葡萄越冬不同覆膜方法和日光温室保温性能分析

为了明确葡萄越冬不同覆膜方法保温性能的差异,2013—2014年冬季,在新疆阜康市进行了葡萄覆膜越冬架空式双层、紧贴式双层、单层覆膜和日光温室与土埋越冬的温度逐日观测。结果表明:架空式双层的保温性最好,最低温度大于土埋的补偿温度最多,温室效应最小;寒冷期最低温度比温室高,转暖期最高温度比温室低,有利于保温和防止烧苗抽条。平均温度10℃的萌发日期,架空式双层比土埋提前8 d,增加了生长期,缩短了冷冻期,使得产量高,果穗大而重并且紧实。架空式双层覆膜的温室效应可以通过及时放边通风降温消除。晚冬灌、晚封边和早春灌、早放边是架空式双层覆膜的配套技术。紧贴式双层、单层覆膜因寒冷期保温性差和转暖期增温过大的温室效应而不宜采用。     

无花果越冬防寒方法比较试验

在同等条件下,对无花果分别采用50 cm以下埋土、50 cm以上枝条用双层报纸+微膜缠枝,50 cm以下埋土、50 cm以上枝条用双层卫生纸+微膜缠枝,只进行50 cm以下的埋土处理、50 cm以上不作任何防寒处理3种防寒措施,越冬后,比较3种措施以及不同缠枝高度对无花果萌芽、展叶时间以及冻害情况的影响。结果表明:50 cm以下全部埋土、50 cm以上枝条用双层卫生纸+微膜整枝缠枝法,具有省时、省力、安全、高效的效果。     

寒冷地区双层覆盖式果树越冬技术

对果树越冬进行了不同覆盖方法的比较.结果表明:双层覆盖可以抵御-40℃的极端寒冷天气,果农不必担心冻害问题;而单层覆盖最低温度达-25℃的临界值,并且指出单层覆盖下增加覆草厚度对提高温度没有意义,结果与单层覆盖相同.双层覆盖的果实产量和品质都与传统土埋没有差异.双层覆盖每667m2的费用是传统土埋方法的46.3%,节省2 364元,节本增效.双层覆盖简便易行又能清洁生产,增强了果农种植果树的积极性.这种简单且成本低廉的双层覆盖技术,对促进林果产业可持续发展有重要意义.     

几种保温覆盖材料对葡萄安全越冬效果的影响

运用实时测量温度变化情况的U盘温度计录仪,研究了冬季严寒条件下几种保温覆盖材料对葡萄不同深度根系的保温效果,以及冬季葡萄根系不同深度抗寒性的变化规律;通过调研翌年春夏季节萌芽、开花结果情况,研究新疆严寒条件下几种保温覆盖材料对戈壁地葡萄安全越冬效果的影响。结果表明:几种保温覆盖材料对戈壁地葡萄安全越冬效果较好,地表温度都较对照有很大程度的提高。D900无胶棉+增强膜提高11.69℃,无纺布+埋土提高10.09℃。采用D900无胶棉+增强膜覆盖葡萄地表≤-5℃持续天数相对无纺布+埋土减少8d,地下30cm处减少5d。D900无胶棉+增强膜覆盖葡萄地下最低温度较无纺布+埋土有显著的提高,地表温度提高1.57℃,地下30cm处温度提高1.08℃,地下60cm处较埋土处理温度提高了1.54℃,保温效果显著。表明在新疆严寒条件下,采用D900无胶棉+增强膜等方式覆盖葡萄可安全越冬,既保障了葡萄的越冬安全,又提高了葡萄产量。     

淋膜在葡萄防寒中的应用效果评价

2016年1月21~27日7天寒潮期间,检验了简化防寒措施对葡萄越冬防寒的效果。结果表明,气温达-15~-19.1℃时,地表层温度以葡萄不下架而覆盖淋膜的维持在-9.6~1.2℃,枝蔓下架埋土的为-5.5~0.2℃;覆盖淋膜的10cm土层深处温度-0.1~0℃,20cm土层深处0℃以上,与覆土防寒越冬的无明显差别,均未达到葡萄冻害温度,而对照枝蔓不下架,不覆盖处理则出现50%以上的枝干冻害;在地面上40cm高处出现的日最低温频次最多,为5次,且温度最低;≥-15℃低温积温值,地表处-364.5℃,地上40cm高处-395.5℃,90cm高处-305.1℃,150cm高处-233.4℃。在-15~-20℃的葡萄埋土越冬防寒产区可以尝试淋膜覆盖、采用高干或棚架等方式防寒越冬,减少埋土用工及造成的葡萄树体损伤。     

石羊河流域膜覆盖无核白鸡心葡萄越冬技术

在石羊河流域,对露地葡萄不同越冬方式,葡萄传统埋土方式和不同膜覆盖条件下葡萄枝蔓周围温度变化规律及其保湿效果进行对比试验,筛选既能安全越冬,又方便快捷的葡萄防寒方法。结果表明:草帘(下)+棚膜(上)的膜覆盖越冬方式能够保证当地白鸡心葡萄安全越冬,具有一定推广价值。     

柑橘冬季树冠简易覆膜膜内温度调查研究初报

对柑橘冬季树冠简易覆膜防止或者减轻柑橘果实受冻技术进行膜内温度调查。结果表明：当凌晨气温降至0℃以下时,膜内下部、中部和上部的温度分别比膜外温度高1．66℃、0．57℃和0．13℃;当中午气温升至15℃以上时,膜内下部、中部和上部的温度分别比膜外温度高0．04℃、1．56℃和4．83℃。表现出凌晨低温时段膜内温度提升幅度不大和晴天的中午高温时段膜内上部温度提升幅度较大的现象。因此,该技术适宜在冬季可能有冻害天气发生,但无严寒、冬季晴天天数偏少和日照不强的柑橘产区推广和应用。由于膜内上部在低温时段的温度与膜外的低温基本一致,而在高温时段的温度又比膜外温度高得多,所以树冠顶部和中部外围是果实越冬最不安全的区域。与之相反,膜内下部在低温时段温度最高,在高温时段温度最低。所以,树冠下部和中部内堂是保留果实越冬相对最佳的区域．     

不同防寒措施对葡萄越冬性的影响

以5年生欧亚种"早黑宝"葡萄为试材,以冬季不埋土为对照,设置7个防寒处理:树干涂白、茎干裹黑膜、保温棉包裹、基干套白膜、保温棉覆盖、玉米秸20 cm+覆膜、铺黑地膜,研究不同防寒措施对葡萄根系附近土层温度的影响、枝条部分生理指标的变化和枝条生长情况,以期筛选出北方寒区塑料大棚内葡萄越冬最合适的防寒措施,促进葡萄种质资源的有效利用。结果表明:葡萄根际地下5 cm和20 cm处的土层温度变化强弱排序为玉米秸20 cm+覆膜、铺黑地膜保温棉覆盖对照、茎干裹黑膜、保温带包裹、树干涂白、基干套白膜;采用抗寒性隶属函数法进行综合评价,防寒效果排序为茎干裹黑膜玉米秸20 cm+覆膜、铺黑地膜保温带包裹基干裹白膜保温棉覆盖对照树干涂白;越冬后保温带包裹处理的葡萄萌芽率最高,枝条没有出现霉变现象,且萌芽整齐;综合经济成本考虑建议在北方冬季埋土区塑料大棚内以玉米秆20 cm+覆膜或铺黑地膜覆盖根系,以保温带或黑膜包裹枝条作为葡萄越冬防寒方法;露地栽培可使用保温被覆盖,具体覆盖所需厚度需依据实际各地区气候情况进一步研究。     

果树越冬不同覆盖方法的成本计算

为减轻果树越冬掩埋的劳动强度,推广塑料膜防寒覆盖法,对土埋和白塑料布、黑塑料布、彩条布覆盖的劳动力和材料成本进行了对比分析。结果表明:蟠桃土埋法需要强壮劳动力1 700元/667m2,塑料薄膜法只需要强壮劳动力450元/667m2;加材料费合计:白塑料布单层覆盖690.0元/667m2,双层覆盖930.0元/667m2;黑塑料布单层覆盖814.8元/667m2,双层覆盖1 179.6元/667m2;彩条布单层覆盖862.8元/667m2,双层覆盖1 275.6元/667m2。葡萄土埋法需要强壮劳动力2.92元/m;塑料薄膜法只需要强壮劳动力0.74元/m,加材料费合计:白塑料布单层覆盖1.24元/m,双层覆盖1.74元/m;黑塑料布单层覆盖1.50元/m,双层覆盖2.26元/m;彩条布单层覆盖1.60元/m,双层覆盖2.46元/m。塑料薄膜法比土埋法便宜,其中白塑料布更便宜。同时提出,在环塔里木主产区和吐哈区的暖温带,应该根据气象部门秋季的长期天气预报,一般年份用单层覆盖都能安全越冬,预报寒冬的年份,应该进行双层覆盖。在中温带的北疆沿天山一带产区,也应根据气象部门秋季的长期天气预报,一般年份用单层覆盖都能安全越冬,预报寒冬或者晚降雪的年份,应该进行双层覆盖。     

PO膜和PE膜日光温室温光环境比较分析

通过对相同结构日光温室覆盖PO膜与PE膜后冬季室内温光环境的监测,比较研究了这两种膜对日光温室冬季温光环境的影响.结果表明:PO膜覆盖的温室透光率较PE膜高4.5～ 4.7个百分点;PO膜覆盖的温室日平均温度、最高温度、最低温度总体上比PE膜覆盖的高1℃左右,晴天温度差异大于阴天,可达2℃以上,且PO膜的保温性能更好;PO膜覆盖的温室10、20 cm地温较PE膜覆盖的高2℃左右,维持在13～ 18℃.     

Effect of salinity and water table on growth and tolerance of plum and peach

The effects of combinations of salinity (no salt, 2000 p.p.m. or 4000 p.p.m. of CaCl₂ and NaCl, 1:1) and water table (30 cm, 60 cm or 90 cm from the soil surface), on the vegetative growth and tolerance of ‘Golden Japanese’ plum and ‘Mit Ghamre’ and ‘Balady’ peaches were studied. The plants were grown in lysimeters. The growth of the trunk, total shoot length, the increase in shoot length per cm and the fresh weight of top, root and total plant were reduced with increasing salinity of the irrigation water. The effect was accentuated when the plants were maintained at high water table level. The salinity treatments resulted in the death of 43%, 73% and 76% of the plants in the plum, and the ‘Mit Ghamre’ and ‘Balady’ peaches, respectively, indicating that the plum is more tolerant to salinity than the peach. The plants of the salinity treatments showed various symptoms of salt injury, such as leaf burn, defoliation, shoot die-back and finally death. In the peaches, salt injury started to occur in the first growing-season, whereas the salt injury appeared in the plum in the second growing-season. The symptoms were more pronounced in the 4000 p.p.m. treatment than in the 2000 p.p.m. treatment and were more pronounced at the high water table level. The salinity level was the predominant factor and the effect of the water table on the vegetative growth diminished with increase in the salinity level of the irrigation water.     

洞庭1号无籽西瓜套种棉花高产高效模式的研究与应用

根据西瓜、棉花两者生长发育特点进行套种试验,研究其高产高效栽培模式。试验示范结果表明,以西瓜行株距4.5m×0.65m,棉花行株距1.5m×0.45m的种植密度,西瓜与棉花之间互颉作用最小,西瓜和棉花的产量和产值在3个套种模式中位居第1,在5个处理中经济效益最高。     

Primary culture and identification of mouse PASMCs and effects of hypoxia on proliferation and apoptosis of PASMCs

AIM：To establish a fast, accurate and economical technique for culturing mouse pulmonary arteriolar smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), and to explore the effects of hypoxia on the proliferation and apoptosis of the PASMCs. METHODS：In sterile condition, the pulmonary artery was isolated from the male BALB/c mice by digesting with collagenase I, and the cells were cultured in fetal bovine serum-coated flask. Centrifugal procedure was not used during the cell passage. The cell morphology was observed under an inverted phase-contrast microscope. α-Smooth muscle actin was identified by immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence. The effects of hypoxia on the proliferation and apoptosis of the PASMCs were detected by CCK-8 assay and TUNEL assay. RESULTS：PASMCs were identified by the methods of immunocytochemistry, immunofluorescence staining and observation of morphology. Unlike the rat PASMCs with typical subcultured peak-vally pattern, the mouse PASMCs showed a lot different without a peak-vally pattern. The cells could be subcultured after 5 d to 7 d and there was 3 to 5 generations depending on the activity of the cells. CCK-8 assay demonstrated that the A values of PASMCs exposed to hypoxia increased after 24 h (P＜0.05) as compared with normoxia. TUNEL result showed that the apoptotic index of the PASMCs in hypoxia decreased after 24 h (P<0.05). CONCLUSION：This technique for obtaining cultured mouse PASMCs is simple, fast, accurate and economical. The digestion time is easy to control. Hypoxia promotes the proliferation and inhibits the apoptosis of PASMCs.     

小檗碱和壳聚糖抗蔬菜病原真菌活性测定及复合膜制备

研究了小檗碱和壳聚糖对几种常见蔬菜病原真菌的抑制活性,以及以小檗碱和壳聚糖为主料制备复合膜的方法,并测定了该膜的药物释放效果。试验表明:低浓度(0.234 mg/mL)小檗碱即可抑制辣椒炭疽病菌(Vermicularia capsici)等5种蔬菜病原真菌的生长。20 mg/mL浓度壳聚糖对番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)的抑制率高达65%,而对其余4种果蔬病原真菌也有一定的抑制作用。为了集成这2种天然化合物的优点,制备了小檗碱-壳聚糖复合膜,该膜具有缓释功能,在模拟外部环境(磷酸缓冲液,pH 6.8)条件下,20 d小檗碱累计释放率接近25%,提示其在果蔬贮藏抗菌中的应用价值。     

西瓜与粮油菜套种栽培试验

近年来,我省西瓜发展速度较快,到2004年全省西瓜栽培面积已达3万hm^2.由于我省耕地面积有限,大幅度扩大西瓜单种面积,不仅造成我省西瓜与粮油菜争地的矛盾,而且土地也未能得到充分有效的利用.为了解决这一生产中存在的实际问题,我们从2002年开始,进行了西瓜与粮油菜套种的栽培试验.历经4年的试验、示范,取得了显著的经济效益和社会效益.现将试验结果报告如下.     

世界及中国鳄梨产销概况与展望

依据联合国粮食及农业组织(FAO)数据库、联合国商品贸易统计数据库(UN Comtrade)中的数据,围绕鳄梨种植面积、产量、迚出口市场、主产国生产情况、主要迚出口国贸易情况等斱面,对世界及中国鳄梨的生产与贸易迚行回顾、分析与展望,幵在此基础上,对中国鳄梨产业的发展提出建议。     

Storability of onion seeds and effects of packaging and storage conditions on viability and vigour

Fresh onion seeds desiccated to 6.0% seed moisture content (SMC) were stored in various packaging materials under different storage conditions. Seeds packed in aluminum-laminated pouches beside those stored with silica gel at 25 °C maintained satisfactory germinability and vigour after 12 months. Desiccated seeds stored in moisture impervious containers produced more vigourous seedlings. Germination potential of onion seeds increased with reduced SMC besides storage in moisture impervious packets along with desiccants as physiological and biochemical attributes are regulated. Seed viability and vigour decreased with accelerated ageing due to increased lipid peroxidation, decreased activities of several free radical and peroxide scavenging enzymes. Electrical conductance of seed leachates also increased with ageing. Thus, adoption of appropriate storage temperature and moisture control techniques would significantly affect onion seed quality, which was due to minimum accumulation of free peroxide radicals and enhanced activity of free radical scavenging enzymes.     

热处理对果蔬采后品质及病虫害的影响

采后热处理是近年来快速发展的果蔬采后处理技术,广泛应用于改善果蔬贮藏期间的品质、增强抗逆性等 方面。从果蔬贮藏期间的生理生化、采后品质及防治病虫害等方面阐述了热处理的机理,讨论了热处理对果蔬衰老 方面的生理特征如色泽、风味、硬度(软化)、失重、呼吸、乙烯释放、酶活性等变化及与抗逆性有关的诱导蛋白质合成 及基因表达的影响,较全面阐述了热处理防治果蔬贮藏期间病虫害的机理如直接作用于病菌、害虫与提高果蔬的抗 病虫性等。     

陕西冬枣黑斑病和炭疽病病原菌的分离鉴定及特征比较

以大荔县冬枣种植区采集的发病枣果为试材,采用常规组织分离法进行病原菌的分离纯化,通过柯赫氏证病法则、形态学观察及分子生物学分析,研究鉴定了冬枣黑斑病和炭疽病的病原菌种类,并采用田间调查法对2种病害为害特征进行比较分析,以期为田间有效区分冬枣黑斑病和炭疽病为害症状,并快速判断其病原类型,及进一步深入开展精准防控提供参考和指导.结果表明:陕西大荔冬枣黑斑病的病原菌为细极链格孢(Alternaria tenuissima),炭疽病的病原菌为胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides).2种病害均主要为害枣果实,在枣果果腰或果肩上形成黑褐色病斑,可能同时存在且症状相近极易混淆,但在病斑表面、皮下及久置表型3个方面存在明显区别.     

钾肥在小白菜和萝卜上的施用效果

采用盆栽试验方法研究了施用钾肥对小白菜、萝卜生长发育、产量、品质及钾素含量的影响。结果表明 ,施用钾肥对小白菜和水萝卜的株高、叶片数无显著的影响 ,但可提高水萝卜块根的产量 ,提高幅度为 31.0 4 %～ 97.93%。施用钾肥可提高小白菜和萝卜的蛋白质和VC含量 ,降低硝酸盐含量 ,增加植株的钾素含量