination. Counting shoots damaged by wheat bulb fly larvae showed that: siliceous earth formulations of diazinon gave good control which was not improved by special formulations; control with siliceous earth formulations of dimethoate was poor and was improved only little by the special formulations; and control with siliceous earth formulations of parathion and dichlofenthion was moderate and was improved by special formulations, especially polyvinyl acetate and polypropylene. The results suggest that special formulations are of most value with compounds that are moderately effective but where the amount of insecticide in standard seed dressings cannot be increased without damaging the plants.     

Pesticide residues in foodstuffs in Great Britain; organochlorine pesticides,organophosphorus pesticides and fumigant residues in home-produced and imported wheat

Residue levels of organochlorine pesticides, organophosphorus pesticides, fumigants and bromide were determined in home-produced and imported wheat during the period October 1978 to April 1979. A total of 281 samples was analysed of which 133 contained low levels of carbon tetrachloride, 112 contained low levels of gamma-HCH and 26 contained low levels of malathion. One sample contained a residue of carbon tetrachloride, and another a residue of 1,2-dichloroethane, both of which were above the Codex Alimentarius guide-line levels. No other residue approached the proposed Codex Alimentarius maximum residue limits.     

Pesticide residues in foodstuffs in Great Britain. Pesticide residues in raspberries and strawberries

Over the period 1968/70 147 samples of raspberries and 124 samples of strawberries were analysed for organochlorine insecticide residues. DDT was found in 30% of the samples but only one sample contained as much as 1.4 parts/million. No residues were detected in the raspberries during the last year of the survey which coincided with the discontinued use of DDT on this crop. 184 of the above samples were also analysed for residues of organophosphorus insecticides and the fungicide dichlofluanid. Malathion was found in one sample of raspberries. Approximately 40% of the strawberries contained detectable amounts of dichlofluanid and its metabolite with combined residues ranging from 0.1 to 7.5 parts/million. Only two samples of raspberries contained residues of either dichlofluanid or its metabolite. It is considered that the residues of these various pesticides should not present a hazard to consumers.     

Extended summaries: Pesticides group and physicochemical and biophysical panel symposium: The impact of genetic engineering on pest management. Engineering insect resistance into crop plants

Residue levels of organophosphorus, organochlorine and carbarmate insecticides, urea, carbamate and anilide herbicides, carbendazim, fumigants and bromide were determined in home-grown and imported wheat sampled at UK flour mills during the period February 1987 to December 1988. A total of 764 samples was analysed but not all the wheats were tested for all the residues; 140 of 474 samples examined for organophosphorus insecticides contained residues at levels above the reporting limit, 23 of 119 samples contained residues of gamma-HCH, seven of 104 contained carbon tetrachloride and one of 104 contained 1,2-dibromoethane. No residues of urea, carbamate or anilide herbicides, carbendazim, carbaryl or methyl bromide were detected in 32, 40, 44 and 45 samples respectively. Inorganic bromide levels in 45 samples examined were consistent with natural occurrence. Only a single imported wheat was found to contain a residue (of 1,2-dibromoethane) at a level in excess of UK statutory maximum residue levels.     

Pesticide residue levels in soils and crops from 37 states, 1972--National Soils Monitoring Program (IV).

Residue data from the 1972 (FY--73) National Soils Monitoring Program are summarized. Composite samples of agricultural soil and mature crops were collected from 1,483 of the 1,533 selected 4-hectare sites in 37 states. Analyses were performed for organochlorine and organophosphorus compounds, trifluralin and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs); analysis for atrazine was performed only when pesticide application data indicated current-year use. Organochlorine pesticides were detected in 45 percent of the soil samples. The most frequently detected compound was dieldrin, found in 27 percent of all soil samples. Other compounds detected, in order of frequency, included DDT, aldrin, chlordane, and heptachlor epoxide, found, respectively, in 21, 9, 8, and 7 percent of all soil samples. Crop samples were collected from 727 sites. All were analyzed for organochlorines; analyses were performed for organophosphates and atrazine only when pesticide application data indicated current-year use. For all crops, 40 percent of the samples contained detectable levels of organochlorines and 10 percent contained detectable levels of organophosphates. Atrazine was not detected.     

A survey of sheep dip usage in Scotland, 1973

A survey of sheep dipping and spraying in Scotland during 1973 has shown that about 40 tonnes of organophosphorus, 8 tonnes of organochlorine and 2 tonnes of carbamate insecticides were used to control ectoparasites. Substances used to combat headfly (Hydrotaea irritans) and the main areas of Scotland affected by this pest are noted. Information about the pattern of dipping in relation to geographical area, season and flock size and about the disposal of surplus dip and empty containers is presented. Though a small potential for environmental damage still exists no evidence of such came to light.     

菊酯、有机磷类混合制剂开发研究初报

作者以合剂共毒系数为增效参考指标,以田间实证增效效果为重要依据,选用棉铃虫、菜蚜类和麦蚜类等五种重要农业害虫为供试虫,经过1983—1988年的6年筛选和增效研究,发现由拟除虫菊酯类同有机磷类农药复配的二元混合制剂,大多数有较显著的增效作用,共毒系数超过130者,占试验总数的84.4％,其中超过200者占增效数的48.2％。以有机磷类农药复配组合中,共毒系数超过130者占总数的58.3％,但无超过200者。不同害虫的田间增效试验亦得到合剂比单剂防效高的增效结果。     

Liquid and Gas Chromatographic Multi-residue Pesticide Determination in Animal Tissues

A liquid chromatography multi-residue method with photometric detection has been developed. The method is applicable to the quantitative determination of organochlorine (tetradifon, dicofol, chlorfenson, chlorobenzilate), organophosphorus (fenitrothion, azinphos-ethyl) and carbamate (pirimicarb) pesticides in animal tissues. The extracted residues are cleaned up by gel-permeation chromatography. A further fractionation on silica Sep-Pack cartridges is included in the procedure. A gas chromatographic method with electron-capture detection for the analysis of the same pesticides was carried out and the results in the two cases compared. Lower detection and quantitation limits and similar recoveries of pesticides from spiked pig liver and brain samples were obtained by the LC method. © 1997 SCI.     

Potentiation of malathion by other insecticides against Musca domestica

Twenty-seven insecticides, including organochlorine, organophosphorus compounds and carbamates were tried for potentiation of the toxic effect of malathion. Carbaryl, diazinon, fenthion, gamma-BHC, parathion and tetrachlorvinphos potentiated the action of malathion. Fourteen insecticides gave additive effects while seven proved antagonistic. Insecticides which showed potentiation, were further tested by mixing with malathion in the ratios of 1:9, 3:7, 5:5, 7:3 and 9:1. All the five combinations in the six mixtures gave potentiating effects. Maximum potentiation of 17.6 times was observed in 1:9 combination of malathion and gamma-BHC. The proportions in which the insecticides were mixed had a pronounced effect on the toxic effect of malathion.