白洋淀湿地CH4和CO2排放特征及其影响因素初探

本研究旨在探索白洋淀湿地碳排放规律及影响因素,以期为制定该地区的碳管理决策提供技术支持.运用静态箱-气相色谱法,测定了白洋淀湿地不同时间、区域环境下甲烷(Ch4)和二氧化碳(CO2)的排放通量.结果 表明,5-10月CH4和CO2排放通量均呈现先增大后减少的变化趋势,其中7月CH4和CO2排放通量的日变化较大.在空间上...     

Introduction: Natural resources and ethnic conflicts in Asia Pacific

Abstract: The papers in this special issue are the product of a comparative interdisciplinary workshop on ‘Natural Resources and Violent Ethnic Conflicts in the Asia Pacific Region’ held in Honolulu, Hawaii, 18–20 March 2005. The workshop brought together scholars who study conflicts between ethnic groups and those who study conflicts over natural resource claims in order to examine the interplay of resources and ethnicity and to seek answers to the question of why violence occurs in some cases and not in others. Both sets of scholars agreed on some points but disagreed on others. They agreed that ethnic and resource grievances occur not so much out of objective deprivation but out of ‘relative deprivation’ when groups compare their situation with others, to the past, or to future expectations. They both stressed the role of democratic processes in alleviating resource competition and ethnic conflicts – but they did this in different ways. The perspectives and solutions offered by these papers sum to a deeper and more contextualised understanding of the cause of conflict and to mutually reinforcing solutions for resolving them.     

International healthcare worker migration in Asia Pacific: International policy responses

The growth of the international migration of health workers in recent decades has taken place in the context of the transnationalisation of healthcare provision as well as of governance and policy responses. This paper examines international policy responses to cross‐border health worker migration in the Asia Pacific region. These include multilateral (global and regional) and bilateral policy agreements, policy dialogue and programmes of action in relation to key issues of ethical recruitment, ‘circular’ migration and labour rights and key themes of health workforce planning and management. The paper brings original new analysis of international datasets and secondary data to bear on the pressing and important questions of what international policy initiatives and responses are at work in the Asia Pacific region, and what these mean for the nature of migration governance in the region. The paper's focus routes the evidence and argument towards current research and policy debates about the relationship between health worker migration, health worker shortages and poor health outcomes. In this, the paper brings new insights into the analysis of the international policy ‘universe’ through its emphasis on multiple and intersecting cross‐border institutions, initiatives and actors operating across different scales. Coherent national and international strategies for integrated health worker migration governance and policy need to incorporate these insights, and the paper considers their implications for current strategies to attain universal health care and improved health outcomes in Asia Pacific and beyond.     

Global production networks,the developmental state and the articulation of Asia Pacific economies in the commercial aircraft industry

Abstract: Asia Pacific economies – particularly Japan, South Korea, China and Singapore – play a large and growing role in the commercial aircraft industry, despite the fact that the region has no major independent plane‐maker. Instead, Asia has secured a significant position in the increasingly elaborate global production networks of Boeing and Airbus. The wider Asian significance in those networks has been fostered not only by the region's deep capital and human resource assets but also by the catalytic actions of developmental states in the region. Moreover, decades of rapid air traffic growth have made Asia a crucial market for Boeing and Airbus. In response, the American and European giants have been compelled to outsource more of their business to Asia in order to win sales and to design new airliners tailored to the needs of Asian customers. Together, the increased importance of Asia in both the design and the manufacture of commercial aircraft point to a future in which Asia will capture an ever‐larger share of the value created in one of the world's most technologically sophisticated and strategically significant industries.     

The setting: demographic mosaic of the Asia Pacific region — issues defining the future

The Asia Pacific region is demographically extremely diverse, with respect to both the sizes of national populations and the processes that determine population growth. Nevertheless, it is clear that in the 1990s development planning needs primarily to confront the implications not of continued high fertility, but of often rapid fertility decline to as yet uncertain levels. This paper briefly discusses these themes as a scene-setter for the papers which follow.     

Smallholders and the spread of capitalism in rural Southeast Asia

Abstract: Although capitalism is now widely seen to be the world's only remaining form of political economy, most discussion of capitalism is vague regarding what it is and gives it little analytical importance. In this paper, I attempt to determine whether two more explicit conceptions of capitalism – those of Ellen Meiksins Wood and Hernando de Soto – can shed any light on the literature on rural smallholder commodity production in the Asia Pacific, and vice versa. I use the papers collected in this volume to analyse the relevance of ‘market dependence’ (Wood) and the various ‘mysteries of capital’ (de Soto) for agrarian relations in the Asia Pacific. The paper tries to point towards a definition of capitalism that distinguishes it from such related terms as commercialisation, markets, and globalisation.     

CO2-O2混合喷吹对铁液中C、V元素氧化的影响

为了验证用CO2替代部分O2进行转炉氧化提钒的可行性,在实验室进行了CO2-O2混合喷吹提钒模拟实验。结果显示C的氧化量与C的氧化速率随CO2含量的增加而升高;V的氧化量随CO2含量的增加而降低,其中CO2含量为20%与纯O2对C、V的氧化量接近;纯O2喷吹时C的氧化量为34.56%,V的氧化量为96.85%;CO2含量为20%混合气体喷吹时C的氧化量为36.83%,V的氧化量为93.29%;以V的相对氧化量与C的相对氧化量的比值(ΔV/ΔC)来衡量提钒保碳能力,CO2含量为20%的最终ΔV/ΔC为5.96,CO2含量,40%、60%、80%的最终ΔV/ΔC均小于3.8;反应前期,V的氧化速率随CO2含量的增加而升高,反应后期V的氧化速率随CO2含量的增加而降低。     

The harmless process for the sodium removal of Bayer red mud by CO2

The harmless process for the sodium removal of red mud is investigated by using CO2 to remove sodium from the aluminum solid waste Bayer red mud. The indicator of the experiment is the sodium removal rate. Reaction temperature, reaction time, solid-liquid ratio, CO2 gas flow, and the particle size of red mud five impact factors for the sodium removal are researched and the results are as follows. The reasonable parameters for the sodium removal are reaction temperature 25 ℃, reaction time 100 min, solid-liquid ratio 1/5, CO2 gas flow 0.8 L/min, and fine grinding red mud particle size. Under the reasonable parameters condition, the sodium removal rate is 76.12%, the remaining Na2O content is 2.5%, and the concentration of NaHCO3 solution is about 4%. Compared with the traditional process, the process is simpler. By the process, the PH value of red mud slurry is decreased to 7.1 from 10.2, and the red mud becomes harmless. During the process, the emission of greenhouse gas CO2 is reduced and NaHCO3 can be recycled, conducive to recycling of resources.     

Structured regionalism in the Asia‐Pacific: Slow but sure progress

Abstract: Notwithstanding the existence of considerable intra‐regional trade, the Asia‐Pacific region was slow to catch onto the concept and phenomenon of regionalism. Not many regional integration arrangements were created in the region and the ones that were created did not go far. Over the preceding three‐and‐a‐half decades, the high performing Asian economies adopted outward‐oriented strategies, promoting brisk trade expansion trade and foreign investment. Asia‐Pacific regionalism was essentially market‐led and uninstitutionalised. Regional production networks were the consequence of market‐led economic dynamics in the region. Large corporations, including transnationals, contributed to the growth of a pan‐Asian industrialisation process and trade expansion. This scenario underwent a transformation in the 1990s, particularly during the Asian crisis of 1997–98. Conscious economic and monetary co‐operation with institutional support increased considerably. Asia‐Pacific economies are more committed to regionalism – both economically and institutionally – now than ever before.     

Modeling and Experimental Analysis on CO2 Heat Pump in Low Temperature Ambient

The use of CO2 air-source heat pump for heating feasibility in low temperature was analyzed. A static simulation model for the CO2 heat pump was developed, and component models of the gas cooler, evaporator, compressor and expansion valve were constructed with careful consideration of the heat transfer performances. To validate the simulation model, experiments were carried out with an actual CO2 heat pump system for heating. By comparing the simulated and experimental data, the effects of the inlet water temperature and outside air temperature on the characteristics of the system were discussed. Furthermore, an analysis on the effect of a recuperator on the performance of the system was analyzed. It is shown that when the outside temperature is -20℃, the COPh is 2.25, which indicates that this system works well in low temperature, and the efficiency of system COPh is improved by 5% when recuperator is used.     

Introduction to special issue: Meeting the challenges of HIV/AIDS in Southeast and East Asia

Out of a total of 38 million people living with HIV/AIDS globally today, the Asia‐Pacific is home to about 7.4 million – a figure which constitutes a sharp rise to previous years. In absolute numbers, infections in Asia are projected to exceed African figures within a decade. This has largely to do with economic changes towards market‐based capitalism, widening socioeconomic disparities and increased levels of mobility (internal and cross‐border), as for instance in China and Indonesia. Overall, the epidemic in Asia has been described as more complex than in Africa involving a multiplicity of transmission modes. The case studies presented in the contributions to this special issue discuss the connections between issues of mobility, gender, (trans)nationalism and sexuality in understanding the HIV/AIDS challenge in the region. The various ways in meeting the challenges of HIV/AIDS in Southeast and East Asia are analysed, whereby non‐governmental and community‐based responses often emerge as more effective than state interventions.     

Mining,risk and climate resilience in the ‘other’ Pacific: Latin American lessons for the South Pacific

We suggest the value of considering Pacific Latin America and the South Pacific in relationship to each other in contexts of climate change and investment in extractive industry. The paper explores the interactions between extractive industry, climate change and environmental governance through the lenses of double exposure, double movements, resilience and risk. The first part of the paper addresses the nature and scope of investments in extractive industries in this ‘other Pacific’. The geography of these investments is changing the actual and perceived distribution of exposure and risk in the region. The nature of this risk is also being affected by climate change and its implications for the geographies of water and land‐use. Much of the contention surrounding extractive industries can be understood as conflicts over the unequal distribution of this risk, how to interpret its significance and the ways in which resilience might be enhanced to respond to it. The final section of the paper discusses the ways in which mining governance and governance for resilience converge and, on the basis of recent experiences in El Salvador, analyses the difficulties in governing extractive industry in a way that manages risk and builds resilience.     

Governing climate change in Hong Kong: Prospects for market mechanisms in the context of emissions trading in China

Hong Kong continues to struggle over which environmental governance approach is in its best interest while fulfilling its environmental obligations. With regard to climate change, Hong Kong's approach is characterised by a passive form of governance that is highly dependent on China's national policy directions. This is reflected, for example, in Hong Kong having not set its own mitigation targets. Market mechanisms have received little attention in developing a city‐wide climate change strategy. A transformative impulse, China's national emissions trading scheme, may provide momentum to a market‐based approach. However, the necessary conditions for such a market mechanism to be successfully implemented in China remain relatively undeveloped. This raises question about early participation by Hong Kong. Direct benefits are likely to be limited, due to Hong Kong's economic structure and weak demand for emissions reduction. Besides, there are regulatory barriers to enforcing emissions targets and/or recognising emissions allowances and credits from China. We therefore argue that nationwide emissions trading may, at this time, present more challenges than opportunities for Hong Kong to leverage its efforts on climate change mitigation. An alternative is to promote voluntary emissions trading that will require active involvement and leadership by businesses.     

Elevated CO2 affects plant nitrogen and water‐soluble carbohydrates but not in vitro metabolisable energy

The effects of elevated concentrations of atmospheric CO₂ (e[CO₂]) on the nutritive value of wheat vegetative matter and grain as a feedstock for ruminants were investigated in a study undertaken at the Australian grains free‐air CO₂ enrichment (AGFACE) facility. The study included two commercial wheat cultivars (Janz and Yitpi) and two genetic selections from a Seri/Babex population (SB003 and SB062) which had previously been characterised for low and high water‐soluble carbohydrate accumulation efficiency. The trial was grown under ambient (~390 µmol/mol) and elevated (~550 µmol/mol) CO₂ conditions, and plants harvested at tillering, anthesis and physiological maturity. Composition analyses to determine the nutritive value for ruminant feed were undertaken on stems, leaves and grain. Plant and grain nitrogen were reduced in the e[CO₂] treatments, and as expected, the water‐soluble carbohydrates increased. All genotypes responded to e[CO₂] with the effects of altered composition evident within 60 days of sowing. Determinants of ruminant feed quality such as neutral and acid detergent fibre and estimated in vitro metabolisable energy were not significantly affected. The reduced plant and grain N will impact on the nutritive value and supplementation may be required. The impact of e[CO₂] on chemical composition of wheat plants may be greater if the predicted climate change is associated with concomitant abiotic stress such as high ambient temperature or low soil moisture.     

The Construction Proposals and Construction Technology of Steel Plate Pile Cofferdam of Off-shore Pumping House for the Highest Foundation in Asia

This paper described in detail the construction proposals and construction technology of steel plate pile cofferdam used for the construction of off-shore pumping house of the highest foundation in Asia, as well as the construction method and technical analysis of treatment of 'exposed foot' of steel plate pile cofferdam.