Pesticide residue concentrations in soils of five United States cities, 1971--urban soils monitoring program.

Soil samples from five metropolitan areas including Baltimore, Maryland; Gadsden, Alabama; Hartford, Connecticut; Macon, Georgia; and Newport News, Virginia were analyzed for elemental arsenic, organochlorine pesticides, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). A representative number of samples were analyzed for organophosphorus pesticides, but none was detected. All areas exhibited heavy soil concentrations of organochlorine pesticides including sigma DDT, aldrin, dieldrin, photodieldrin, chlordane, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, endrin, endrin ketone, and endosulfan sulfate. PCBs were detected in three of the five metropolitan areas. Within the metropolitan areas, samples from the urban, or core city, locations generally had higher pesticide concentrations than did samples from suburban locations. Finally, pesticide residue concentrations were generally higher in soils of metropolitan areas than in nearby agricultural soils.     

Organochlorine pesticide, PCB, and PBB residues and necropsy data for bald eagles from 29 states--1975-77

During 1975-77, 168 bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) found moribund or dead in 29 states were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs); 32 specimens from 13 states were analyzed for polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs). PCBs were present in 166 bald eagle carcasses and DDE was found in 165. TDE and dieldrin were identified in 137 samples, trans-nonachlor in 118, and oxychlordane in 90. Brains of five eagles contained possible lethal levels of dieldrin, and two eagles possibly died of endrin poisoning. Nine eagle livers, analyzed because of suspected lead poisoning, contained high levels of lead. Twenty percent of the eagles died from shooting, the most common cause of death; this cause of death, however, has declined.     

Pesticide residue levels in soils and crops from 37 states, 1972--National Soils Monitoring Program (IV).

Residue data from the 1972 (FY--73) National Soils Monitoring Program are summarized. Composite samples of agricultural soil and mature crops were collected from 1,483 of the 1,533 selected 4-hectare sites in 37 states. Analyses were performed for organochlorine and organophosphorus compounds, trifluralin and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs); analysis for atrazine was performed only when pesticide application data indicated current-year use. Organochlorine pesticides were detected in 45 percent of the soil samples. The most frequently detected compound was dieldrin, found in 27 percent of all soil samples. Other compounds detected, in order of frequency, included DDT, aldrin, chlordane, and heptachlor epoxide, found, respectively, in 21, 9, 8, and 7 percent of all soil samples. Crop samples were collected from 727 sites. All were analyzed for organochlorines; analyses were performed for organophosphates and atrazine only when pesticide application data indicated current-year use. For all crops, 40 percent of the samples contained detectable levels of organochlorines and 10 percent contained detectable levels of organophosphates. Atrazine was not detected.     

Organochlorine residues in aquatic environments in Iran, 1974.

Organochlorine pesticide residues in various organisms from different aquatic ecosystems in Iran were investigated in spring 1974. DDT levels were high in fish taken from two rivers in southern Iran, whereas low levels were detected in samples obtained from a freshwater lake in the same area. Fish from two of the reservoirs supplying Tehran with potable water contained moderate levels of DDT. The low residue level in pike collected in the Bandar-Pahlavi Mordab in northwest Iran indicates that only a small amount of organochlorine pesticides used in this area enters the pelagic food chain. Sturgeon collected at different places in the Caspian Sea showed similar accumulations of DDT in the muscles and in the eggs. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were detected only in samples of sediment from the drainage systems in Tehran.     

Chlorinated insecticide and PCB residues in fish and mussels of east coastal waters of the middle and north Adriatic Sea, 1974--75.

Concentrations of chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and goby fish (Gibius sp.) collected in four areas located in eastern coastal waters of the middle and north Adriatic Sea. Most samples were collected in early spring and late summer of 1974 and 1975. The compounds p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-TDE, and PCBs were detected most frequently. In about 60 percent of the samples dieldrin was also detected. Average wet-weight concentrations of sigmaDDT and PCBs in mussels from the four areas sampled were: Istrian coast, 65 and 76 ppb; Rijeka Bay, 58 and 75 ppb; Zadar, 36 and 128 ppb; Losinj Island, 167 and 133 ppb. Average concentrations in fish samples were: Istrian coast, 124 and 144 ppb; Rijeka Bay, 37 and 82 ppb; Losinj Island, 166 and 157 ppb. Dieldrin concentrations were in the low ppb range. Although major Italian rivers discharge chlorinated hydrocarbons into the north Adriatic, sampling of biota from Istrian coastal waters indicates no significant effect on the pollution level. However, waste waters from small coastal settlements evidently do contribute significantly to chlorinated hydrocarbon contamination of that ocean. Marine samples from Losinj Island had high chlorinated hydrocarbon concentrations, indicating uptake of pollutants from the north Adriatic.     

Organochlorine residues in harp seal (Phagophilus groenlandicus) tissues, Gulf of St. Lawrence, 1971, 1973.

Levels of p,p'-DDT, p,p'-TDE, p,p'-DDE, dieldrin, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and HCB were determined in certain tissues of 31 harp seals (P hagophilus groenlandicus) taken from the Gulf of St. Lawrence during 1971 and 1973. The seals ranged in age from less than two weeks to 18 years. Mean concentrations of PCBs and sigma DDT in the various tissues were about the same sigma DDT levels were 1.64--9.88 ppm in adult seal blubber and 1.08--3.73 ppm in seal pup blubber. Organochlorine levels in harp seal samples taken in 1973 were similar to those reported by other workers for samples collected in the Gulf of St. Lawrence during 1967-71.     

浙江省芹菜中农药多残留水平及累积急性膳食摄入风险初评

为明确浙江省各地区芹菜中农药残留水平以及对人群的膳食摄入风险,采用蔬菜中农药残留的标准检测方法,对在浙江省各地区采集的210个芹菜样品进行了检测,并就其累积急性膳食摄入风险开展了初步评估。结果表明:210个芹菜样品中共检出35种农药,检出率为94.8%,其中杀虫剂23种,杀菌剂11种,除草剂1种;97.1%的样品中的农药残留量低于其在芹菜中的最大残留限量 (MRL),残留水平整体较低;检出4种及4种以上农药残留的样品占总样品量的54%,存在农药多残留现象。采用相对强度系数 (RPF) 法将具有相同作用机制的农药分组,依据各农药的毒理学数据计算了各组农药的累积当量浓度,并针对不同人群进行了累积急性膳食摄入风险评估。结果显示:拟除虫菊酯类、三唑类、有机磷类、烟碱类及氨基甲酸酯类农药对儿童的急性膳食摄入风险 (%ARfD) 分别为60.35%、46.96%、20.15%、20.76%和12.40%;对一般人群分别为51.70%、40.20%、17.25%、17.77%和10.65%;所检出5类农药对各群体的%ARfD值均小于100%,表明芹菜中农药残留量及膳食摄入风险总体处于可接受水平。     

两种蔬菜中甲胺磷、氧乐果和克百威的残留量分析

分别选取一种瓜菜 (黄瓜 )和一种叶菜 (生菜 ) ,选择了两种有机磷 (甲胺磷、氧乐果 )和一种氨基甲酸酯类 (克百威 )农药 ,对这 3种农药在两种蔬菜中的残留测定方法进行了研究。采用弗罗里硅土柱提取的方法进行前处理 ,淋洗液浓缩后用 GC- NPD测定 ,建立了一种简便快速的检测方法 ,并采用该方法对实际处理样本进行了测定。从方法添加回收率和实测数据可以看出 ,该方法净化提取效果好 ,结果平行性好 ,灵敏度较高 ,是一次快速准确测定蔬菜中农药残留的成功尝试。     

我国小麦中农药残留及代谢研究进展

为全面了解小麦中农药残留量水平及代谢状况,合理评价小麦及其产品的质量安全和品质,综述了小麦中常用农药残留、代谢的研究现状及综合治理策略。有机磷类、有机氯类及其他一些常用农药在小麦及其产品中的残留水平较低,均未超过国家相关最大残留限量(MRL)标准;目前针对具有典型代谢产物的农药在小麦体内残留、代谢及转化规律的系统研究很少。提出了应进一步加强立法、建立高效的综合防治体系、继续实施小麦生产过程中农药残留监控、加强小麦流通领域的监督抽查力度等农药残留的综合治理策略,可为农药在小麦上的安全合理使用、提高小麦及其产品的质量安全及品质提供参考。     

福建省主产区普通白菜中农药残留水平及膳食暴露风险评估

为评估福建省主产区普通白菜中农药残留水平及对人体的膳食暴露风险,采用现有的标准检测方法,对在福建省主产区采集的88个普通白菜样品中的68种农药残留进行了检测分析,并对检出农药进行了短期和长期膳食暴露风险评估。结果显示：88个普通白菜样品中,共有68个样品检出了农药残留,总检出率为77.27%;共检出27种农药,其中杀虫剂18种,杀菌剂9种;检出2种及2种以上农药残留的样品占检出农药残留样品总量的83.82%,存在农药多残留现象。利用相关农药的毒理学数据——急性参考剂量(ARfD)和每日允许摄入量(ADI)、农药残留数据和普通白菜的膳食消费量数据,评估了所检出农药的短期和长期膳食暴露风险。其中,短期膳食暴露风险值(%ARfD)范围为0～90%,长期膳食暴露风险商贡献率(RQc%)范围为0～46%。研究表明,福建省主产区普通白菜中的农药残留水平较低,通过食用该地区生产的普通白菜对消费者的农药残留膳食暴露风险整体在可接受范围内。     

Residues of pesticides and PCBs in estuarine fish,1972-76--National Pesticide Monitoring Program.

This report summarizes 1524 analyses of juvenile fish collected semiannually in 144 estuaries nationwide from July 1972 through June 1976. Pooled samples of 25 whole fish were screened for 20 common pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The three most common residues, DDT, PCBs, and dieldrin, were found in 39, 22, and 5 percent of the samples, respectively. Data indicate that estuarine pollution levels continue to decline.     

Dieldrin, DDT, PCBs, and mercury levels in freshwater mullet from the upper Great Lakes, 1975-76.

Freshwater mullet harvested commercially during various seasons of 1975-76 from the upper Great Lakes were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides, PCBs, and mercury. Species analyzed were Catostomus commersoni, C. catostomus, and Moxostoma erythruran. Whole ground fish, mechanically deboned flesh, head, middle, and tail steaks, and various muscles were analyzed for pesticides and PCBs; only edible flesh was analyzed for mercury. Dieldrin ranged from none detected to 0.23 ppm in deboned and whole ground samples, the DDT range was a trace to 0.30 ppm, and PCBs ranged from 0.06 ppm to 0.79 ppm. Levels were also higher in head sections and in high fat-containing medial muscle and belly flap. Mercury levels ranged from 0.03 ppm to 0.28 ppm in the flesh of mullet from Lake Michigan.     

Pesticide residues in foodstuffs in Great Britain; organochlorine pesticides,organophosphorus pesticides and fumigant residues in home-produced and imported wheat

Residue levels of organochlorine pesticides, organophosphorus pesticides, fumigants and bromide were determined in home-produced and imported wheat during the period October 1978 to April 1979. A total of 281 samples was analysed of which 133 contained low levels of carbon tetrachloride, 112 contained low levels of gamma-HCH and 26 contained low levels of malathion. One sample contained a residue of carbon tetrachloride, and another a residue of 1,2-dichloroethane, both of which were above the Codex Alimentarius guide-line levels. No other residue approached the proposed Codex Alimentarius maximum residue limits.     

Determination of organochlorine pesticide residues in river sediments by soxhlet extraction with hexane-acetone

Soxhlet extraction with hexane + acetone (1 + 1 by volume) was used for the extraction of organochlorine pesticide residues from river sediments, followed by Florisil column chromatography clean-up and determination by gas chromatography with an electron-capture detector. Average recoveries exceeding 90 % were obtained using this technique. Organochlorine pesticide residue levels in sediment samples from two major rivers flowing through predominantly rice-growing areas were determined by this method. Relatively high residue levels of organochlorine pesticides such as HCH, heptachlor and endosulfan were found in the sediments.     

固相萃取-气相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱法测定茶叶中45种有机磷农药残留

采用气相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱(GC-MS/MS)技术建立了茶叶中45种有机磷农药残留的检测方法。茶叶样品加水浸泡后采用乙腈提取,经TPT固相萃取柱净化,用V (乙腈) : V (甲苯) ＝ 3 : 1混合溶液洗脱,采用GC-MS/MS检测,基质匹配标准溶液外标法定量;分析了加水对茶叶中有机磷类农药提取效率的影响。结果表明:45种有机磷类农药在各自质量浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.993。方法检出限为0.001~0.01 mg/kg,定量限为0.002~0.02 mg/kg。在0.05、0.5和5 mg/kg 3个添加水平下,45种农药平均回收率在71%~102%之间,相对标准偏差均小于9.4%。     

太原市蔬菜有机磷农药残留抽样调查

通过对太原市4个蔬菜批发及零售市场6个品种共179个样品抽样检测，共查出含有机磷农药残留样品37个，检出率20.7%。其中叶菜类油菜、韭菜、生菜、甘菜的检出率分别为20.0%、22.2%、21.7%、36.4%；果菜类中番茄检出率为15.1%、黄瓜未检出，检出的有机磷农药包括对硫磷、甲基对硫磷、甲胺磷、甲拌磷、久效磷、马拉硫磷和乐果等，其中前5种禁止在蔬菜中使用。监测结果表明，太原市蔬菜中农药残留量问题较为严重，加强对蔬菜中农药残留量的监测和治理刻不容缓。     

Organochlorine pesticide residues in small migratory birds, 1964-73.

Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide burdens, especially those of DDT and its metabolites, have been determined for 19 species of small terrestrial migratory birds killed chiefly at Florida television towers from 1964 to 1973. All 128 samples were sorted into pools by species. All pooled samples except one contained DDE and often DDT and DDD; dieldrin was present in 60 of the samples; but no PCB's were detected. In small subsamples, sigma DDT (p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, and p,p'-DDE) residues sometimes differed between males and females, adults and immatures, and northbound and southbound migrants but results of these comparisons were inconclusive. Sigma DDT burdens were highest in adipose tissue and much lower in liver and brain samples. Especially among birds taken since 1970 have the pesticide levels in adipose tissue been at low levels, generally less than 3 ppm sigma DDT. These low quantities are comparable to those quoted in other reports on birds of similar trophic levels. The insectivorous and/or partly granivorous birds feeding on or near the ground tended to have higher sigma DDT levels than did the more arboreal species.     

Residues of six pesticides in fresh peach—nectarine fruits after preharvest treatment

One of the key features of the new cultural systems is the control of harmful agents with environment-friendly methods. In this study, the residue levels of chlorothalonil, iprodione, bupirimate, pirimicarb, chlorpyrifos and fenoxycarb in different peach??nectarine cultivars were investigated. It was found that, with the exception of chlorpyrifos, the residue levels of all pesticides were lower than the Maximum Residues Limits (MRLs) in all peach??nectarine cultivars used. The detected levels of chlorpyrifos were higher than the MRLs in the cultivar ??Maria Bianca?? 7?days after application, but in cv. ??Legory Hkcb?? dropped to very low levels 27?days after application. The degradation over time of the above pesticides in fruits was investigated in the peach cv. ??Andross??. The detected residue levels of bupirimate, iprodione, fenoxycarb, chlorpyrifos and pirimicarb in this peach cultivar were much lower than those recommended by the European Union (MRLs) 33, 22, 22, 28, and 63?days, respectively, after application, whereas the residue levels of chlorothalonil were below the limit of detection by the analytical method used. All pesticides showed a reduction over time. When examining the levels of residues of pirimicarb and chlorpyrifos in peaches (cv. ??Andross??) sampled from different parts of the tree canopy, no significant difference was found between samples collected from the top and the middle parts of the canopy; however, residues of pirimicarb were significantly higher in samples collected at the bottom of the canopy. Overall, the pesticide regime gave residue levels much lower than those of MRLs, in all peach??nectarine cultivars. This use of chemicals is in accordance with features of the new cultural systems to produce fruits with no or minimal pesticide residues, in contrast to the conventional system in which pesticide residues are not considered. Attention should however be paid to chlorpyrifos which should be applied at least 27?days before harvest. Factors related to the cultivars and the position of fruits in the tree canopy should be considered when sampling fruits for pesticide residues analysis.     

Organochlorine pesticide residues in soils from six U.S. Air Force bases, 1975--76.

Soil samples collected during 1975 and 1976 from United States Air Force installations in California, Georgia, Ohio, Oklahoma, Texas, and Utah were analyzed for organochlorine pesticide residues. Sigma DDT, chlordane, and dieldrin were the pesticides most commonly found. In 1975, sigma DDT residues were significantly higher in samples from residential areas than in samples from golf courses or areas free of pesticide application. Chlordane residues in 1975 were significantly higher in both residential and golf course areas than in areas where pesticides had not been used. No significant differences were found in 1976 in residue levels of any pesticide monitored among various land use areas.     

Significance of organochlorine and heavy metal residues in wintering shorebirds at Corpus Christi, Texas, 1976-77

Organochlorine and heavy metal residues were determined in 103 shorebirds of seven species collected at Corpus Christi, Texas, during the winter of 1976-77 to evaluate their potential effects on population survival, DDE and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were detected in most samples. Chlordane isomers, dieldrin, toxaphene, and heptachlor epoxide also occurred, but less frequently. In general, organochlorine residues were low in skinned carcasses. Geometric means on a wet weight basis ranged from 0.25 ppm to 4.76 ppm for DDE and from 0.67 ppm to 6.64 ppm for PCBs; residues of the other compounds averaged less than 1 ppm in all instances. Mercury, lead, arsenic and vanadium occurred in all shorebird livers, and selenium and cadmium were detected in all kidneys. Residues of these metals, except selenium, were low in most tissue samples. Selenium averages varied from 1.77 ppm to 5.62 ppm (wet weight) in kidneys; residues in this range may be sufficient to inhibit reproduction or to induce other forms of toxicity, especially at the higher levels.