Development of marker Ms2 gene with a blue seed in durum and common wheat

In order to marker dominant nuclear gene Ms2 with a blue grain, a 4E disomic addition line ＇xiaoyanlanli＇（2n=44, AABBDD＋4EII） as the male parent to pollinate with male-sterile plants of durum wheat, controlled by a dominant nuclear gene Ms2, and a durum wheat line 89-2343 with Ms2 and blue seed marker on the same addition chromosome was developed. The genotype 89-2343 was crossed and backcrossed with a common wheat genotype 7739-3 to produce male fertile plants with blue seeds （MFP-BS）. To combine the blue seed marker, dwarf male-sterile plants carrying RhtlO and Ms2 were fertilized by pollen from selected MFP-BS. At last, the combination of blue seed marker, Ms2 and RhtlO was successfully produced. The segregation ratio of male sterility, seed color as well as chromosome configurations of the combinations suggested that the blue seed marker, Ms2 and RhtlO were located on the same chromosome. Cytological analysis indicated that the male sterile wheat line with a blue seed marker was 43 in chromosome number, with an additional chromosome. The transmission rate for blue seed male-sterile plants was 22.1% in common. In addition, the potential value for blue marker sterile lines in wheat breeding and hybrid production is discussed.     

基于体细胞组织培养的甘蓝型油菜核三系保持系绵7MB-1亲本繁殖与F_1制种(英文)

[Objective] The aim was to study the reproduction of the three-line genic male sterile (GMS) line parent Mian 7MB-1 (B.Napus L.) and the seed production of F1 through somatic tissue culture. [Method] Through hybridization, a new breeding material Mian 7MB-1 in three-line genic temporary maintainer line propagated by tissue culture was used to improve the sterile plant rate of rapeseed in dual-purpose recessive GMS line, such as Mian 7AB type, S45AB type, and etc. And then the variety comparative test was performed. [Result] In order to avoid some fertility restoration phenomena occurring during the process of self-reproduction, Mian 7AB was propagated in bulk with somatic tissue culture of temporary maintainer line plant stem. The propagated temporary maintainer line seedlings were applied to the breeding and seed production of net room male sterile line parent, promoting the sterile plant rate of the male sterile line parent to 91.7%-93.5%. The male sterile line parents per hectare were enough for the seed production of hybrid F1 in 7 500-15 000 hm2. [Conclusion] Compared with the original dual-purpose GMS line, the seed production ultilizing male sterile line with high sterile plant rate greatly reduced the labor, significantly improved the seed yield, ensuring the seed quality and forming a perfect breeding and seed production system.     

Selection for high quality pepper seeds by machine vision and classifiers

This research aimed to improve selection of pepper seeds for separating high-quality seeds from low-quality seeds.Past research has shown that seed vigor is significantly related to the seed color and size,thus several physical features were identified as candidate predictors of high seed quality.Image recognition software was used to automate recognition of seed feature quality using 400 kernels of pepper cultivar 101.In addition,binary logistic regression and a neural network were applied to determine models with high predictive value of seed germination.Single-kernel germination tests were conducted to validate the predictive value of the identified features.The best predictors of seed vigor were determined by the highest correlation observed between the physical features and the subsequent fresh weight of seedlings that germinated from the 400 seeds.Correlation analysis showed that fresh weight was significantly positively correlated with eight physical features:three color features(R,a*,brightness),width,length,projected area,and single-kernel density,and weight.In contrast,fresh weight significantly negatively correlated with the feature of hue.In analyses of two of the highest correlating single features,germination percentage increased from 59.3 to 71.8% when a*≥3,and selection rate peaked at 57.8%.Germination percentage increased from 59.3 to 79.4%,and the selection rate reached 76.8%,when single-kernel weight≥0.0064 g.The most effective model was based on a multilayer perceptron(MLP)neural network,consisting of 15 physical traits as variables,and a stability calculated as 99.4%.Germination percentage in a calibration set of seeds was 79.1% and the selection rate was 90.0%.These results indicated that the model was effective in predicting seed germination based on physical features and could be used as a guide for quality control in seed selection.Automated systems based on machine vision and model classifiers can contribute to reducing the costs and labor required in the selection of pepper seeds.     

Mapping of three QTLs for seed setting and analysis on the candidate gene for qSS-1 in rice(Oryza sativa L.)

The lower seed setting is one of the major hindrances which face grain yield in rice.One of the main reasons to cause low spikelet fertility（seed setting）is male sterility or pollen abortion.Notably,pollen abortion has been frequently observed in advanced progenies of rice.In the present study,149 BC₂F₆ individuals with significant segregation in spikelet fertility were generated from the cross between N040212（indica）and Nipponbare（japonica）and used for primary gene mapping.Three QTLs,qSS-1,qSS-7 and qSS-9 at chromosomes 1,7 and 9,respectively,were found to be associated with seed setting.The recombinant analysis and the physical mapping information from publicly available resources exhibited that the qSS-1,qSS-7 and qSS-9 loci were mapped to an interval of 188,701 and 3741 kb,respectively.The seed setting responsible for QTL qSS-1 was further fine mapped to 93.5 kb by using BC₂F₇ population of 1 849 individuals.There are 16possible putative genes in this 93.5 kb region.Pollen vitality tests and artificial pollination indicated that the male gamete has abnormal pollen while the female gamete was normal.These data showed that low seed setting rate relative to qSS-1may be caused by abnormal pollen grains.These results will be useful for cloning,functional analysis of the target gene governing spikelet fertility（seed setting）and understanding the genetic bases of pollen sterility.     

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Seed Yields and Yield Components of Zoysia japonica Established by Seeding and Transplant

The study was conducted to determine the optimum fertilizer-N application rate for maximum seed yields of Zoysiagrass stands from seeding and transplant respectively, at Jiaozhou, Shandong Province, China from 2001 to 2003. In the third year after establishment, seed yields and yield components for both stands showed a similar response to fertilizer-N. Maximum fertile tiller numbers (3342 heads m^-2 and 2941 heads m^-2 from stands seeded in rows and transplanted, respectively) and the highest seed yields (844.50 kg ha^-1 and 874.65kg ha^-1 from stands seeded in rows and transplanted, respectively) were obtained at a N fertilizer rate of 20 kg ha^-1 in autumn and i0 kg ha^-1 in spring (30 kg ha^-1 N in total). The fertile tillers and seed yields decreased with further increasing of N fertilizer rate. Fertilizer-N application could increase the length of spike, spikelets per fertile tiller, seed number per spike, setting percentage and thousand seed weight. The 1000-seed weight and the length of spike from transplant plots were higher than that from seeding plots. The optimal harvest time of zoysiagrass at Jiaozhou was on the 36th day after peak anthesis, near June 15th, when the seed moisture content was 26-28%.     

新育成反向核不育水稻FHS开花习性观察(英文)

[Objective] This study was to use reverse genic male sterile FHS better in field production. [Method] Low energy nitrogen ion beam was taken as a mutation source to conduct mutagenic treatment for indica rice 99-02 and the mutant FHS with special fertility that was isolated from their offspring. Some characteristics such as flowering habit and stigma exsertion rate of FHS were observed in this experiment. [Result] The reverse genic sterile rice FHS had an obvious peak flowering stage from 10:00 to 10:30, while the second peak flowering was from August 5 to August 10. Compared with PA64S, FHS flowered early and its flowering time was concentrated, showing that it is for seed propagation. The stigma exsertion rate of FHS was 85.8% and low exsertion rate was good for the purity of seed. [Conclusion] The reverse genic sterile rice FHS had good value in use, besides, it could also be used as comparison material for studying fertility alternation mechanism of photoperiod sensitive genic male sterile rice.     

Study on the Relationship Between Sex Differentiation and Ethylene in Ramie

To explore the role of ethylene in sexual determination in ramie, the ethylene release rates in ramie stem apex of different sex, bud of the same node in female and hermaphrodite ramie in the second crop, and single inflorescence of different sex in hermaphrodite ramie were measured by gas chromatography. Effects of two ethylene inhibitors on sex expression in ramie were investigated. The ethylene release rate of stem apex was higher in the second crop or female ramie than that in the third crop or hermaphrodite ramie during growth. Although ethylene release rates between lower nodes and higher nodes were little different, it was lower in the middle nodes in hermaphrodite ramie. The ethylene release rates were higher in the higher nodes of female ramie at the second crop. At the third crop, the ethylene release rates were higher in lower nodes, lower in middle nodes and then highest in higher nodes in female ramie. However, an opposite ethylene release pattern was observed in hermaphrodite ramie. The ethylene release rate was higher in female flower than male flower and mixed inflorescence in hermaphrodite ramie. The male flower could be distinctly induced by AVG （aminooethoxyvinylglycine）. The node of the first male flower, percentage of female flowers and ratio of female flowers to male in ramie were evidently depressed by AVG in contrast to water. The percentage of mixed male and female flowers was also increased and the percentage of female flower decreased by spraying AgNO3. There was a close relationship between sexual differentiation and ethylene release rate in ramie. The female ramie could be induced by high ethylene release rate. The female flower could be inhibited by AVG and AgNO3. AVG at a concentration of 300 mg L^-1 was most effective.     

What are the differences in yield formation among two cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cultivars and their F1 hybrid?

To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the differences in yield formation among two parents(P1 and P2) and their F1 hybrid of cucumber, biomass production and whole source–sink dynamics were analyzed using a functional–structural plant model(FSPM) that simulates both the number and size of individual organs. Observations of plant development and organ biomass were recorded throughout the growth periods of the plants. The GreenLab Model was used to analyze the differences in fruit setting, organ expansion, biomass production and biomass allocation. The source–sink parameters were estimated from the experimental measurements. Moreover, a particle swarm optimization algorithm(PSO) was applied to analyze whether the fruit setting is related to the source–sink ratio. The results showed that the internal source–sink ratio increased in the vegetative stage and reached a peak until the first fruit setting. The high yield of hybrid F1 is the compound result of both fruit setting and the internal source–sink ratio. The optimization results also revealed that the incremental changes in fruit weight result from the increases in sink strength and proportion of plant biomass allocation for fruits. The model-aided analysis revealed that heterosis is a result of a delicate compromise between fruit setting and fruit sink strength. The organlevel model may provide a computational approach to define the target of breeding by combination with a genetic model.     

Performance of autoregulatory Senescence-inhibition Gene in Rice

The Performance of autoregulatory senescence - inhibition gene PSAG12 - IPT in rice has been investigated in the study. 422 transgenic plants from 134 independent resistant calli were ohmined from 4 rice varieties through Agrobacterium -mediated transformation. Among them, 233 were positive PSAG12 - IPT transgenic plants identified by GUS histochemical assay and PCR analysis.Southern analysis shorted the transgene was randomly integrated into rice genome, of which 42.29% was single copy. Investigations on photmynthesis function and agronomic characters R1 generation shorted that chlorophy Ⅱ content and photmynthesis rate of flag leaves in transgenic plants, were 41.23% and 50.24% higher than the control wild-type rice, respectively. The growth duration and plant height of the transgenic plants were similar to the control. Variations of other characters were dependent on the varieties. For the variety Millin with significant aging phenomenon in China, its total grains per hill, its seed setting rate and 1000-grain wdght were increased by 40.44%, 8.05% and 8.32% respectively. The results indicated that after leaf senesomce of varieties liable to age was delayed, the seed setting rate and the filling degree of seeds were improved, which finally resulted in significantly increased seed yield and biomass per hill. The new variety Wuyujing 2 without serious aging problem, was also increased in the panicles per hill, the totslgrains per hill, the seed yidd per hill and biomass in different degrees.     

QTL Analysis of Major Agronomic Traits in Soybean

Soybean is a main crop, and most agronomic traits of soybean are quantitative; therefore, there is vely important studying and applying value to locating these traits. A F2：10 RIL population containing 154 lines, derived from the cross between Charleston as female and Dongnong 594 as male parent, were used in this experiment. A genetic linkage map was constructed with 164 SSR primers, which were screened with the two parents and amplified on the 154 lines. 12 agronomic traits different between the two parents were investigated, and QTLs of all the traits were analyzed using the software Windows QTL Cartographer V2.0. The agronomic traits included quality traits： protein content, oil content, and content of protein and oil; yield traits： pods per plant, seed weight per plant, and 100 seeds weight; and other agronomic traits： plant height, days to maturity, branches, nod number in main stem, average leaf length, and average leaf width. The results showed that 68 QTLs in total were found for the 12 agronomic traits. The number of QTLs per trait varied from 3 for the average leaf width to 11 for 100 seeds weight and plant height, and was 5.8 on average. Good accordance was seen in many QTLs between the results of this study and the results obtained by other similar studies; therefore, these QTLs may be valuable for molecular marker assistant selection in soybean. In this study, 68 major QTLs of 12 important traits of soybean were analyzed.     

苯达松敏感基因在杂交水稻制种技术上的应用研究

笔者自1996年起,就致力于苯达松致死基因在杂交稻制种上的应用研究。经过多年努力,已经成功选育含bel基因的恢复系,且在国内外首次培育了可混播制种的杂交组合“混制1号”。对该组合及其父、母本进行几项关键技术研究,为完善大面积机械化制种技术奠定基础。     

父母本行比及氮肥施用量对杂交小麦制种产量及其构成因素的影响

[目的]筛选适宜的小麦杂交种高产制种技术。[方法]采用裂区试验设计,研究父母本不同的行比和不同的氮肥施用量对杂交小麦制种产量及其构成因素的影响。[结果]制种产量随着母本行数的增加而增加,父母本行比为2∶6时制种产量为3 683.8 kg/hm2;氮肥施用量为450 kg/hm2时制种产量为3 649.4 kg/hm2;父母本行比与氮肥施用量的互作效应表明,父母本行比为2∶6、氮肥施用量为300 kg/hm2时产量为最高,达4 160.6 kg/hm2。父母本行比和氮肥施用量对产量构成因素等性状的影响主要表现在对穗粒数、穗重和结实率有显著的影响,当父母本行比为2∶5时穗粒数、穗重和结实率最高,分别为26.7粒、1.12 g和62.6%;当氮肥施用量为450 kg/hm2时穗粒数、穗重和结实率最高,分别为26.0粒、1.08 g和59.2%;父母本行比与氮肥施用量的互作效应表明其对穗粒数、穗重和结实率均有显著的影响,当父母本行比为2∶5、氮肥施用量为300 kg/hm2时穗粒数、穗重和结实率最高,分别为29.6粒、1.24 g和71.6%。[结论]穗粒数是影响制种产量最大的构成因素,提高穗粒数就能提高制种产量。综合父母本行比和氮肥施用量对制种产量及其构成因素等性状的影响来看,该试验条件下,以父母本行比为2∶5~2∶6、氮肥施用量为300~450 kg/hm2的处理为最佳。     

长穗颈温敏核不育水稻长选3S制种时GA3的用量研究

[目的]长选3S是由培矮64S通过辐射诱变选育出的长穗颈温敏核不育水稻,为了明确长选3S制种时GA3的用量。[方法]以长选3S及其亲本培矮64S为材料,在制种田对长选3S和培矮64S进行GA3不同用量的对比试验。[结果]长选3S在制种中喷施GA3以抽穗10%时为最佳时期,用量为90g/hm^2,分2次喷。在喷施90g/hm^2的条件下,长选3S的穗颈伸出度达到＋1.78cm,柱头外露率达到96.87%,比培矮64S高21.46%;异交结实率达到36.44%,比培矮64S高16.33%;＂长选3S/9311＂的制种理论产量达到2931.90kg/hm^2,比＂培矮64S/9311＂增产1259.40kg/hm^2。[结论]长选3S比培矮64S对GA更为敏感,可大大减少制种中GA的用量。     

长穗颈温敏核不育水稻长选3S制种时GA3的用量研究

[目的]明确长穗颈温敏核不育水稻长选3S制种时GA3的用量。[方法]以长选3S及其亲本培矮64S为材料,在制种田对长选3S和培矮64S进行GA3不同用量的对比试验。[结果]长选3S在制种中喷施GA3以抽穗10%时为最佳时期,用量为90 g/hm2,分2次喷。在喷施90 g/hm2的条件下,长选3S的穗颈伸出度达到＋1.78 cm,柱头外露率达到96.87%,比培矮64S高21.46个百分点;异交结实率达到36.44%,比培矮64S高16.33个百分点;长选3S/9311制种的理论产量达到2 931.90 kg/hm2,比培矮64S/9311增产1 259.40kg/hm2。[结论]长选3S比培矮64S对GA3更为敏感,可大大减少制种中GA3的用量。     

烤烟胞质雄性不育杂种双季制种技术研究初报

为提高烤烟杂种制种的产量和降低生产成本,试验从头季父母本比例、施肥水平等方面对烤烟胞质雄性不育杂种制种技术进行了研究,同时,从杂种种子产量、质量、生产投入和劳动量等方面对头季、二季杂种制种进行了对比。结果表明,烟草杂交制种父母本比例以1:3较好;在中等肥力田块制种头季以施纯氮195￣210kg/hm2较理想;利用头季杂交种收获后萌生的腋芽进行杂种二季制种在提高杂种种子产量,降低劳动量和生产成本等方面具有较理想的效果。     

超级杂交早稻陆两优996制种"九二○"施用技术

为了探明陆两优996制种“九二O”高产、高效施用技术,研究了该组合制种“九二O”不同用量和喷施时期对其母本陆18S异交态势的改良效果及制种产量的影响.结果表明:适时适量喷施“九二O”是改良陆18S抽穗特性和穗层态势,提高陆两优996制种产量的有效措施.在母本群体处于较高水平,且生长整齐的条件下,抽穗率达25%左右,按210 g/hm2的剂量喷施“九二O”较适宜.     

冬小麦杂交制种研究

[目的]为冬小麦"三系"高产制种提供理论依据。[方法]以不育系AL22(A)和恢复系99 AR144-1(R)为材料,采用正交试验研究父母本行比、氮肥用量和化学调控对制种产量的影响。[结果]父母本行比对制种产量影响较大,当行比为2∶6时,制种产量最高,为1 718.1 kg/hm2,比平均制种产量高25.7%;在一定范围内,制种产量随氮肥用量的增加而增加,拔节期追施尿素240 kg/hm2时,制种产量可达1 636.8 kg/hm2,比对照(不施氮肥)高33.9%;拔节期喷施壮丰安和赤霉素对制种产量影响不大。[结论]在该试验中,当父母本行比为2∶6、拔节期追施尿素240 kg/hm2、拔节期喷施壮丰安225 ml/hm2和赤霉素30 g/hm2时,制种产量较高。     

神力素喷施剂量对杂交稻制种产量的影响

神力素施用剂量小于４．５ｋｇｈｍ－２时，随着施用剂量的提高，杂交水稻制种产量也随之增加；在相同用量下，分２次使用比１次使用效果好．本试验条件下，以破口２０％用神力素１．５ｋｇｈｍ－２，破口７０％再用３．０ｋｇｈｍ－２增产效果最佳．神力素对产量的影响主要是通过促进不育系解除包颈，提高柱头外露率、午前花比例和结实率而发挥作用     

超级杂交稻Ⅱ优航1号高产栽培产量结构分析

【目的】揭示超级稻Ⅱ优航1号的高产结构特征。【方法】2005-2006年调查了75块Ⅱ优航1号不同产量水平的产量结构,进行相关分析和通径分析。【结果】结果表明,每穗粒数对产量的贡献为61.47%,每公顷穗数为25.59%,结实率为9.32%。每公顷穗数和每穗粒数对每公顷总粒数的贡献分别为35.48%和62.70%。每公顷总粒数对库容量的贡献为99.96%。库容量对稻谷产量的贡献89.05%,结实率的贡献为10.23%。【结论】说明Ⅱ优航1号超高产的关键是应培育足穗大穗,增加单位面积的总粒数,扩大库容量,并注重提高结实率。     

高原杂交粳稻滇杂35制种产量结构研究*

 通过对高原杂交粳稻滇杂35制种亲本不同栽插行比与产量结构的研究分析结果表明,在栽插密度一致、父母本花期相遇良好的情况下,随着栽插行比增大,单位面积上有效穗逐渐增加,穗实粒数、结实率和花粉密度逐渐降低,父母本不同行比栽插有效穗数之间差异达显著水平,穗实粒数、异交结实率和小区产量之间差异达极显著水平。高原杂交粳稻滇杂35制种父母本最佳栽插行比为2∶14,产量达4618.42kg/hm²。