大叶千斤拔种子萌发特性研究

探讨大叶千斤拔种子发芽最佳基本条件和种子的寿命,为栽培生产提供科学依据。测定种子的吸水率;通过磨破种皮、热水处理和浓硫酸处理等找到破除种子硬实的最佳方法;考察不同温度和光照、发芽床、贮藏对种子萌发的影响。结果表明,大叶千斤拔种子吸水率为31.26%,种皮透水性差是影响种子发芽的关键因素。种子适宜萌发的温度范围为25～30℃,发芽前用磨擦种皮+80℃热水浸种4 h的方法可使种子的发芽率提高到66.67%;光照和发芽床对种子萌发无显著影响。种子在4℃低温条件下贮藏3年发芽率仍有61%,贮藏4年发芽率降至32%。综上,大叶千斤拔种子为硬实性种子,发芽前需要预处理;种子为高温萌发型、光中性种子;种子寿命在4年以上。     

不同处理对刀叶金合欢种子萌发的影响

刀叶金合欢种子种皮透性差,常规处理种子萌发率低。为获得更高的种子发芽率,采用浓硫酸6种不同拌种时间、4种不同水温处理种子,浸种24h后置床催芽进行比对。结果表明:1)刀叶金合欢种子的种子膨胀率、发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数与浓硫酸拌种时间长短和浸种水温高低处理关系密切;2)水温是影响刀叶金合欢种子膨胀率、发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数的主要因子,浸种处理水温越高,其种子膨胀率、发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数越大;3)浓硫酸不同拌种时间对提高种子膨胀率、发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数起重要作用,经浓硫酸不同拌种时间处理下的种子,其种子膨胀率、发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数,均高于对照处理;4)浓硫酸拌种5min+100℃水温烫种处理,其种子膨胀率、发芽率、发芽指数分别为14.8%、76.4%和2.55%,在本试验中表现最好,种子发芽势则以浓硫酸拌种1min+100℃水温烫种处理最好,达到66.8%,以上与其它处理相同因子比较,差异性也达到显著水平(p0.01)。     

齿果酸模种子发芽研究

通过在不同温度、不同浸种时间和温度、光照与黑暗等处理对齿果酸模进行发芽试验,测定不同条件对发芽势和发芽率的影响,探讨齿果酸模种子发芽最佳条件。结果表明:在15℃条件下种子的发芽率和发芽势达到最大,分别为92%和78%,然后随温度增加逐渐降低;浸种24 h发芽率和发芽势达到最大,达77.5%,浸种6 h与12 h对种子发芽率较低;20℃浸种处理发芽率和发芽势达到最大,分别达78.5%和73.5%,浸种温度过高或过低都不利于种子萌发。光照与黑暗对发芽率影响差异不显著,对发芽势影响显著。齿果酸模发芽最适合条件:20℃浸种24 h,15℃光照培养。     

齿果酸模种子发芽研究

本试验通过在不同温度、不同浸种时间和温度、光照与黑暗等处理对齿果酸模种子进行发芽试验,测定不同条件对其发芽势和发芽率的影响,探讨齿果酸模种子发芽最佳条件。试验结果表明：在15℃条件下种子的发芽率和发芽势达到最大,分别为92%和78%;然后随温度增加逐渐降低。浸种24 h发芽率和发芽势达到最大,达到77.5%;浸种6 h与12 h种子发芽率较低。用20℃浸种发芽率和发芽势达到最大,发芽率和发芽势分别可以达到78.5%和73.5%;浸种温度过高或过低都不利于种子萌发。光照与黑暗对发芽率影响差异不显著,对发芽势影响显著。齿果酸模种子发芽最适合条件是：20℃浸种24 h,15℃光照培养。     

浸种和光照处理对中间鹅观草种子萌发的影响

探索了不同温度的浸种处理及光照条件下对中间鹅观草种子萌发的影响。实验表明：在4℃低温条件下浸种48h,中间鹅观草种子发芽率最高．同温度下浸种24h。种子发芽指数最高。25℃恒温条件下,当光照处理为12h光照／12h黑暗时种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数均最高。     

PEG浸种对老化的蔓性千斤拔种子萌发及活力的影响

选取由贮藏时间引起老化的蔓性千斤拔种子为试验材料,用浓度为3％、6％、9％、12％、15％的PEG处理老化种子,观察各处理的发芽指标和生理指标的变化.结果表明,随着贮藏时间的延长蔓性千斤拔的发芽指标呈逐渐下降的趋势;用3％～9％的PEG浸种均能提高种子活力及其幼苗的过氧化物酶(POD)活性和脯氨酸(Pro)含量,增强种子抗逆性,以浓度6％较好,可把贮藏360d种子的POD活性提高32％,Pro含量提高29.2％,发芽率提高12.8％.PEG对蔓性千斤拔种子的作用与种子本身的活力和使用浓度有关,随着PEG浓度的增加,种子发芽指标呈先升后降的趋势;浓度为6％的PEG对蔓性千斤拔老化种子活性恢复效果较好,若种子老化严重,即使使用PEG处理发芽率也较低,甚至不能应用于生产.     

蔓性千斤拔种子处理及常温贮藏研究

研究不同处理方法及常温贮藏时间对蔓性千斤拔种子发芽的影响。结果表明：（1）浓硫酸和机械磨擦处理均能显著改善种子的发芽状况,其中浓硫酸处理以处理10—15min最佳,其发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数分别较对照高2倍、14．6倍和14．29倍;机械处理以处理180s最佳,其发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数分别较对照高2．67倍、15．17倍和7．51倍。（2）贮藏时间以当年种子的发芽特性最佳,常温下贮藏1年,种子发芽率下降至83％,与当年种子发芽率无明显差异;贮藏2年,发芽率降至65．5％,与当年种子发芽率达到显著差异;贮藏3年,与当年采收种发芽率差异达到极显著水平。     

不同水温浸种对边坡绿化种子的催芽效应

边坡绿化种子具有致密种皮的保护且具有较强的休眠性,温度是影响边坡绿化种子发芽的主要因素之一。通过实验发现,白三叶与紫花苜蓿这两种冷季型草种在18℃水温的发芽率与发芽势均理想;银合欢、金合欢、紫穗槐、盐肤木与双荚决明在80℃浸种处理比18℃、50℃浸种处理的发芽率均有明显提高;马棘在水温为18℃、50℃与80℃浸种处理的发芽率和发芽势均不是很理想;金鸡菊、双荚决明、金合欢、紫穗槐、银合欢、盐肤木与马棘在水温为18℃、50℃与80℃浸种处理的发芽势均不是很理想。     

甘草种子发芽检验标准化研究

目的:研究影响甘草种子发芽的因素,为制定甘草种子检验规程提供技术支撑.方法:以98％硫酸处理30 min+35℃温水浸泡9h打破种皮休眠,通过不同温度、不同发芽床和不同光照条件进行处理,以发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数3个指标对不同处理方法进行评价.结果:不同温度、发芽床和光照处理后甘草种子的发芽率无显著差异,但是温度和发芽床会显著影响发芽速度和种子活力,光照会影响种子的发芽整齐度.在25℃纸间黑暗培养条件下,甘草种子发芽效果最好,发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数分别为96.8％,94％扣245.9,在第2天可进行初次计数,第3天末次计数并结束试验.结论:98％硫酸处理30 min+35℃温水浸泡9h可以高效打破甘草种子休眠,纸间25℃黑暗条件下发芽,可作为甘草种子质量检验的技术规程.     

不同物理方法处理对武陵假俭草种子萌发影响的研究

本实验采用摩擦处理、划破种皮处理、热水浸种处理、低温处理和浸泡处理5种物理方法处理武陵假俭草种子,比较了不同物理处理方法对种子发芽率的影响。结果表明:摩擦处理效果最好,发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数分别为93.30%、91.33%和68.03,分别比对照高50.71%、98.54%和86.34%;其次为划破种皮处理,该处理的发芽率可达88.67%;60℃热水浸种10min处理的发芽率为80.67%,比对照提高42.97%;-18℃处理50min和浸种处理12h也能显著提高种子的萌发效果(p<0.05),种子的发芽率分别为78.67%和75.33%。综上所述,如需小面积建植武陵假俭草草坪,建议采用摩擦处理,提高种子萌发效果最好;如需大面积建植武陵假俭草草坪,建议采用60℃热水浸种10min,以提高种子的发芽率。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.