有机马铃薯生产中生物农药的选取与有害生物防治对策

有机食品在其生产过程中的要求极其严格,因此有机食品的安全性更加可靠.本文对有机马铃薯生产中主要有害生物进行了生物药物防治研究.结果表明,除虫菊素、烟碱、苦参碱对蚜虫击倒速率快,药后1d的防治效果75％以上,但持效期较差,7d后除虫菊素的防治效果仅为43.8％.烟碱的持效期较好,7d后防治效果为62.1％;苦参碱或与除虫菊素混剂防治蚜虫,击倒速率较差,但持效期较好,7d后的防治效果为64.2％.对马铃薯疮痂病防治以新筛选的生防菌剂25亿/克坚强芽孢杆菌WP500倍液防治效果最好,达到74.92％;对马铃薯晚疫病的防治,坚强芽孢杆菌、波尔多液和绿色木霉菌表现很好,其中25亿/克坚强芽孢杆菌WP500倍防效达80.65％,波尔多液和绿色木霉菌分别为77.22％和71.83％.     

除虫菊素对蔬菜蚜虫的防治效果

采用除虫菊素进行田间小区防治蔬菜蚜虫试验,结果表明:用1.5%除虫菊素水乳剂40、80和120mL/667m2,施药后1d对蚜虫的防效为73.12%￣89.21%,施药后3d的防效为76.69%￣91.85%,施药后7d的防效为72.90%￣91.33%;150、180mL/667m2,施药后1￣7d的防效均高于95%,对蚜虫有很好的控制作用,该药剂可作为防治蔬菜蚜虫的有效药剂轮换使用,推荐使用剂量为150￣180mL/667m2。该药剂对菜心安全,同时对菜青虫有较好的兼治作用。     

1.8%除虫菊素加苦参碱水乳剂防治苹果黄蚜和山楂叶螨的田间药效试验

以红富士苹果为试材,用1．8％除虫菊素加苦参碱水乳剂进行防治苹果黄蚜和山楂叶螨的药效试验。结果表明,用1．8％除虫菊素加苦参碱水乳剂800—1000倍液防治苹果黄蚜,药后3,10天的防效达96％以上,其中800倍液药后7-10天防效高达98％;防治山楂叶螨,药后3-10天防效达93％,其中,800倍液药后7—10天防效高达97％以上,与20％蚜虱无踪（啶虫脒）和15％扫螨净的防效相当。     

2%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐防治菜青虫药效试验

田间药效试验结果表明,2%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐防治十字花科蔬菜菜青虫,在试验药剂范围内速效性好,药后7 d防效仍达到80.3%~87.3%,持效期较长,且对白菜生产无不良影响,可在生产上推广应用,建议使用剂量7~8 ml/667 m2.     

两种无公害药剂对小菜蛾的防治效果比较

利用两种苦参碱复配型生物源性杀虫剂防治甘蓝小菜蛾.试验结果表明,1%除虫菊素·苦参碱微囊悬浮剂1000倍液具有良好的速效性和防治效果;1%苦参碱·印楝素乳油2000～2500倍液虽然速效性较差,但持效期长,效果良好;两种药剂对甘蓝无药害,对小菜蛾防效高,毒性小,残留少,适宜在无公害蔬菜生产中推广使用.     

5种杀虫剂对菜青虫的田间防治效果和室内毒力测定

为明确贵阳地区菜青虫种群对几种常用杀虫剂田间防治效果和敏感性,分别采用了浸叶法和常规喷雾法对常用杀虫剂进行室内毒力测定和田间药效试验。田间药效试验表明阿维菌素和苦参碱处理对菜青虫田间防效较高,施药后7 d防效分别为89.8%和74.8%;其次为高氯·甲维盐和氯虫苯甲酰胺,而溴氰菊酯的田间防效最差。笔者选择了田间防效最高(阿维菌素)、最低(溴氰菊酯)、居中(高氯·甲维盐)这3种杀虫剂对菜青虫进行毒力测定,结果表明菜青虫对阿维菌素最敏感,LC_(50)为1.25 mg·L~(-1),而对溴氰菊酯具有较高的抗性,LC_(50)为327.78 mg·L~(-1)。室内毒力测定结果与田间防效呈线性正相关。因此,该地区可选用阿维菌素和苦参碱等药剂来防治菜青虫,同时应注意不同药剂的轮换使用,以延缓菜青虫抗药性的发展。     

几种绿色环保型农药对黄杨绢野螟防效研究

田间药效试验及室内药效测定结果表明:1%甲维盐EC 2 000倍、25 g/L菜喜SC 1 000倍、16 000 IU/mg苏云金杆菌WP 200倍、0.3%苦参碱AS 1 000倍、森得保WP 1 000倍、36%噻虫啉WG 2 000倍对黄杨绢野螟2～5龄幼虫均有良好的防治效果,药后即停止取食,保苗效果好,持效期长。田间防治2～4龄幼虫,药后7 d和15 d防效分别都在94%和96%以上;室内对3～5龄幼虫的药效测定,药后7 d和15 d校正死亡率分别都在86%和95%以上。其中,甲维盐、菜喜、苦参碱、苏云金杆菌、森得保5种生物农药可作为园林绿地防治黄杨绢野螟的首选农药,既绿色、环保、安全又高效。     

防治萝卜菜青虫生物农药筛选试验

为筛选出防治萝卜菜青虫高效低毒药剂,我们开展了短稳杆菌等几种低毒生物农药防治萝卜菜青虫的田间药效试验。试验结果表明,各参试药剂对萝卜生长无异常影响,安全性较高;100亿孢子/mL短稳杆菌悬浮剂800倍液62.5mL/667m~2、0.5%苦参碱水剂500倍液100mL/667m~2、50g/L氟啶脲乳油1250倍液40mL/667m~2,在菜青虫低龄幼虫高峰期使用,药后3d和药后7d的校正防效均在90%以上;各参试药剂对小菜蛾有兼治效果,对蜘蛛、瓢虫等有益生物安全;经检测,各参试药剂处理萝卜农药残留均达标。     

两种无公害药剂对小菜蛾的防治效果比较

利用2种苦参碱复配型生物源杀虫剂进行了防治甘蓝小菜蛾效果比较试验.试验结果表明,1%除虫菊素·苦参碱微囊悬浮剂1 000倍液具有良好的速效性和防治效果;1%苦参碱·印楝素乳油2 000～2 500倍液虽然速效性较差,但持效期长,效果良好.两种药剂均对甘蓝无药害,对小菜蛾防效高、毒性小、残留少,适宜在无公害蔬菜生产中推广使用.     

两种植物源农药防治山楂叶螨田间药效试验

苦参碱和印楝素两种植物源农药对山楂叶螨防治效果的试验表明:0.36%苦参碱水剂500倍液和0.3%印楝素乳油1 200倍液防治山楂叶螨效果显著,药后第3天防效近85%,药后第5、7、15天防效均在95%以上;两种农药除了速效性稍差外,与常规使用的农药1.8%阿雏菌素乳油4 000倍液的防治效果无显著差异,且有持效期长、环保、无公害等优点.     

Effect of salinity and water table on growth and tolerance of plum and peach

The effects of combinations of salinity (no salt, 2000 p.p.m. or 4000 p.p.m. of CaCl₂ and NaCl, 1:1) and water table (30 cm, 60 cm or 90 cm from the soil surface), on the vegetative growth and tolerance of ‘Golden Japanese’ plum and ‘Mit Ghamre’ and ‘Balady’ peaches were studied. The plants were grown in lysimeters. The growth of the trunk, total shoot length, the increase in shoot length per cm and the fresh weight of top, root and total plant were reduced with increasing salinity of the irrigation water. The effect was accentuated when the plants were maintained at high water table level. The salinity treatments resulted in the death of 43%, 73% and 76% of the plants in the plum, and the ‘Mit Ghamre’ and ‘Balady’ peaches, respectively, indicating that the plum is more tolerant to salinity than the peach. The plants of the salinity treatments showed various symptoms of salt injury, such as leaf burn, defoliation, shoot die-back and finally death. In the peaches, salt injury started to occur in the first growing-season, whereas the salt injury appeared in the plum in the second growing-season. The symptoms were more pronounced in the 4000 p.p.m. treatment than in the 2000 p.p.m. treatment and were more pronounced at the high water table level. The salinity level was the predominant factor and the effect of the water table on the vegetative growth diminished with increase in the salinity level of the irrigation water.     

洞庭1号无籽西瓜套种棉花高产高效模式的研究与应用

根据西瓜、棉花两者生长发育特点进行套种试验,研究其高产高效栽培模式。试验示范结果表明,以西瓜行株距4.5m×0.65m,棉花行株距1.5m×0.45m的种植密度,西瓜与棉花之间互颉作用最小,西瓜和棉花的产量和产值在3个套种模式中位居第1,在5个处理中经济效益最高。     

Primary culture and identification of mouse PASMCs and effects of hypoxia on proliferation and apoptosis of PASMCs

AIM：To establish a fast, accurate and economical technique for culturing mouse pulmonary arteriolar smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), and to explore the effects of hypoxia on the proliferation and apoptosis of the PASMCs. METHODS：In sterile condition, the pulmonary artery was isolated from the male BALB/c mice by digesting with collagenase I, and the cells were cultured in fetal bovine serum-coated flask. Centrifugal procedure was not used during the cell passage. The cell morphology was observed under an inverted phase-contrast microscope. α-Smooth muscle actin was identified by immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence. The effects of hypoxia on the proliferation and apoptosis of the PASMCs were detected by CCK-8 assay and TUNEL assay. RESULTS：PASMCs were identified by the methods of immunocytochemistry, immunofluorescence staining and observation of morphology. Unlike the rat PASMCs with typical subcultured peak-vally pattern, the mouse PASMCs showed a lot different without a peak-vally pattern. The cells could be subcultured after 5 d to 7 d and there was 3 to 5 generations depending on the activity of the cells. CCK-8 assay demonstrated that the A values of PASMCs exposed to hypoxia increased after 24 h (P＜0.05) as compared with normoxia. TUNEL result showed that the apoptotic index of the PASMCs in hypoxia decreased after 24 h (P<0.05). CONCLUSION：This technique for obtaining cultured mouse PASMCs is simple, fast, accurate and economical. The digestion time is easy to control. Hypoxia promotes the proliferation and inhibits the apoptosis of PASMCs.     

小檗碱和壳聚糖抗蔬菜病原真菌活性测定及复合膜制备

研究了小檗碱和壳聚糖对几种常见蔬菜病原真菌的抑制活性,以及以小檗碱和壳聚糖为主料制备复合膜的方法,并测定了该膜的药物释放效果。试验表明:低浓度(0.234 mg/mL)小檗碱即可抑制辣椒炭疽病菌(Vermicularia capsici)等5种蔬菜病原真菌的生长。20 mg/mL浓度壳聚糖对番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)的抑制率高达65%,而对其余4种果蔬病原真菌也有一定的抑制作用。为了集成这2种天然化合物的优点,制备了小檗碱-壳聚糖复合膜,该膜具有缓释功能,在模拟外部环境(磷酸缓冲液,pH 6.8)条件下,20 d小檗碱累计释放率接近25%,提示其在果蔬贮藏抗菌中的应用价值。     

钾肥在小白菜和萝卜上的施用效果

采用盆栽试验方法研究了施用钾肥对小白菜、萝卜生长发育、产量、品质及钾素含量的影响。结果表明 ,施用钾肥对小白菜和水萝卜的株高、叶片数无显著的影响 ,但可提高水萝卜块根的产量 ,提高幅度为 31.0 4 %～ 97.93%。施用钾肥可提高小白菜和萝卜的蛋白质和VC含量 ,降低硝酸盐含量 ,增加植株的钾素含量     

西瓜与粮油菜套种栽培试验

近年来,我省西瓜发展速度较快,到2004年全省西瓜栽培面积已达3万hm^2.由于我省耕地面积有限,大幅度扩大西瓜单种面积,不仅造成我省西瓜与粮油菜争地的矛盾,而且土地也未能得到充分有效的利用.为了解决这一生产中存在的实际问题,我们从2002年开始,进行了西瓜与粮油菜套种的栽培试验.历经4年的试验、示范,取得了显著的经济效益和社会效益.现将试验结果报告如下.     

世界及中国鳄梨产销概况与展望

依据联合国粮食及农业组织(FAO)数据库、联合国商品贸易统计数据库(UN Comtrade)中的数据,围绕鳄梨种植面积、产量、迚出口市场、主产国生产情况、主要迚出口国贸易情况等斱面,对世界及中国鳄梨的生产与贸易迚行回顾、分析与展望,幵在此基础上,对中国鳄梨产业的发展提出建议。     

Storability of onion seeds and effects of packaging and storage conditions on viability and vigour

Fresh onion seeds desiccated to 6.0% seed moisture content (SMC) were stored in various packaging materials under different storage conditions. Seeds packed in aluminum-laminated pouches beside those stored with silica gel at 25 °C maintained satisfactory germinability and vigour after 12 months. Desiccated seeds stored in moisture impervious containers produced more vigourous seedlings. Germination potential of onion seeds increased with reduced SMC besides storage in moisture impervious packets along with desiccants as physiological and biochemical attributes are regulated. Seed viability and vigour decreased with accelerated ageing due to increased lipid peroxidation, decreased activities of several free radical and peroxide scavenging enzymes. Electrical conductance of seed leachates also increased with ageing. Thus, adoption of appropriate storage temperature and moisture control techniques would significantly affect onion seed quality, which was due to minimum accumulation of free peroxide radicals and enhanced activity of free radical scavenging enzymes.     

遮阴及地膜覆盖对黄皮果实表面温湿度变化及果实品质的影响

以金鸡心黄皮为试材,研究了遮阴及地膜覆盖处理对黄皮果实品质与果实表面温湿度变化的影响。结果表明：阴雨天气下,遮阴及遮阴＋地膜覆盖处理的果实表面日平均湿度低;晴天天气下,地膜覆盖处理及对照果实表面的日平均温度高,昼夜温差大,阴雨及晴天天气下温度变化、湿度变化趋势基本一致;地膜覆盖提高了果实品质,遮阴及遮阴＋地膜覆盖降低了果实好果率。     

热处理对果蔬采后品质及病虫害的影响

采后热处理是近年来快速发展的果蔬采后处理技术,广泛应用于改善果蔬贮藏期间的品质、增强抗逆性等 方面。从果蔬贮藏期间的生理生化、采后品质及防治病虫害等方面阐述了热处理的机理,讨论了热处理对果蔬衰老 方面的生理特征如色泽、风味、硬度(软化)、失重、呼吸、乙烯释放、酶活性等变化及与抗逆性有关的诱导蛋白质合成 及基因表达的影响,较全面阐述了热处理防治果蔬贮藏期间病虫害的机理如直接作用于病菌、害虫与提高果蔬的抗 病虫性等。