中国花生核心种质的建立及与ICRISAT花生微核心种质的比较

以中国花生种质资源数据库中记录的6 390份花生资源为材料, 以其基本数据、特征数据和评价数据为信息, 采用分层分组聚类以及随机取样与必选资源相结合的方法, 构建了由576份资源组成的花生核心种质, 占基础收集品的9.01%。除出仁率外, 核心种质与基础收集品种间的其他14个性状平均值和多样性指数差异均不明显, 表明本研究建立的核心种质是有效的。与ICRISAT花生微核心种质的比较, 中国花生资源在龙生型和珍珠豆型方面具有优势, 叶片长、叶片宽、种子长、种子宽的遗传多样性丰富; 而ICRISAT花生资源在多粒型和普通型方面具有优势, 且植株高度和总分枝数的遗传多样性比中国花生资源丰富。     

基于果实品质与EST-SSR标记的刺梨居群遗传多样性分析及核心种质构建

通过分析评价野生刺梨(Rosa roxburghii Tratt.)资源居群遗传多样性和遗传结构,同时构建核心种质,为刺梨资源的保护和发掘利用提供科学依据。本研究利用10对EST-SSR引物和9个果实品质性状指标对收集的12个刺梨自然居群(共102份种质)的遗传多样性及遗传结构进行分析,同时结合原贵州省32份初级核心种质,采用位点优先取样策略进一步构建西南地区核心种质。结果表明,黔西(QX)居群拥有最高的Shannon信息指数I=0.6965,基因多样性指数h=0.3935,多态位点百分率p=84.62%;而古丈(GZ)居群则无论在分子数据还是表型数据都表现为遗传多样性最低;AMOVA分析表明刺梨居群内遗传变异在87%以上,居群间基因流Nem在3.5以上、平均Nei’s遗传距离(GD)0.223。构建的19份核心种质等位基因保留率和稀有等位基因保留率均为100%,能够代表原种质的遗传多样性。西南地区野生刺梨的遗传变异主要发生在居群内,居群间具有基因交流频繁、Nei’s遗传距离小等特点,构建的19份核心种质从等位基因保留率、稀有等位基因保留率及地理分布均能够较好地代表原种质的遗传多样性。自然居群以黔西(QX)居群遗传多样性最高。因此,野生刺梨的保护策略可采用就地保护黔西(QX)居群与迁地保护19份核心种质相结合的方法进行。     

植物核心种质构建数据和代表性评价参数的研究进展

核心种质研究是利用植物遗传资源的便捷途径,核心种质研究最主要的内容是找出有效的构建方法,使构建的核心种质能够以最小的样本数最大限度的代表原始群体的遗传多样性。核心种质的构建与代表性评价均是基于一系列反映植物材料遗传多样性的数据。本文对近年来构建核心种质的各类数据作了综述,并总结了核心种质代表性评价参数的研究进展。     

基于表型探讨 76 份沙芦草核心种质构建策略

为了调查收集珍稀濒危沙芦草种质资源,提高保护利用效率,以76份沙芦草种质为材料,测定26个表型性状数据,采用2种遗传距离、3种取样方法、8种系统聚类方法和7种取样比例构建了55组候选沙芦草核心种质,利用筛选得到的最佳构建方案构建初级核心种质;应用均值差异百分率（MD）、方差差异百分率（VD）、极差符合率（CR）和变异系数变化率（VR）4个参数检验各取样策略的优劣。同时,以t检验对核心种质的变异程度及代表性进行评价,并用主成分分析法对核心种质进行确认。结果表明：“多次聚类偏离度取样法+欧式距离+可变类平均法+25%的取样比例”是构建沙芦草初级核心种质取样最佳策略;核心种质的主成分累计贡献率高于原种质,表明核心种质均匀分布在原始种质范围内,无重叠现象,有效地避免了核心种质的冗余;构建的19份沙芦草种质资源初级核心种质有效且质量较高,能够在保证冗余较少的情况下充分代表原种质遗传差异。     

陆地棉种质资源遗传多样性分析及初级核心种质构建

旨在评价陆地棉种质资源的遗传多样性和筛选代表性种质,为科学评价和高效利用陆地棉种质资源提供理论依据。基于367份陆地棉种质的SNP标记及其中353份种质的表型数据分别分析其遗传多样性、构建系统进化树及初级核心种质,并对初级核心种质的构建效果进行评价。结果显示,原始陆地棉群体SNP位点多态性信息含量为0.24,各表型性状的遗传多样性指数均接近或大于2.00,与前人研究结果相近。基于SNP标记可以将供试群体划分为3个类群,构建了73份基因型初级核心种质,初级核心种质的Nei′s遗传多样性指数、多态性信息含量等指标数值大于原始种质。基于表型数据可将供试群体划分为3个类群,各性状均值呈第Ⅰ类群最小、第Ⅱ类群居中、第Ⅲ类群最大的趋势。构建了含70份材料的表型初级核心种质,各性状均值较原始种质的差异均不显著,极差、遗传多样性指数与原始种质相近,变异系数均高于原始种质。基于SNP标记构建的初级核心种质和基于表型数据构建的初级核心种质有15份重合,这些种质多为基因型第Ⅱ类群和表型第Ⅱ类群。以上结果表明,陆地棉种质资源基因型遗传多样性较低,但表型变异丰富、遗传多样性较高。本研究构建的基因型和表型初级核心...     

应用SRAP标记分析黑芝麻核心种质遗传多样性

利用SRAP分子标记技术对中国芝麻资源核心收集品中的黑芝麻种质进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,13对引物组合对100份黑芝麻核心种质共扩增出稳定清晰的条带182条,其中多态性条带126条,占69.2%,每对引物组合的条带数和多态性带数分别为14.0个和9.7个;供试材料间成对遗传相似系数介于0.469~0.986,平均为0.726,通过UPGMA法,在遗传相似系数为0.68处可将供试材料聚为5个类群,表明黑芝麻核心种质具有较丰富的遗传多样性,聚类结果与地理分布没有明显的关系;遗传多样性指数是南方黑芝麻核心种质(0.3557)＞中部种质(0.3415)＞北方种质(0.2986)。本研究结果较全面反映了中国保存的黑芝麻种质资源遗传多样性特点,为我国黑芝麻资源进一步考察收集和引进,以及优异黑芝麻基因资源挖掘和育种利用提供了理论依据。     

基于表型性状和SSR分子标记构建甘薯核心种质

为更好地保存、研究和利用甘薯种质资源,本研究以国家甘薯种质资源圃(广州)保存的1091份甘薯种质为材料,分别采用欧氏距离和Nei’s距离进行NJ聚类分组,组内随机取样,构建核心种质。利用均值、方差、香农多样性指数、变异系数等指标对核心种质的表型性状数据进行代表性评价,以及利用有效等位基因、Nei’s遗传多样性指数、Shannon’s多样性指数等指标对核心种质的SSR分子标记数据进行代表性评价;并利用主成分分析对核心种质进行确认。结果表明,构建的甘薯核心种质包含289份材料,占全部种质的26.49%;在P<0.05概率下,核心种质中表型性状以及SSR分子标记的相关指标与全部种质无显著差异,且二者的表型频率分布基本一致;主成分分析表明核心种质具有与全部种质相似的遗传多样性和群体结构。建立的甘薯核心种质很好地代表了全部种质的遗传变异和群体结构,可为甘薯的品种改良、优良基因挖掘以及种质创新奠定良好基础。     

关于建立黑龙江寒地牧草种质资源档案的研究探索

牧草种质资源是筛选和培育优良牧草新品种不可缺少的遗传基础。近年来,黑龙江乃至全国牧草种质资源保护与利用工作取得较大成效,但仍存在牧草种质资源收集不全、保存不规范、开发利用不足等问题。利用档案化思维,对如何开展好寒地牧草种质资源的收集、鉴定、登记、保存、监测、更新和利用进行了研究探索。     

基于SSR分子标记的刺槐遗传多样性分析及核心种质的构建

刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)是一种极具发展利用潜能的林业生物质能源树种。为了解决刺槐林业生物质能源面临的原料短缺问题,本研究选取了中国北方7个地区的96个刺槐种质资源,运用筛选出的14对SSR引物进行标记,分析了其遗传多样性并构建核心种质。结果表明:刺槐种质资源的平均等位基因数(Na)为3.2143;平均有效等位基因数(Ne)为2.1840;平均Shannon’s信息指数(I)为0.8831;平均观测杂合度(Ho)为0.4055;平均预期杂合度(He)为0.5149,收集的刺槐种质存在丰富的遗传多样性。采用逐步聚类法进行核心种质构建,最终确定的核心种质共包含23份种质。通过t检测,核心种质遗传多样性与原始种质无显著差异,可以充分地代表原始种质资源。核心种质纤维素含量提高了2.17%,平均达到33.42%,适宜作为纤维素生物质能源原料。研究结果为刺槐种质资源的保护,管理和纤维素生物质能源化利用提供了丰富的理论依据和优良的种质材料。     

山东菏泽农作物种质资源普查收集及保存

为明确菏泽市农作物种质资源保存及保护利用现状,开展了菏泽市第三次全国农作物种质资源普查与收集行动。通过普查收集种质资源 400 余份,被国家级农作物种质资源库（圃）及山东省农业科学院种质资源研究中心确定接收 345 种,其中粮食作物 80 种,经济作物 36 种,蔬菜作物 119 种,果树作物 110 种,为作物育种、农业科技原始创新、生物科学研究和农业生产发展提供了丰富的遗传基础,对作物新品种选育及种质资源创制具有重要意义。     

Multivariate analysis of vineyard peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] germplasm collection

Thirty vineyard peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] genotypes were studied to determine the overall degree of polymorphism and to detect similarities among genotypes. The variation was observed for traits related to phenology, morphology, yield and fruit quality. Many fruit characteristics that are important to breeders are present in this collection. The majority of important correlations were determined between the characteristics representing fruit size (fruit width, fruit height, fruit weight and stone weight) and between those ones representing fruit quality (fruit attractiveness, taste, flavour and soluble solids content). Cluster and principal component analysis showed a considerable phenotypical diversity in the vineyard peach germplasm. Clustering of genotypes was in accordance with its purpose (fresh consumption or rootstocks production). Parameters with high discriminating values were those related to fruit size and fruit quality.     

Phenotypic diversity among local Spanish and foreign peach and nectarine [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] accessions

Phenotypic data for tree and fruit characteristics was collected over three consecutive years from a germplasm collection of 94 peach and nectarine accessions representing both traditional Spanish as well as foreign cultivars with widespread global plantings. All accessions were grown at the Experimental Station of Aula Dei located in the Ebro Valley (Northern Spain, Zaragoza) under a Mediterranean climate. Tree traits evaluated included bloom and harvest date, vigor, yield, yield efficiency and flower and leaf characteristics. Fruit traits included fresh weight, firmness, soluble solids, titratable acidity, levels of individual soluble sugars (sucrose, glucose, fructose and sorbitol), vitamin C, total phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, relative antioxidant capacity and ripening index. Extensive variability was observed for most qualitative and quantitative traits with significant correlations identified between many traits. While the traditional Spanish accessions demonstrated good adaptability to the northern Spain evaluation site, opportunities for continued improvement in tree and fruit quality traits were demonstrated by an extensive phenotypic variability within the germplasm collection.     

Mapping of QTL associated with seed chemical content in a RIL population of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

The character of flat versus round fruit shape is controlled by a single gene (S/s) on chromosome 6 in peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch], with the flat fruit phenotype produced by the S/s heterozygous genotype. We used 16 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers at the S/s region and physically mapped them in the peach sequence. Seven were mapped in the new F1 population from a cross between the two flat fruit cultivars 'UFO-3' and ‘Sweet Cap’ that segregated for the S/s gene. Fourteen of the SSRs were mapped in the Prunus reference map (T×E), of which seven had already been mapped and seven were added within this work. Our results confirmed the position of S/s on the distal part of chromosome 6. Thirteen of the initial 16 markers were also studied in a collection of flat (66) and round (39) cultivars, where some of the alleles were associated to the character and one of them, the 131 bp allele of marker UDP98-412, predicted in 98.4 % of the cases the flat shape. This allele was highly predictive of the flat fruit character in an additional collection of 100 cultivars, and is an useful tool for marker-assisted selection of flat peaches and nectarines, a trait that is becoming of increasing interest in breeding programs as consumption of these fruits is growing in the European market.     

Segregation of peach and nectarine (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) cultivars according to their organoleptic characteristics

Cultivar segregation according to the sensory perception of their organoleptic characteristics was attempted by using trained panel data evaluated by principal component analysis of four sources per cultivar of 23 peach and 26 nectarine cultivars as a part of our program to develop minimum quality indexes. Fruit source significantly affected cultivar ripe soluble solids concentration (RSSC) and ripe titratable acidity (RTA), but it did not significantly affect sensory perception of peach or nectarine flavor intensity, sourness or aroma by the trained panel. For five out of the 49 cultivars tested, source played a role in perception of sweetness. In all of these cases when a source of a specific cultivar was not classified in the proposed organoleptic group it could be explained by the fruit having been harvested outside of the commercial physiological maturity (immature or over-mature) for that cultivar. The perception of the four sensory attributes (sweetness, sourness, peach or nectarine flavor intensity, peach or nectarine aroma intensity) was analyzed by using the three principal components, which accounted for 92 and 94% of the variation in the sensory attributes of the tested cultivars for peach and nectarine, respectively. Season did not significantly affect the classification of one cultivar that was evaluated during these two seasons. By plotting organoleptic characteristics in PC1 and PC2 (∼76%) for peach and nectarine, cultivars were segregated into groups (balanced, tart, sweet, peach or nectarine aroma and/or peach or nectarine flavor intensity) with similar sensory attributes; nectarines were classified into five groups and peaches into four groups. Based on this information, we recommend that cultivars should be classified in organoleptic groups and development of a minimum quality index should be attempted within each organoleptic group rather than proposing a generic minimum quality index based on the ripe soluble solids concentration (RSSC). This organoleptic cultivar classification will help to match ethnic preferences and enhance current promotion and marketing programs.     

Maternal inheritance of sugars and acids in peach (P. persica (L.) Batsch) fruit

Maternal inheritance of sugars and acids in peach fruit were investigated during two successive years using reciprocal populations derived from ‘low acid’ (LA) flat peach ‘Zaolupan’ and non-LA round peach ‘Zaoxing’. The reciprocal populations segregated into LA round, LA flat, non-LA round and non-LA flat-fruited offspring. Generally, the reciprocal populations had similar range and mean values of sugar and acid. Mean values were to different degree lower than or similar to mid-parental values. Maternal inheritance did not show significant effects on sugars and acids. Broad sense heritability of sugars and acids was high, ranging from 0.61 to 0.90. The correlations among sugars and acids were studied, and positive correlations were always found between glucose and fructose, and quinate and shikimate. Generally, mean glucose, fructose, sorbitol, quinate and shikimate contents did not show significant difference among LA round, LA flat, non-LA round and non-LA flat-fruited progenies. Mean sucrose and total sugar contents of flat-fruited progenies tended to be higher than round-fruited progenies, while mean malate, citrate and total acid contents did not significantly differ with fruit shape (round vs. flat).     

Influence of year and genetic factors on chilling injury susceptibility in peach (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Prunus persica</Emphasis> (L.) Batsch)

Chilling injury (CI) is a major physiological problem limiting consumption and export of peach and nectarine (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch). To clarify the genetic basis for chilling injury, inheritance of the major CI symptoms mealiness, flesh browning, flesh bleeding, and flesh leatheriness were examined over three years in two related peach progenies. In addition, genetic relationships among traits and the year-to-year variation in trait performance in these progenies were tracked. Both populations also segregated for Freestone-Melting flesh (F-M) and yellow flesh. There were significant differences in CI symptoms among years. The major gene endoPG, which controls the F-M locus, provides resistance to mealiness in non-melting flesh fruit. Only fruit with melting flesh can develop mealiness if the tree possesses other genetic susceptibility factors and/or experiences inducing conditions. The F-M locus also greatly influences susceptibility to flesh bleeding, although the physiological mechanism for this disorder is unclear and may be controlled by a different gene closely linked to endoPG. Unlike mealiness, flesh bleeding occurred primarily in non-melting flesh fruit, particularly when the fruit is white-fleshed. Flesh browning incidence was greater in mealy fruit and was not associated with flesh bleeding. Breeding for CI resistance is thus a viable long-term strategy to reduce losses in the fresh and processed peach and nectarine industries. This study is an important first step to understanding genetic control of CI symptoms in peach.     

Trait inheritance in pepper (Capsicum spp.) cultivars identified as resistant to green peach aphid (Myzus persicae)

The green peach aphid, here abbreviated as green peach aphid (GPA), is a significant global pest of pepper. Conventional insecticide use risks the development of resistance and harms beneficial insects, whereas the deployment of resistant pepper cultivars offers an effective, economical and eco-friendly management strategy. However, no GPA resistance gene has yet been identified in pepper. In this study, greenhouse and field screening for resistance to GPA in 24 pepper cultivars identified 'ZDC' as highly resistant and 'DYJJ' as highly susceptible. Subsequent inheritance analysis using these cultivars as parents showed that the segregation ratio of resistant and susceptible offspring was 1:1 for F₁ plants and 3:1 for F₂ plants. This indicated that pepper resistance to GPA was controlled by a single dominant gene. The highly resistant cultivar 'ZDC' may enable incorporation of resistance in future breeding programmes following further investigations to establish a fuller understanding of the genetics of GPA resistance in this species.     

Inheritance of resistance to the peach root‐knot nematode (Meloidogyne floridensis) in interspecific crosses between peach (Prunus persica) and its wild relative (Prunus kansuensis)

The peach root‐knot nematode, Meloidogyne floridensis (MF), infects majority of available nematode‐resistant peach rootstocks which are mostly derived from peach (Prunus persica) and Chinese wild peach (P. davidiana). Interspecific hybridization of peach with its wild relative, Kansu peach (P. kansuensis), offers potential for broadening the resistance spectrum in standard peach rootstocks. We investigated the inheritance of resistance to MF in segregating populations of peach (‘Okinawa’ or ‘Flordaguard’) × P. kansuensis. A total of 379 individuals from 13 F₂ and BC₁F₁ families were challenged with a pathogenic MF isolate “MFGnv14” and were classified as resistant (R) or susceptible (S) based on root galling intensity. Segregation analyses in F₂ progeny revealed the involvement of a major locus with a dominant or recessive allele determining resistance in progeny segregating 3R:1S and 1R:3S, respectively. Testcrosses with a homozygous‐susceptible peach genotype (‘Flordaguard’ or ‘UFSharp’) confirmed P. kansuensis as a source of new resistance and the heterozygous allelic status of P. kansuensis at the locus conferring resistance to MF. We propose a single‐locus dominant/recessive model for the inheritance of resistance.     

枳壳EST-SSR标记的开发

GenBank上已公布的枳壳EST序列为开发新的SSR标记提供了宝贵的数据资源。本研究利用在线SSR鉴定软件SSRIT分析来自枳壳EST数据库的11029条Unigene序列。分析结果共发现327条EST序列含有348个SSR位点,占总数的2.96%。其中,三核苷酸重复的SSR类型最多,共有161个,占检索总数的46.26%。Primer 3.0设计合成58对EST-SSR引物,其中36对能扩增出产物,6对引物产生多态性分离,分别占所设计引物总数的62.07%和10.34%。本文研究成果为今后枳壳遗传多样性分析、遗传图谱构建及比较基因组等研究方面奠定了基础。